Abstract
Currently, the different forms of use of electricity involves the massive use of electronic equipment, which are connected to distribution transformers, the same ones that have been operating for a few years under different operating conditions for which they have been designed. Electronic equipment constitutes nonlinear loads that are impedances that vary with the applied voltage and that when connected to the network introduce non-sine current waves known as harmonic currents, which cause several problems such as: the increase in losses in the conductive elements and the increase in temperature in the processing equipment. The K factor lets us know how much a transformer can have to power nonlinear loads. IEEE Std C57.110™-2018 will be considered on the ground that it makes recommendations regarding losses in transformers when their load has harmonic content. In this research, the authors simulate the behavior of a real system using Power Factory software to know the values of current THDs that are compared to those obtained with a power quality device. For case studies, it is obtained that the K factor for TRAFO2 transformer is 1505 and the K factor for TRAFO1 transformer is 1283; although the load of TRAFO1 is higher than the load of TRAFO2.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
J.D. Arcila, http://www.ieb.com.co. Last accessed 2021/01/14
M.S. Taci, A. Domijan, The effects of linear and nonlinear operation modes in transformers, in 11th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (2004), pp. 244–249
G. Ueta, T. Tsuboi, S. Okabe, Y. Shimizu, E. Hino, K-factor value and front time related characteristics of UHV-class air insulation for positive polarity lightning impulse test. IEEE Trans. Dielectr. Electr. Insul. 19(3), 877–885 (2012)
S. Torabzad, M. Davudi, B. Ojaghi, Analysis of harmonics and harmonic mitigation methods in distribution systems. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 5(11), 996–1005 (2011)
E.F. Fuchs, D. Yildirim, M. Grady, Corrections to measurement of eddy-current loss coefficient Pec-r-derating of single-phase transformers, and comparison with K-factor approach. IEEE Trans. Power Deliv. 15(4), 1357 (2000)
M.A. Taher, S. Kamel, Z.M. Ali, K-factor and transformer losses calculations under harmonics, in 18th International Middle East Power Systems Conference (2016), pp. 753–758
B. Ruggero Ríos, M.E. Sánchez Quintana, Revista Científica de la UCSA 1(1), 33–51 (2014)
J.M. Frank, Harmonics, How they affect the development and design of ‘K’ factor transformers, in IEEE Conference Record of Annual Pulp and Paper Industry Technical Conference (1996), pp. 204–208
J.M. Frank, Origin, design and development of ‘K’ factor transformers (2002), pp. 2273–2274
P. Bagheri, W. Xu, K. Shaloudegi, New indices to evaluate the impact of harmonic currents on power transformers, in Proceedings of International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power, ICHQP, vol 2018 (2018), pp. 1–6
J. Rodriguez Maldonado, Total harmonic distortion estimation, minimization inter harmonic amplitude and expanding bands rejection in TKF filters. IEEE Lat. Am. Trans. 14(2), 652–656 (2016)
A.R.A. Jerin, N. Prabaharan, N.M. Kumar, K. Palanisamy, S. Umashankar, P. Siano, Smart grid and power quality issues, in Hybrid-Renewable Energy Systems in Microgrids, Integration, Developments and Control (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2018), pp. 195–202
R.R. Bhoyar, S.S. Bharatkar, S.A. Khadtare, Measurement of harmonics at HT end users in power distribution system, in 1st International Conference on Automation, Control, Energy and Systems (2014)
DIgSILENT, https://www.digsilent.de/en/powerfactory.html. Last accessed 2020/12/21
Liuli, Zhaoyi, Yepeng, Wanggang, Luxiaoxu, Influence on power quality by wind turbine’s isolating operation, in China International Conference on Electricity Distribution (2014), pp. 1207–1210
P. Pachanapan, S. Premrudeepreechacharn, Coordinated voltage control between wind power plant and shunt capacitors in weak distribution networks, in International Electrical Engineering Congress (2014)
I. Netzberechnungs, Software power factory, vol 15 (2012), pp. 0–26
IEEE Power and Energy Society, IEEE Recommended Practice for Establishing Liquid-Filled and Dry-Type Power and Distribution Transformer Capability When Supplying Nonsinusoidal Load Currents (2008)
J. Gómez-Sarduy, E. Quispe, R. Reyes-Calvo, V. Sousa-Santos, Viego-Felipe, Influencia de los armónicos de corriente sobre las pérdidas en los transformadores de distribución monofásicos con derivación central. El Hombre y la Máquina, Cali, Colombia, N° 45, pp. 33–43, (2014)
Geoportal CNELEP, https://geoportal.cnelep.gob.ec/cnel/. Last accessed 2021/01/14
ARCONEL, https://www.regulacionelectrica.gob.ec/Regulacion-de-Calidad-Suscrita. Last accessed 2020/12/30
M. Raichura, N. Chothani, D. Patel, K. Mistry, Total harmonic distortion (THD) based discrimination of normal, inrush and fault conditions in power transformer. Renew. Energy Focus 36(1), 43–55 (2020)
C. P. E. NEC, Ecuadorian Electrification Institute (2019), pp. 16–931
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Contreras Ramírez, D., Juan, LG. (2022). K-Factor Analysis to Increase the Actual Capacity of Electrical Distribution Transformers. In: Rocha, Á., López-López, P.C., Salgado-Guerrero, J.P. (eds) Communication, Smart Technologies and Innovation for Society . Smart Innovation, Systems and Technologies, vol 252. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4126-8_34
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-4126-8_34
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-4125-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-4126-8
eBook Packages: Intelligent Technologies and RoboticsIntelligent Technologies and Robotics (R0)