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Dyes: Classification, Pollution, and Environmental Effects

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Dye Biodegradation, Mechanisms and Techniques

Abstract

There are a wide variety of textile dyes including reactive, direct, vat, sulfur, disperse, basic, and acid dyes. Therefore, the classification of dyes has become mandatory due to the increase in the annual global production of these compounds. They can be classified according to their chemical compositions (azo, anthraquinone, nitroso, nitro, indigoïde, cyanine, phtalocyanine, and triphenylmethane) or according to their field of application to different substrates such as textile fibers, paper, leathers, and plastics. In our new investigation, we have been able to describe the different families of textile dyes according to their chemical structures (chromophoric/auxochromic), application methods in the textile industry, and their Color Index (C.I). The presence of these dyes in the liquid effluents from washing textiles cause a negative impact on the balance of the aquatic environment, which requires prior treatment of these effluents.

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The authors express their thanks to everyone who contributed from near or far to the completion of this valuable scientific work.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Laboratory of Advanced Materials and Process Engineering, Faculty of Sciences, University Ibn Tofail, Kénitra, Morocco

    Said Benkhaya & Ahmed El Harfi

  2. Laboratory of Geosciences and Environment, Team Development Geo Resource and Renovation Territories, Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University Ibn Tofail, Kenitra, Morocco

    Souad M’rabet

  3. Department of Crop Science, College of Sanghur Life Science, Konkuk University, Seoul, 05029, South Korea

    Hassane Lgaz

  4. Royal Naval School, University Department, Boulevard Sour-Jdid, Casablanca, Morocco

    Abderrahim El Bachiri

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  1. Said Benkhaya
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    Subramanian Senthilkannan Muthu

  2. Islamic Azad University of Shahre Rey Branch, Tehran, Iran

    Ali Khadir

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Benkhaya, S., M’rabet, S., Lgaz, H., El Bachiri, A., El Harfi, A. (2022). Dyes: Classification, Pollution, and Environmental Effects. In: Muthu, S.S., Khadir, A. (eds) Dye Biodegradation, Mechanisms and Techniques. Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5932-4_1

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