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Flexible and Soft Materials and Devices for Neural Interface

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

Abstract

The stability of the interface between neural tissue and chronically implanted devices is crucial for interrogation for both the central and peripheral nervous systems. One of the main challenges of chronic implants is the degradation of recording and stimulation performance over time. This is partly due to the inflammatory host tissue responses to the implanted devices, resulting in decreased density and health of neuronal elements at the electrode vicinity and scar encapsulation. In the last decade, a significant effort has been made in the development of devices that have subcellular features and/or made with soft, flexible, and stretchable materials. These strategies can trigger less foreign body response and improve the integration of the implanted device and neural tissue. In this chapter, we will discuss the most recent strategies adopted to tune the structural, functional, and dimensional properties of materials with the aim to match the mechanical, chemical, and electrical properties of the nervous system. We will discuss these strategies applied to different components of an implanted device from insulation substrate and conductive electrode materials to soft tethers and modulus-matching coatings.

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Abbreviations

BBB:

Blood-brain barrier

BNB:

Blood nerve barrier

CNS:

Central nervous system

CNT:

Carbon nanotube

DA:

Dopamine

E:

Young’s Modulus

EEG:

Electroenceophalography

F:

Force

FINE:

Flat interface nerve electrode

G:

Conductance G

GPa:

GigaPascals

I:

Moment of inertia

ITO:

Indium tin oxide

MECH:

Micropatterned electrically conductive hydrogel-based elastronics

MEMS:

Microelectromechanical systems

MS:

Microspheres

NET:

Neural integration, ultraflexiblenanoelectronic thread

PDMS:

Polydimethylsiloxane

PEDOT:

Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)

PEG:

Poly(ethyleneglycol)

PLGA:

Poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid

PNS:

Peripheral nervous system

PPy:

Polypyrrole

PSS:

Polystyrene sulfonate

SCP:

Slow cortical potential

SCS:

Spinal cord stimulation

SMP:

Shape-memory polymer

Tf-LIFE:

The thin-film longitudinal intrafascicular electrodes

Tg:

Glass transition temperature

TIME:

Transverse intrafascicular multichannel electrodes

μECoG:

Micro-electrocorticography

μIPs:

Micro-invasive probes

μ-ILED:

Microscale-inorganic LED

USEA:

Utah slanted microelectrode array

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    Elisa Castagnola & X. Sally Zheng

  2. McGowan institute for Regenerative Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    X. Tracy Cui

  3. Center for Neural Basis of Cognition, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA

    X. Tracy Cui

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  2. X. Sally Zheng
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  3. X. Tracy Cui
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Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Elisa Castagnola or X. Tracy Cui .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Neuroengineering and Biomedical Instrumentation Laboratory Department of Biomedical Engineering and Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Neurology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA

    Nitish V. Thakor

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Castagnola, E., Zheng, X.S., Cui, X.T. (2023). Flexible and Soft Materials and Devices for Neural Interface. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5540-1_5

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