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Insights Into the Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in the Onset of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pathogenesis

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Delineating Health and Health System: Mechanistic Insights into Covid 19 Complications

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Abstract

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) caused the outbreak of pneumonia which originated in Wuhan, China, at the end of 2019 has turned into a global pandemic—now termed coronavirus diseases 2019 (COVID-19). Like previously reported SARS-CoV strains, the newly discovered SARS-CoV-2 was also found to initiate the pathogenesis by binding with the angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), a receptor produced by various organs in the human body. Hence, COVID-19 is a viral multisystem disease which particularly infects the vascular system expressing ACE2 and reduced the ACE2 function; this further complexed by organ-specific pathogenesis related to the damage of cells expressing ACE2, such as alveolus, glomerulus, endothelium, and cardiac microvasculature. Under these conditions, it was advocated that the upregulation of ACE2 expression in predisposing individuals with aberrant renin–angiotensin system (RAS) level to advanced viral load on infection and relatively a greater number of cell death. Recently, a significant role of decreased ACE2 production and inequality between the RAS and ACE2/angiotensin-(1–7)/MAS (mitochondrial Ang system) after the onset of SARS-CoV-2 infection was established as a key factor for multiple organ injury in SARS-CoV-2-infected individuals. Furthermore, restoration of this imbalance has been suggested as a therapeutic approach to attenuate organ injuries in SARS-CoV-2 infection. Based on available data, this chapter presents the updated mechanism of the multi-organ diseases causes by COVID-19 via ACE2 which can be further helpful in the development of specific therapeutics.

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Author notes

  1. Sang Gu Kang, Nikhil Kirtipal and R. C. Sobti contributed equally with all other contributors.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Yeungnam University, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Gyeongsan-si, Gyeongbuk-do, Republic of Korea

    Shiv Bharadwaj & Sang Gu Kang

  2. Center for Bioinformatics, Computational and Systems Biology, Pathfinder Research and Training Foundation, Greater Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Vivek Dhar Dwivedi

  3. Department of Science, Modern Institute of Technology, Rishikesh, Uttarakhand, India

    Nikhil Kirtipal

  4. Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India

    R. C. Sobti

Authors
  1. Shiv Bharadwaj
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  2. Vivek Dhar Dwivedi
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  3. Sang Gu Kang
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  4. Nikhil Kirtipal
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  5. R. C. Sobti
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Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biotechnology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, Punjab, India

    R. C. Sobti

  2. Institute of Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada

    Naranjan S. Dhalla

  3. School of Medicine, Mie University, Kurimamachiya-cho, Mie, Japan

    Masatoshi Watanabe

  4. Department of Immunotechnology, Lund University, Lund, Sweden

    Aastha Sobti

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Bharadwaj, S., Dwivedi, V.D., Kang, S.G., Kirtipal, N., Sobti, R.C. (2021). Insights Into the Role of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 in the Onset of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Pathogenesis. In: Sobti, R.C., Dhalla, N.S., Watanabe, M., Sobti, A. (eds) Delineating Health and Health System: Mechanistic Insights into Covid 19 Complications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-5105-2_13

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