Abstract
Plants possess primary and secondary metabolites. Primary metabolites are required to maintain their basic physiological processes, which also serve as essential sources of nutrients for herbivores, whereas secondary metabolites help to protect plants from herbivore damage. Phyto-antifeedants, a type of secondary metabolite, are recorded from 43 families of plants, but stress has been given in 4 families—Meliaceae, Asteraceae, Labiatae and Leguminosae. Terpenes are classified depending on isoprene units. Terpenes are divided into monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and triterpenes, and many compounds among these groups act as antifeedants. Flavonoids, alkaloids, steroids and coumarins from plant sources could also act as antifeedants. The lepidopteran larvae possess chemosensilla on the maxillary palp, and the test cells in the sensillum act as deterrent. Some insects possess P450 detoxification enzymes in the midgut to detoxify the antifeedants. One of the most commonly used antifeedant is azadirachtin A from Azadirachta indica, which is applied against ca. 400 insect species belonging to Blattodea, Coleoptera, Diptera, Dermaptera, Ensifera, Homoptera, Heteroptera, Hymenoptera, Lepidoptera, Isoptera, Phasmida, Thysanoptera and Siphonaptera. One of the best strategies to apply an antifeedant is in water- or oil-based formulations. Latex may also be used to apply antifeedants. At present 1000 antifeedants have been isolated from plants in laboratory conditions, but the efficacies of antifeedants in the field are low due to either habituation of insects towards antifeedants or variations in responses among different insects. The major hindrance in developing phyto-antifeedants is that they are not broad spectrum or they may not be effective in field conditions. Therefore, basic research in combination with field trials of the isolated phyto-antifeedants at different doses are necessary to get ecofriendly safe products for insect pest management.
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I am thankful to Ms. Swati Das (UGC-SRF), Ms. Anamika Koner (SVMCM, NET-LS), Mr. Syed Husne Mobarak (CSIR-SRF), Ms. Paroma Mitra (Project fellow) and Mr. Rahul Debnath (UGC-SRF) for preparing figures and references of this chapter.
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Barik, A. (2021). Phyto-Antifeedants. In: Omkar (eds) Molecular Approaches for Sustainable Insect Pest Management. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-3591-5_9
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