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Entomopathogenic Nematodes

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Microbial Approaches for Insect Pest Management

Abstract

Entomopathogenic nematodes (EPN) are found in all inhabited continents except Antarctica (no report yet) and a range of ecologically diverse habitats, from cultivated fields to deserts. Steinernema and Heterorhabditis are the well studied genera which belong to the family Steinernematidae and Heterorhabditidae, associated with symbiotic bacteria Xenorhabdus and Photorhabdus respectively. As far as entomopathogenicity is concerned genus Oscheius is less studied, also having ability to kill the host insect due to the mutually associated with efficacious bacterial genera of Pseudomonas, Enterococcus and Serratia. The bacterial complex of these nematodes makes them a prominent mediator for the bio-management of many insect pests. Many studies have proven the active and main involvement of nematode’s bacterial partner by releasing secondary metabolites in causing septicemia and oenocytoids. Globally, both the genera, that is, Steinernema and Heterorhabditis, are represented by 100 and 16 species, respectively, while Oscheius is represented by 45 species, out of which 17 are from the Indian subcontinent. The information on EPN diversity is limited in India. EPN show high potential for plant protection and can play a major role in Integrated Pest Management (IPM) of insects.

Some species-specific EPN-based formulations, like Biovector, Sanoplant, Helix, Magnet and Entonem, are available in the developed countries, which are being used by the farmers. In India, only two formulations, that is, green commandos and soil commandos, were developed using exotic EPN species but these nematodes were not efficacious against insects probably because of their poor adaptability to Indian environmental conditions. These products were withdrawn from the market. Currently, the latest formulation developed by Multiplex Biotech Pvt. Ltd. is marketed in the name of Soldier (contains Heterorhabditis indica) and Bouncer (contains Steinernema carpocapsae) but these formulations are not much in use by the farmers. In most cases, there is no need for special application equipment. Most nematode species are compatible with pressurized, mist, electrostatic, fan and aerial sprayers. Hose-end sprayers pump sprayers, and watering cans are effective applicators as well. Nematodes can even be applied through irrigation systems in agricultural fields during crop growing seasons.

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Acknowledgements

Authors are thankful to the Head, Department of Zoology, Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, for providing the laboratory facility to conduct the experimental work. Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, India, is also thankfully acknowledged for providing financial assistance to Aasha through DST WOS-A (SR/WOS-A/LS-1083/2014).

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  1. Nematology Laboratory, Department of Zoology Institution: Chaudhary Charan Singh University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Ashok Kumar Chaubey &  Aasha

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  1. Ashok Kumar Chaubey
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  2. Aasha
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  1. Department of Zoology, University of Lucknow, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Omkar

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Chaubey, A.K., Aasha (2021). Entomopathogenic Nematodes. In: Omkar (eds) Microbial Approaches for Insect Pest Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3595-3_9

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