Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Improved Agronomic Practices for Enhancing the Resource Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wheat and Barley

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research

  • 470 Accesses

Abstract

Globally, wheat and barley are two important winter season crops providing food and feed security. To meet the future needs of increasing population, the production and productivity of these crops have to be increased in a sustainable manner without harming the natural resources. The high productivity and profitability levels can be achieved through proper adoption of good agronomic practices such as suitable varieties, sowing time, crop establishment methods, nutrient, water and weed management practices. The selection of suitable varieties and sowing time are the two most important factors in harnessing the potential yield of crops. The adoption of conservation agriculture (no-tillage with residue retention) besides reducing the tillage cost also provides other benefits such as temperature moderation, improved soil organic carbon status, weed suppression and moisture conservation, which favours better crop growth and ultimately results in higher crop productivity. Adoption of bed planting, laser land leveling, conservation agriculture and micro-irrigation (sprinkler/drip) can also help in increasing the water and crop productivity under scarce water conditions. The intensification of wheat and barley based cropping system with relay cropping or inclusion of short duration crop between main crops is another option for higher system productivity. Application of nutrients based on the principle of soil test crop response (STCR) and 4R Nutrient Stewardship (using right dose, time, method and source) could help in enhancing the nutrient use efficiencies, soil health, productivity and profitability. Moreover, fertilizer scheduling especially top dressing of urea just before irrigation gives better response over the standard practice of urea application after irrigation. Under high fertility conditions, lodging is a major problem in barley and wheat crops, which can be curtailed with the use of growth retardants like Ethephon and Chloremequat chloride leading to higher crop productivity. The evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds is a serious threat to wheat production and to tackle these issues effective weed management practices need to be evolved. Hence, to achieve the higher productivity and profitability along with improved resource use efficiency, integrated approach of using improved varieties, balanced fertilization, appropriate irrigation and weed management practices is necessary.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 189.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdallahi MM, N’Dayegamiye A (2000) Effects of two incorporations of green manures on soil physical and biological properties and on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) yields and N uptake. Can J Soil Sci 80(1):81–89

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Adhikari C, Bronson KF, Panaullah GM, Regmi AP, Saha PK, Dobermann A, Olk DC, Hobbs PR, Pasuquin E (1999) On-farm N supply and N nutrition in the rice–wheat system of Nepal and Bangladesh. Field Crops Res 64:273–286

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agrawal KN (2008) Design and modification of pedal operated paddy thresher for north eastern hilly region of India. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Agricultural and Food Engineering Department, IIT, Kharagpur, India

    Google Scholar 

  • Akbar G, Hamilton G, Hussain Z, Yasin M (2007) Problems and potentials of permanent raised bed cropping systems in Pakistan. Pakistan J Water Resour 11:11–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Arif M, Tahir J, Akram M, Aslam M, Chaudhry TH (1997) Effect of seed rates and drilling techniques on wheat yield. J Agric Res 35:303–308

    Google Scholar 

  • Aryal JP, Mehrotra MB, Jat ML, Sidhu HS (2015) Impacts of laser land leveling in rice–wheat systems of the north–western indo-gangetic plains of India. Food Secur 7(3):725–738

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ballard CL, Scopel AL, Sánchez RA, Radosevich SR (1992) Photomorphogenic processes in the agricultural environment. Photochem Photobiol 56:777–788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bavec F, Bavec M (2001) Chlorophyll meter readings of winter wheat cultivars and grain yield prediction. Commun Soil Sci Plant Anal 32:2709–2719. https://doi.org/10.1081/CSS-120000956

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berry G (1967) A mathematical model relating plant yield with arrangement for regularly spaced crops. Biometrics 23:505–515

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatta R, Kukal SS, Busari MA, Arora S, Yadav M (2016) Sustainability issues on rice–wheat cropping system. Intl Soil Water Conser Res 4(1):64–74

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bijay-Singh (2005) Integrated nutrient management for a sustainable rice-wheat system. In: Resource conservation for higher productivity and sustainability. Compendium of summer school conducted by department of Agronomy and Agro-meteorology, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana from June 28 to July 18, 2005. pp 1–7

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijay-Singh, Ali AM (2020) Using hand-held chlorophyll meters and canopy reflectance sensors for fertilizer nitrogen management in cereals in small farms in developing countries. Sensors 20(4):1127. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20041127

    Article  CAS  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bijay-Singh, Sharma RK, Kaur J, Jat ML, Martin KL, Singh Y, Singh VP, Chandna P, Choudhary OP, Gupta RK, Thind HS, Singh J, Uppal HS, Khurana HS, Kumar A, Uppal RK, Vashistha M, Raun WR, Gupta R (2011) Assessment of nitrogen management strategy using an optical sensor for irrigated wheat. Agron Sustain Dev 31:589–603

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blackshaw RE, O’Donovan JT, Harker KN, Li, X (2002) Beyond herbicides: New approaches to managing weeds. Proc. ICESA Conf. P 305-312

    Google Scholar 

  • Bowden R, Shroyer J, Roozeboom K, Claassen M, Evans P, Gordon B, Heer B, Janssen K, Long J, Martin J, Schlegel A, Sears R, Witt M (2001) Performance of wheat variety blends in Kansas. Contribution no. 01-176-S from the Kansas Agricultural Experiment Station

    Google Scholar 

  • Brisson N, Gate P, Gouache D, Charmet G, Oury F-X, Huard F (2010) Why are wheat yields stagnating in Europe? A comprehensive data analysis for France. Field Crops Res 119:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burle B, Mielniczuk J, Focchi S (1997) Effect of cropping systems on soil chemical characteristics with emphasis on soil acidification. Plant Soil 190:309–316

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Buttar GS, Sidhu HS, Singh V, Jat ML, Gupta R, Yadvinder-Singh SB (2013) Relay planting of wheat in cotton: An innovative technology for enhancing productivity and profitability of wheat in cotton-wheat production system of South Asia. Exp Agric 49(01):19–30. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479712001032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Capra A, Consoli S, Scicolone B (2008) Deficit irrigation: theory and practice. In: Alonso D, Iglesias HJ (eds) Agricultural irrigation research progress. Nova Science Publishers, Hauppauge, NY

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter-Boggs L, Stahl PD, Lindstrom MJ, Schumacher TE (2003) Soil microbial properties under permanent grass, conventional tillage, and no-till management in south Dakota. Soil Till Res 71:15–23

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chakraborty D, Nagarajan S, Aggarwal P (2008) Effect of mulching on soil and plant water status, and the growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in a semi-arid environment. Agric Water Manag 95:1323–1334

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan DS, Sharma RK, Chhokar RS (2003) Comparative performance of tillage options in wheat (Triticum aestivum) productivity and weed management. Indian J Agric Sci 73(7):402–406

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK (2008) Multiple herbicide resistance in Littleseed Canarygrass (Phalaris minor): a threat to wheat production in India. Weed Biol Manage 8:112–123

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Gill SC (2011) Optimizing the surfactant dose for sulfosulfuron and readymix combination of sulfosulfuron and carfentrazone against weeds in wheat. Indian J Weed Sci 39:214–218

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Gill SC, Kumar R (2017) Influence of tillage, cultivar, seed rate and planting geometry on wheat yield. J Wheat Res 9(1):12–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Gill SC, Singh RK, Joon V, Mamta K, Chaudhary A (2018) Suitable wheat cultivars and seeding machines for conservation agriculture in rice-wheat and sugarcane-wheat rotation. Wheat Barley Res 10(2):78–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Indu S (2012) Weed management strategies in wheat- A review. J Wheat Res 4(2):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Jat GR, Pundir AK, Gathala MK (2007) Effect of tillage and herbicides on weeds and productivity of wheat under rice-wheat growing system. Crop Prot 26:1689–1696

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Verma RPS (2008) Pinoxaden for controlling grass weeds in wheat and barley. Indian J Weed Sci 40(1&2):41–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Chhokar RS, Singh S, Sharma RK, Singh M (2009) Influence of straw management on Phalaris minor control. Indian J Weed Sci 41:150–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Choudhary M, Datta A, Jat HS, Yadav AK, Gathala MK, Sapkota TB, Das AK, Sharma PC, Jat ML, Singh R, Ladha JK (2018) Changes in soil biology under conservation agriculture based sustainable intensification of cereal systems in Indo-Gangetic Plains. Geoderma 313:193–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoderma.2017.10.041

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Coventry DR, Gupta RK, Yadav A, Poswal RS, Chhokar RS, Sharma RK, Yadav VK, Gill SC, Kumar A, Mehta A, Kleemann SG (2011) Wheat quality and productivity as affected by varieties and sowing time in Haryana, India. Field Crops Res 123:214–225

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cowger C, Weisz R (2008) Winter wheat blends (mixtures) produce a yield advantage in north Carolina. Agron J 100:169–177

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Creissen HE, Jorgensen TH, Brown JKM (2016) Increased yield stability of field-grown winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) varietal mixtures through ecological processes. Crop Prot 85:1–8

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Crutchfield DA, Wicks GA, Burnside OC (1986) Effect of winter wheat straw mulch level on weed control. Weed Sci 34:110–114

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Damon PM, Bowden B, Rose T, Rengel Z (2014) Crop residue contributions to phosphorus pools in agricultural soils: a review. Soil Biol Biochem 74:127–137

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Debnath A, Chauhan NS (2020) Field performance and economic feasibility of self-propelled vertical conveyor reaper (VCR) for harvesting of rice in west Sikkim and a technological strategy for mitigation of air pollution through crop residue burning in India. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 19(2):521–538. https://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i02.008

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • DES (2019) Pocket book of agricultural statistics 2019. Directorate of Economics & Statistics, Government of India, New Delhi. https://eands.dacnet.nic.in/PDF/Pocket%20Book%202019.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • DES (2021) Directorate of Economics and Statistics, Department of Agriculture, Cooperation & Farmers Welfare, Government of India

    Google Scholar 

  • Dhiman SD, Sharma DN, Kairon MS (1984) Cross sowing of wheat, beneficial technique. Haryana Agricul Univ J Res 14:460–464

    Google Scholar 

  • Dobermann A, Witt C, Abdulrachman S, Gines HC, Nagarajan R, Son TT, Tan PS, Wang GH, Chien NV, Thoa VTK, Phung CS, Stalin P, Muthukrishanan P, Ravi V, Babu M, Sethanathan GC, Adviento MAA (2003) Soil fertility and indigenous nutrient supply in irrigated domains of Asia. Agron J 95:913–927

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eguchi H, Hirano J (1971) Effect of combinations of tillage and non-tillage, straw mulching and fertilization on weed communities in rice-wheat cropping. Weed Res 12:36–39

    Google Scholar 

  • EnviStats India (2018) (Supplement on Environmental Accounts). Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Govt. of India, New Delhi. http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/reports_and_publication/statistical_publication/EnviStats/EnviStats_India_27sep18.pdf

  • Erenstein O, Laxmi V (2008) Zero tillage impacts in India’s rice–wheat systems: a review. Soil Tillage Res 100:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Essah SYC, Stoskopf NC (2002) Mixture performance of phenotypically contrasting barley cultivars. Can J Plant Sci 82:1–6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • FAO (2021a) Water scarcity. http://www.fao.org/land-water/water/water-scarcity/en/#:~:text=By%202025%2C%201800%20million%20peoplem3%20per%20year%20per%20capita. Accessed 8 Apr 2021

  • FAO (2021b) Conservation agriculture. http://www.fao.org/conservation-agriculture/impact/benefits-of-ca/en/. Accessed 8 Apr 2021

  • Faraji J (2011) Wheat cultivar blends: A step forward to sustainable agriculture. Afr J Agric Res 6(33):6780–6789

    Google Scholar 

  • Farooq M, Basra SMA, Rehman H, Saleem BA (2008) Seed priming enhances the performance of late sownwheat (Triticum aestivum L.) by improving the chilling tolerance. J Agron Crop Sci 194:55–60

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franzluebbers AJ (2002) Water infiltration and soil structure related to organic matter and its stratification with depth. Soil Tillage Res 66:197–205

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ghosh PK, Bandypadhyay KK, Wanjari RH, Manna MC, Mishra AK, Mohanty M, Rao AS (2007) Legume effect for enhancing productivity and nutrient use efficiency in major cropping systems-an Indian perspective: a review. J Sustainable Agric 30(1):61–86. https://doi.org/10.1300/J064v30n01_07

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gil V, Becker A, Oddino C, Zuza M, Marinelli A, March G (2009) Field trial assessment of biological, chemical, and physical responses of soil to tillage intensity, fertilization, and grazing. Environl Manage 44:378–386. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-009-9319-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gill HS, Brar LS (1975) Importance of herbicides in the agriculture of Punjab and Haryana. Pesticides 9:20–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill SC, Sharma RK, Tripathi SC, Chhokar RS, Meena RP, Jha A (2019) Nitrogen top dressing just before irrigation improves wheat growth, productivity and nitrogen use efficiency. J Cereal Res 11(1):17–22

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Giller KE (2001) Nitrogen fixation in tropical cropping systems. CABI Publishing, New York. https://doi.org/10.1079/9780851994178.0000

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Govaerts B, Fuentes M, Mezzalama M, Nicol JM, Deckers J, Etchevers JD, Figueroa-Sandoval B, Sayre KD (2007) Infiltration, soil moisture, root rot and nematode populations after 12 years of different tillage, residue and crop rotation managements. Soil Tillage Res 94:209–219

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Govaerts B, Sayre KD, Deckers J (2005) Stable high yields with zero tillage and permanent bed planting? Field Crops Res 94:33–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Green JM, Green JH (1993) Surfactant structure and concentration strongly affect rimsulfuron activity. Weed Technol 7:633–640

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hamdollah E (2013) Effect of priming techniques on seed germination properties, emergence and field performance of crops: a review. Int J Agron Plant Prod 4(3):454–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Hammami Z, Qureshi AS, Sahli A, Gauffreteau A, Chamekh Z, Ben Azaiez FE, Ayadi S, Trifa Y (2020) Modeling the effects of irrigation water salinity on growth, yield and water productivity of barley in three contrasted environments. Agronomy 10(10):1459. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10101459

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hargreaves GH, Riley JP, Sikka A (1993) Influence of climate on irrigation. Can Water Resour J 18(1):53–95

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Harris D (1996) The effects of manure, genotype, seed priming, depth and date of sowing on the emergence and early growth of Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench in semi arid Botswana. Soil Tillage Res 40:73–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Havlin JL, Kissel DE, Maddux D, Claassen MM, Long JH (1990) Crop rotation and tillage effects on soil organic carbon and nitrogen. Soil Sci Soci Am J 54:448–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hiloidhari M, Das D, Baruah DC (2014) Bioenergy potential from crop residue biomass in India. Renew Sust Energ Rev 32:504–512. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2014.01.025

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hoel BO, Solhaug KA (1998) Effect of irradiance on chlorophyll estimation with the Minolta SPAD-502 leaf chlorophyll meter. Ann Bot-London 82:389–392

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hooker ML, Herron GM, Penas P (1982) Effects of residue burning, removal and incorporation on irrigated cereal crop yields and soil chemical properties. Soil Sci Soci Am J 46:122–126

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Huang Y, Chen L, Fu B (2005) The wheat yields and water use efficiency in the Loess Plateau: straw mulch and irrigation effects. Agric Water Manag 72:209–222

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Humphreys E, Kukal SS, Christen EW, Hira GS, Singh B, Yadav S, Sharma RK (2010) Halting the groundwater decline in north-west India-which crop technologies will be winners? Adv Agron 109:156–199. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2113(10)09005-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jadho SL, Nalamwar RU (1993) Response of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes to planting methods and manual weeding. Indian J Agron 38:382–385

    Google Scholar 

  • Jain R, Kishore P, Singh DK (2019) Irrigation in India: Status, challenges and options. J Soil Water Conserv 18(4):354–363

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Janmohammadi M, Amanzadeh T, Sabaghnia N, Dashti S (2016) Impact of foliar application of nano micronutrient fertilizers and titanium dioxide nanoparticles on the growth and yield components of barley under supplemental irrigation. Acta Agriculturae Slovenica 107:265–276

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jat ML, Chandna P, Gupta R, Sharma SK, Gill MA (2006) Laser Land Leveling: A Precursor Technology for Resource Conservation. Rice-Wheat Consortium Tech Bull Series 7. New Delhi, India: Rice-Wheat Consortium for the Indo-Gangetic Plains, p 48

    Google Scholar 

  • Jat ML, Gathala MK, Ladha JK, Saharawat YS, Jat AS, Kumar V, Sharma SK, Kumar V, Gupta R (2009) Evaluation of precision land leveling and double zero-till systems in the rice–wheat rotation: Water use, productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Soil Tillage Res 105:112–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jat ML, Gathala MK, Saharawat YS, Tetarwal JP, Gupta R, Yadvinder-Singh (2013) Double no-till and permanent raised beds in maize–wheat rotation of north-western Indo-Gangetic plains of India: Effects on crop yields, water productivity, profitability and soil physical properties. Field Crops Res 149: 291-299

    Google Scholar 

  • Jat ML, Singh Y, Gill G, Sidhu H, Aryal JP, Stirling C, Gerard B (2014) Laser assisted precision land leveling: impacts in irrigated intensive production systems of South Asia. Adv Soil Sci 22:323–352

    Google Scholar 

  • Jie Z, Yang Y, Zhang K, Jeong J, Zeng Z, Zang H (2020) Does crop rotation yield more in China? A meta-analysis. Field Crops Res 245L:107659

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen C, Haque ME, Bell RW, Thierfelder C, Esdaile RJ (2012) Conservation agriculture for small holder rainfed farming: Opportunities and constraints of new mechanized seeding systems. Field Crops Res 132:18–32

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kanatas PJ, Travlos IS, Gazoulis J, Antonopoulos N, Tsekoura A, Tataridas A, Zannopoulo S (2021) The combined effects of false seedbed technique, post-emergence chemical control and cultivar on weed management and yield of barley in Greece. Phytoparasitica 48(3). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12600-020-00783-x

  • Kassam A, Friedrich T, Derpsch R (2018) Global spread of conservation agriculture. Int J Environ Stud 76:29–51. https://doi.org/10.1080/00207233.2018.1494927

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Katyal JC, Singh B, Vlek PLG, Buresh RJ (1987) Efficient nitrogen use as affected by urea application and irrigation sequence. Soil Sci Soc Am J 51:366–370

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaur B, Singh S, Garg BR, Singh JM, Singh J (2012) Enhancing water productivity through on-farm resource conservation technology in Punjab agriculture. Agric Econ Res Rev 25(1):79–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Keil A, D’Souza A, McDonald A (2015) Zero-tillage as a pathway for sustainable wheat intensification in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains: does it work in farmers’ fields? Food Secur 7:983–1001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Keil A, Mitra A, McDonald A, Malik RK (2020) Zero-tillage wheat provides stable yield and economic benefits under diverse growing season climates in the Eastern Indo-Gangetic Plains. Int J Agric Sustainability 18(6):567–593

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelbert AJ, Spaner D, Briggs KG, King JR (2004) Screening for lodging resistance in spring wheat breeding programmes. Plant Breed 123(4):349–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kheroar S, Patra BC (2013) Advantages of Maize-Legume intercropping systems. J Agric Sci Technol 3:733–744

    Google Scholar 

  • Kiær LP, Skovgaard IM, Ostergard H (2009) Grain yield increase in cereal variety mixtures: a meta-analysis of field trials. Field Crops Res 114:361–373

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kukal SS, Aggarwal GC (2003) Puddling depth and intensity effects in rice–wheat system on a sandy loam soil II. Water use and crop performance. Soil Tillage Res 74:37–45

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Latif A, Shakir AS, Rashid MU (2013) Appraisal of economic impact of zero tillage, laser land leveling and bed-furrow interventions in Punjab, Pakistan. Pak J Eng Appl Sci 1:65–81

    Google Scholar 

  • Li C, Wen X, Wan X, Liu Y, Han J, Liao Y, Wu W (2016) Towards the highly effective use of precipitation by ridge-furrow with plastic film mulching instead of relying on irrigation resources in a dry semi-humid area. Field Crops Res 188:62–73

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebman M, Mohler CL (2001) Weeds and the soil environment. In: Liebman M et al (eds) Ecological management of agricultural weeds. Cambridge University Press, New York, pp 210–268

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Lobell DB, Ortiz-Monasterio JI (2006) Evaluating strategies for improved water use in spring wheat with CERES. Agric Water Manag 84:249–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2006.02.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mahajan G, Hickey L, Chauhan BS (2020) Response of barley genotypes to weed interference in Australia. Agronomy 10(1):99. https://doi.org/10.3390/agronomy10010099

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malik RK, Balyan RS, Bhan VM (1988) Effect of surfactants on the efficacy of some post emergence grass herbicides. Haryana Agric Univ J Res 18:276–283

    Google Scholar 

  • Mandal KG, Misra AK, Hati KM, Bandyopadhyay KK, Ghosh PK, Mohanty M (2004) Rice residue management options and effects on soil properties and crop productivity. J Food Agric Environ 2:224–231

    Google Scholar 

  • Manpreet-Singh MJS, Sidhu HS, Manes GS, Jat ML, Yadvinder-Singh (2016) Development and feasibility of innovative relay seeders for seeding wheat into standing cotton using high clearance tractor in cotton-wheat system. Appl Engg Agri 32:341–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mass EV (1986) Salt tolerance of plants. Appl Agric Res 1:12–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Meelu OP, Singh Yadvinder, Singh Bijay, Khera TS, Kumar K (1994) Recycling of crop residues and green manuring for soil and crop productivity improvement in rice-wheat cropping system. In: Proceedings of Temperate Rice-Achievement and Potential (Eds. Humphreys E et al.). Volume II: 1994; pp 605-613

    Google Scholar 

  • Meena RP, Tripathi SC, Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Chander S, Jha A (2018) Role of precision irrigation scheduling and residue-retention practices on water use efficiency and wheat (Triticum aestivum) yield in north-western plains of India. Indian J Agron 63(2):186–191

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mette MF, Gils M, Longin CFH, Reif JC (2015) Hybrid breeding in wheat. In: Ogihara Y, Takumi S, Handa H (eds) Advances in wheat genetics: from genome to field. Springer, Tokyo, Japan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-4-431-55675-6_24

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Mikkelsen R (2018) Nanofertilizers and nanotechnology: a quick look. Better Crops 102(3):18–19

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MĂĽhleisen J, Piepho H-P, Maurer HP, Longin CFH, Reif JC (2014) Yield stability of hybrids versus lines in wheat, barley, and triticale. Theor Appl Genet 127:309–316

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mundt CC (2002) Use of multiline cultivars and cultivar mixtures for disease management. Annu Rev Phytopathol 40:381–410

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Murumkar RP, Dongarwar UR, Borkar PA, Pisalkar PS, Phad DS (2014) Performance evaluation of self propelled vertical conveyor reaper. Int J Sci Environ Technol 3(5):1701–1705

    Google Scholar 

  • Nalewaja JD, Matysiak R (1993) Optimizing adjuvants to overcome glyphosate antagonistic salts. Weed Technol 7:337–342

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Nayar VK, Gill MS (1994) Water management constraints in rice-wheat rotations in India. In: Saunders DA, Hattel GP (eds) Wheat in heat stressed environments: irrigated, dry areas and rice-wheat farming system. CIMMYT, Mexico DF, pp 328–338

    Google Scholar 

  • Newton AC, Ellis RP, Hackett CA, Guy DC (1997) The effect of component number on Rynchosporium secalis infection and yield in mixtures of winter barley cultivars. Plant Pathol 45:930–938

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nitzsche W, Hesselbach J (1983) Sortenmischungen statt Viellinien-Sorten 1. Sommergerste Z Pflanzenzuecht 90:68–74

    Google Scholar 

  • O’Donovan JT, Harker KN, Clayton GW, Hall LM (2017) Wild oat (Avena fatua) interference in barley (Hordeum vulgare) is influenced by barley variety and seeding rate. Weed Technol 14:624–629

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Page KL, Dang YP, Dalal RC (2020) The ability of conservation agriculture to conserve soil organic carbon and the subsequent impact on soil physical, chemical, and biological properties and yield. Front Sustainable Food Syst 4:31. https://doi.org/10.3389/fsufs.2020.00031

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Panda R, Behera S, Kashyap P (2003) Effective management of irrigation water for wheat under stressed conditions. Agric Water Manag 63:37–56. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0378-3774(03)00099-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parihar CM, Yadav MR, Jat SL, Singh AK, Kumar Bhupender, Pooniya V, Pradhan S, Verma RK, Jat Ml, .Jat RK, Parihar MD, Saharawat YS (2018) Long-term conservation agriculture and intensified cropping systems: effects on growth, yield, water, and energy-use efficiency of maize in northwestern India. Pedosphere 28: 952–963

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Patel A, Singh R, Shukla P, Moses SC (2018) Performance evaluation of self propelled reaper binder for harvesting of wheat crop. Int J Curr Microbiol App Sci 7(12):896–906. https://doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2018.712.112

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pittelkow CM, Liang X, Linquist BA, van Groenigen KJ, Lee J, Lundy ME, Gestel NV, Six J, Venterea RT, Kessel CV (2015) Productivity limits and potentials of the principles of conservation agriculture. Nature 517:365–368. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature13809

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ray DK, Ramankutty N, Mueller ND, West PC, Foley JA (2012) Recent patterns of crop yield growth and stagnation. Nat Commun 3:1293. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms2296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts T (2007) Right product, right rate, right time and right place the foundation of best management practices for fertilizer. In: Krauss A, Isherwood K, Heffer P (eds) Fertilizer best management practices. IFA, Paris, France, pp 29–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodell M, Velicogna I, Famiglietti JS (2009) Satellite-based estimates of groundwater depletion in India. Nature 460:999–1002. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08238

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sahu G, Raheman H (2020) Development of a renewable energy operated paddy thresher. J Inst Engineers 101:657–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40030-020-00458-0

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sandhu OS, Gupta RK, Thind HS, Jat ML, Sidhu HS, Yadvinder-Singh (2019) Drip irrigation and nitrogen management for improving crop yields, nitrogen use efficiency and water productivity of maize-wheat system on permanent beds in north-west India. Agric Water Manag 219:19–26. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.agwat.2019.03.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sayre KD (2004) Raised-bed cultivation. In: Lal R (ed) Encyclopedia of soil science. Marcel Dekker, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Sayre KD, Moreno Ramos OH (1997) Applications of raised-bed planting systems to wheat CIMMYT Wheat Special Report (WPSR), 31

    Google Scholar 

  • Schauberger B, Ben-Ari T, Makowski D, Kato T, Kato H, Ciais P (2018) Yield trends, variability and stagnation analysis of major crops in France over more than a century. Sci Rep 8:16865. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-018-35351-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sepat S, Rana DS, Srivastava N (2013) Effect of Double No-till and Permanent Raised Beds on Productivity and Profitability of Maize (Zea mays L.)–wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.) Emend. Flori& Paol) Cropping System under Indo-gangetic Plains of India. Int J Agric Food Sci Techol 4:787–790

    Google Scholar 

  • Seran TH, Brintha I (2010) Review on maize based intercropping. J Agron 9:135–145

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AK, Babu KS, Sharma RK, Kumar K (2007) Effect of tillage practices on Tilletia indica Mitra (Karnal bunt) disease of wheat in a rice-wheat rotation of the Indo-Gangetic Plains. Crop Prot 26:818–821

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AK, Sharma RK, Babu KS (2004a) Effect of planting options and irrigation schedules on development of powdery mildew and yield of wheat in the North Western Plains of India. Crop Prot 23:249–253

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma AR, Behera UK (2009) Recycling of legume residues for nitrogen economy and higher productivity in maize (Zea mays)–wheat (Triticum aestivum) cropping system. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 83:197. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10705-008-9212-0

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Babu KS, Chhokar RS, Sharma AK (2004b) Effect of tillage on termite, weed incidence and productivity of spring wheat in rice-wheat system of North Western Indian plains. Crop Prot 23:1049–1054

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Chauhan DS (2004c) Zero-tillage technology in rice-wheat system: retrospect and prospects. Indian Farming 54(4):12–17

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Chauhan DS, Gathala MK, Kundu VR, Pundir AK (2002) Rotary tillage-a better resource conservation technology. Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal-132 001, Haryana, India. Research Bulletin

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Gill SC, Meena RP (2020) Optimization of resources for sustainable wheat productivity and enhanced profitability. In: Sareen et al (eds) Improving cereal productivity through climate smart practices. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Gill SC, Singh RK, Gupta RK (2009) Need based nitrogen application in rice and wheat crops using NDVI sensors. Wheat Barley Newsl 3(2):3–4

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Gill SC, Tripathi SC, Sharma I (2013) Fertilizer best management practices in wheat for higher productivity. Indian J Fert 9(4):70–78

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Jat HS, Jat NL (2018) Relevance of conservation technologies in black soils. In: Singh VK, Gangwar B (eds) System based conservation agriculture. Westville Publishing, House, New Delhi, India, pp 168–183

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma RK, Chhokar RS, Jat ML and Joshi AK (2019) Dual-purpose wheat: Nutritious fodder for livestock, grain for humans and additional income for farmers. Technical Manual. ICAR-IIWBR and CIMMYT

    Google Scholar 

  • Sharma, RK, Tripathi SC, Kharub AS, Chhokar RS, Mongia AD, Jag Shoran, Chauhan DS, Nagarajan S (2005) A decade of research on zero tillage and crop establishment. Directorate of Wheat Research, Karnal-132 001, Haryana. Research bulletin No. 18, 2005; pp 36

    Google Scholar 

  • Shewry PR, Hey SJ (2015) The contribution of wheat to human diet and health. Food Energy Secur 4:178–202

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Shivran DR, Ahlawat IPS (2000) Effect of cropping systems and fertilizers on pigeonpea (Cajanas cajan) and wheat (Triticum aestivum) in pigeonpea-wheat sequence. Indian J Agron 45(4):669–676

    Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu HS, Humphreys E, Dhillon SS, Blackwell J, Bector V (2007) The Happy Seeder enables direct drilling of wheat into rice stubble. Aust J Exp Agric 47(7):844–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu HS, Jat ML, Singh Y, Sidhu RK, Gupta N, Singh P, Singh P, Jat HS, Gerarde B (2019) Sub-surface drip fertigation with conservation agriculture in a rice-wheat system: A breakthrough for addressing water and nitrogen use efficiency. Agric Water Manag 216(C):273–283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sidhu HS, Singh M, Singh Y, Blackwell J, Lohan SK, Humphreys E, Jat ML, Singh V, Singh S (2015) Development and evaluation of the Turbo Happy Seeder for sowing wheat into heavy rice residues in NW India. Field Crops Res 184:201–212

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh J, Mahal SS, Singh A (2013) Yield and quality of malt barley (Hordeum vulgare) as influenced by irrigation, nitrogen and methods of sowing. Indian J Agron 58(3):354–362

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Singh J, Malik AS, Singh J (1989) Response of late sown wheat barley and lentil to irrigation levels. Haryana J Agron 5:52–56

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh LP, Vagadia VR, Jain KK, Memon AH (2008) Evaluation and improvement in design of self propelled vertical conveyer reaper. Agric Mech Asia, Afr L Am 39(2):34–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh M, Mahal JS, Sidhu HS, Manes GS, Jat ML, Yadvinder-Singh (2016) Development and feasibility of innovative relay seeders for seeding wheat into standing cotton using high clearance tractor in cotton-wheat system. Appl Eng Agric 32:341–352

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh S, Malik RK, Dhankar JS, Yadav A, Garg RK, Kamboj BR, Sheoran P, Lathwal OP (2010) Nutrient use pattern in the irrigated rice-wheat cropping system in the indo-gangetic plains of Haryana, India. Exp Agric 46(02):191–209. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479709991086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh Y, Sidhu HS, Jat HS, Singh M, Chhokar RS, Setia R, Jat ML (2020). Conservation agriculture and scale of appropriate agricultural mechanization in smallholder systems. Borlaug Institute for South Asia (BISA), International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), p 180

    Google Scholar 

  • Smithson JB, Lenne JM (1996) Varietal mixtures: a viable strategy for sustainable productivity in subsistence agriculture. Ann Appl Biol 128:127–158

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solie JB, Solomon SG, Self KP, Peeper TF, Koscelny JA (1991) Reduced row spacing for improved wheat yields in weed-free and weed infested fields. Trans ASAE 34:1654–1660

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Srivastava RK, Bohra JS, Singh RK (2007) Yield advantage and reciprotery functions of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) + Indian mustard (Brassica juncea L.) intercropping under varying row ratio, variety and fertility level. Indian J Agric Sci 77(3):139–144

    Google Scholar 

  • Stuke F, Fehrmann H (1987) Sortenmischungen im Weizenanbau. Nachrchtenbl Dtsch Pflanzenschutzdienst 39:53–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Teasdale JR (1998) Cover crops, smother plants, and weed management. In: Hatfield JL et al (eds) Integrated weed and soil management. Ann Arbor Press, Chelsea, MI, pp 247–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Teich AH, Smid A, Welacky T, Hamill A (1993) Row-spacing and seed-rate effects on winter wheat in Ontario. Can J Plant Sci 73:31–35

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thierfelder C, Wall PC (2009) Effects of conservation agriculture techniques on infiltration and soil water content in Zambia and Zimbabwe. Soil Tillage Res 105:217–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thierfelder C, Wall PC (2011) Reducing the risk of crop failure for smallholder farmers in Africa through the adoption of conservation agriculture. In: Bationo A, Waswa B, Okeyo J, Maina F, Kihara J (eds) Innovations as key to the green revolution in Africa. Springer, Dordrecht

    Google Scholar 

  • Trenbath BR (1974) Biomass productivity of mixtures. Adv Agron 26:177–210

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tripathi SC, Mongia AD, Sharma RK, Kharub AS, Chhokar RS (2005) Wheat productivity at different sowing dates in various agroclimatic zones of India. SAARC J Agric 3:191–201

    Google Scholar 

  • Uddling J, Gelang-Alfredsson J, Piikki K, Pleijel H (2007) Evaluating the relationship between leaf chlorophyll concentration and SPAD-502 chlorophyll meter readings. Photosynth Res 91:37–46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11120-006-9077-5

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Unger PW (1991) Organic matter, nutrient and pH distribution in no- and conventional- tillage semiarid soils. Agron J 83:186–189

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Upadhyaya A (2018) Rice and wheat water productivity assessment in India. MOJ Eco Environ Sci 3(6):426–432. https://doi.org/10.15406/mojes.2018.03.00124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ward PS, Bell AR, Droppelmann K, Benton T (2018) Early adoption of conservation agriculture practices: understanding partial compliance in programs with multiple adoption decisions. Land Use Policy 70:27–37

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wolfe MS (1985) The current status and prospects of multiline cultivars and variety mixtures for disease resistance. Annu Rev Phytopathol 23:251–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wood CW, Westfall DG, Peterson GA, Burke IC (1990) Impacts of cropping intensity on carbon and nitrogen mineralisation under no-till dry land agro ecosystems. Agron J 82:1115–1120

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wrubel RP, Gressel J (1994) Are herbicide mixtures useful for delaying the rapid evolution of resistance? A case study. Weed Technol 8:635–648

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav RL (1998) Factor productivity trends in a rice-wheat cropping system under long-term use of chemical fertilisers. Exp Agric 34:1–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zhao J, Yadong Y, Kai Z, Jaehak J, Zhaohai Z, Huadong Z (2020) Does crop rotation yield more in China? A meta-analysis. Field Crop Res 245:107659

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, India

    Rajender Singh Chhokar, Neeraj Kumar, Ramesh Kumar Sharma, Subhash Chander Gill, Ajit Singh Kharub, Anil Kumar Khippal & Subhash Chander Tripathi

Authors
  1. Rajender Singh Chhokar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Neeraj Kumar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Ramesh Kumar Sharma
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Subhash Chander Gill
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Ajit Singh Kharub
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Anil Kumar Khippal
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Subhash Chander Tripathi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Prem Lal Kashyap

  2. Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Vikas Gupta

  3. Division of Quality and Basic Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Om Prakash Gupta

  4. Division of Social Sciences, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    R. Sendhil

  5. Division of Crop Improvement, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    K. Gopalareddy

  6. Crop Protection, ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Poonam Jasrotia

  7. ICAR-Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, Haryana, India

    Gyanendra Pratap Singh

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chhokar, R.S. et al. (2022). Improved Agronomic Practices for Enhancing the Resource Use Efficiency and Productivity of Wheat and Barley. In: Kashyap, P.L., et al. New Horizons in Wheat and Barley Research . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4134-3_14

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation