Abstract
Vertebral fracture assessment and measurement of bone mineral density (BMD) are essential tools to diagnose osteoporosis/fracture risk and to monitor treatment effects. A consensus on the usefulness of SQ assessment of vertebral fractures as a standardized method has been established. For BMD measurement, dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and quantitative computed tomography (QCT) are introduced, mainly the advantage of them.
The present invited review was completed and submitted to the publisher on 05-Sep-19. 
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Ito, M. (2022). Clinical Diagnostic Tools of Osteoporosis: Vertebral Fracture Assessment and Measurement of Bone Mineral Density (BMD). In: Takahashi, H.E., Burr, D.B., Yamamoto, N. (eds) Osteoporotic Fracture and Systemic Skeletal Disorders. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5613-2_10
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5613-2_10
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