Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Culture and Identity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Hong Kong History

Part of the book series: Hong Kong Studies Reader Series ((HKSRS))

Abstract

After the end of the Second World War, the academic trend of defining race according to skin colour, social class, nation and/or colonial relations shifted to new conceptualisations of people and communities. This new paradigm was based on culture, particularly with reference to the post-colonial and the emergence of a globalising world. Coming from the perspective of decolonisation and the construction of new identities, post-colonial thinkers advocated an unprecedented self-consciousness that exceeded previous colonial constructions of race. In 1952, Frantz Fanon’s Black Skin, White Masks criticised the production of a ‘black and white,’ ‘self and other’ dichotomy within colonial societies and proposed an otherwise impossible rediscovery of self-determination free from the chains of the colonial gaze. Fanon raised an open yet practical question regarding the future of once-colonised communities: they were, in the post-colonial context, stuck between an alien ethnic culture and a familiar ‘white’ world. Echoing the idea that identity is ambivalent, Edward Said, Gayatri Spivak and Homi Bhabha revealed the intertwined relationship between identity and colonialism as a process of negotiation wherein rulers and colonized subjects reconstructed themselves in a scramble for power within a shared colonial discourse. Cultural identities in both the colonial and post-colonial worlds, thus, cannot be clearly demarcated as they ambiguously integrate time, space and emerging local and global developments. It is in this vein that this chapter traces existing literature regarding the construction of the Hong Kong identity, which can be broadly described as a chaotic push and pull of its past as a British colony and its present as a Special Administrative Region of China. The first section of this writing will highlight historical developments before and after the handover that are crucial to, but not often mentioned, in discourses concerning the making of the Hong Kong identity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    Frantz Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, trans. Charles Lam Markmann (New York: Grove Press, 1968).

  2. 2.

    Fanon, Black Skin, White Masks, p. 108.

  3. 3.

    Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Routledge, 1978); Gayatri Spivak, ‘Can the Subaltern Speak,’ in Cary Nelson and Larry Grossberg (eds.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1988), pp. 271–313; Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), pp. 121–126. See also Stuart Hall, ‘Cultural Identity and Diasporas,’ in Patrick Williams and Laura Chrisman (eds.), Colonial Discourse and Post-Colonial Theory (New York: Columbia University, 1994), pp. 392–403.

  4. 4.

    Stuart Hall, ‘Cultural Identity and Diaspora,’ in Jonathan Rutherford (ed.), Identity: Community, Culture, Difference (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 1990).

  5. 5.

    For works on foreign communities in British Hong Kong, see Cindy Y.K. Chu (ed.), Foreign Communities in Hong Kong, 1840s–1950s (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005); Ding Xinbao 丁新豹 and Lo Shukying 盧淑櫻, Feiwo zuyi: zhanqian Xianggang de waiji zuqun 非我族裔:戰前香港的外籍族群 (Not of My Kind: Foreign Groups in Pre-war Hong Kong; Xianggang: Sanlian shudian, 2014).

  6. 6.

    Elizabeth Sinn, Power and Charity: A Chinese Merchant Elite in Colonial Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2003).

  7. 7.

    Henry Ching, Pow Mah: A Historical Sketch of Horse and Pony Racing in Hong Kong and of the Royal Hong Kong Jockey Club (Hong Kong: H.B.L. Dowbiggin, 1965).

  8. 8.

    For works on the ambivalence of cultural identities in Hong Kong, see John M. Carroll, Edge of Empires: Chinese Elites and British Colonials in Hong Kong (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005), pp. 91–107; Elizabeth Sinn, ‘Wang Tao in Hong Kong and the Chinese “Other,”’ in Elizabeth Sinn and Chris Munn (eds.), Meeting Place: Encounters across Cultures in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2017), pp. 1–22; Christopher Munn, ‘Carvalho Yeo and the 1928 Hong Kong Treasury Swindle,’ in Sinn and Munn, Meeting Place, pp. 153–174.

  9. 9.

    Carroll, Edge of Empires, p. 107.

  10. 10.

    Born in Hong Kong and educated at Queen’s College, Ahmet Rumjahn, for instance, was involved with community affairs and was made Justice of Peace for his contributions. He also served one term as an unofficial member of the Sanitary Board. Another example is Hong Kong-born Portuguese J.P. Braga. Braga had been involved in fighting for social equality as early as the late nineteenth century and in the twentieth century, he became active in the Sanitary Board and Legislative Council. For an example of Anglophile figures, see Catherine S. Chan, ‘Cosmopolitan Visions and Intellectual Passions: Macanese Publics in British Hong Kong,’ Modern Asian Studies (forthcoming).

  11. 11.

    ‘Racial Disabilities and the Peak Reservation, Discussed by the League of Fellowship,’ Hong Kong Daily Press, 13 December 1921, p. 3.

  12. 12.

    As of December 1921, some of the League members were Henry Pollock (President), Lau Chu Pak, A.G. Stephen, A.O. Lang, Chou Shou-son, Robert Ho Tung, Chau Sui-ki, Ho Kom-tong, G.N. Orme, W.L. Pattenden, S.W. Tso, U. Rumjahn, E.M.R. de Sousa and J.P. Braga, Montague Ede and Rev. J. Kirk Maconachie. For this, see ‘Racial Disabilities,’ Hong Kong Daily Press.

  13. 13.

    ‘Racial Disabilities,’ Hong Kong Daily Press.

  14. 14.

    For the Kowloon Residents’ Association and civil society, see Vivian Kong, ‘Exclusivity and Cosmopolitanism: Multi-Ethnic Civil Society in Interwar Hong Kong,’ The Historical Journal 63, no. 5 (2020): 1281–1302.

  15. 15.

    Gary McDonogh and Cindy Wong, Global Hong Kong (New York: Routledge, 2005), p. 59; Philip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 13.

  16. 16.

    Steve Tsang, A Modern History of Hong Kong (London: I.B. Tauris & Co. Ltd., 2004), pp. 56–62.

  17. 17.

    For studies on the extent of Hong Kong’s laissez faire, see, for instance, M. Castells, L. Goh and R. Kwok, The Shek Kip Mei Syndrome—Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong Kong and Singapore (London: Pion Limited, 1990); Stephen W.K. Chiu and Hung Ho-Fung, ‘The Paradox of Stability Revisited: Colonial Development and State Building in Rural Hong Kong,’ China Information 12, nos. 1–2 (1997): 66–96.

  18. 18.

    Gary Cheung Ka-wai, Hong Kong’s Watershed: The 1967 Riots (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009).

  19. 19.

    Ma Ngok pointed out that from the 1950s to the 1970s, labour disputes were in fact public campaigns of considerable scale and publicity. For this, see Ma Ngok, Political Development in Hong Kong: State, Political Society, and Civil Society (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2007), pp. 25–26.

  20. 20.

    Below The Lion Rock, for instance, was a popular segment that featured the everyday lives of local families and highlighted Hong Kong’s social issues.

  21. 21.

    ‘Hong Kong Adopts A Language Lain,’ The New York Times, 24 March 1974, p. 8.

  22. 22.

    For a list of members, see William Meacham, David Russell and Elizabeth Sinn, The Struggle for Hong Kong’s Heritage: Narrative, Documents and Reminisces of the Early Years (Hong Kong: Meacham William, 2015), pp. 80–81.

  23. 23.

    Meacham, The Struggle for Hong Kong’s Heritage, pp. 84, 92.

  24. 24.

    LiuJianlu 劉魯建, ‘Baoliu jiu Jianshazui huoche zhan 保留舊尖沙咀火車’ (Preserve the Old Tsim Sha Tsui Train Station), Hong Kong Economic Journal 信報財經新聞, 27 October 1975, p. 3.

  25. 25.

    Her Fatal Ways is a typical example.

  26. 26.

    Jane Moir, ‘Continuing Exodus of Staff Hits Education,’ South China Morning Post, 13 July 1995, p. 8.

  27. 27.

    Maria Hsia-Chang, Return of the Dragon: China’s Wounded Nationalism (Colorado: Westview Press, 2001), pp. 210–213. For a detailed account of nationalism in Hong Kong and its developments, see Michael Hon-Chung Chun, ‘The Politics of China-Oriented Nationalism in Colonial Hong Kong 1949–1997: A History,’ PhD diss., The Australian National University, 2010.

  28. 28.

    Eric Ma, ‘Top-down Patriotism and Bottom-up Nationalization in Hong Kong,’ 1999, http://www.com.cuhk.edu.hk/project/ericsite/academic/top-down.pdf (accessed 3 May 2018).

  29. 29.

    Ma, ‘Top-down Patriotism,’ 19–20.

  30. 30.

    Sebastian Veg, ‘Cultural Heritage in Hong Kong: The Rise of Activism and the Contradictions of Identity,’ China Perspectives no. 2 (2007): 46–48.

  31. 31.

    Gordon Mathews, Eric Ma Kit-wai and Lui Tai-lok, Hong Kong, China: Learning to Belong to A Nation (New York: Routledge, 2008), pp. 56–57.

  32. 32.

    Ma Ngok, ‘The Rise of “Anti-China” Sentiments in Hong Kong and the 2012 Legislative Council Elections,’ China Review 15, no. 1 (2015): 39–66.

  33. 33.

    Kwong Ying-Ho, ‘The Growth of “Localism” in Hong Kong: A New Path for the Democracy Movement?’ China Perspectives no. 3 (2016): 63.

  34. 34.

    Law Wing-sang, ‘Xianggang bentu yundong de xingqi yu zhuanzhe’ 香港本土運動的興起與轉折 (The Trajectories of Hong Kong Localist Movement), Taiwan Literature Studies, no. 4 (2013): 96.

  35. 35.

    The origin of cultural studies is often traced to the late Stuart Hall and his lectures at Urbana-Champaign in 1983. Stuart Hall, Cultural Studies 1983: A Theoretical History (Durham: Duke University Press, 2016).

  36. 36.

    Benedict Anderson, Imagined Communities: Reflections on the Origin and Spread of Nationalism (London: Verso, 1983); Homi Bhabha, Nation and Narration (New York: Routledge, 1990).

  37. 37.

    Rey Chow, ‘Between Colonizers: Hong Kong’s Postcolonial Self-Writing in the 1990s,’ Diaspora: A Journal of Transnational Studies 2, no. 2 (1992): 151–170.

  38. 38.

    Matthew Turner, ‘60s/90s: Dissolving the People,’ in Matthew Turner and Irene Ngan (eds.), Hong Kong Sixties: Designing Identity (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Arts Centre, 1995).

  39. 39.

    Si Ye, Xianggang wenhua 香港文化 (Hong Kong Culture; Xianggang: Xianggang yishu zhongxi, 1995).

  40. 40.

    See, for instance, Ma Kit-wai, Dianshi yu wenhua rentong 電視與文化認同 (Television and Cultural Identity; Xianggang: Tupo chubanshe, 1996).

  41. 41.

    Ackbar Abbas, Hong Kong: Culture and Politics of Disappearance (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997).

  42. 42.

    See also Lau Siu-kai, Hongkongese or Chinese: The Problem of Identity on the Eve of Resumption of Chinese Sovereignty over Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1997); Renita Wong Yuk-lin, In-between Nationalism and Colonialism: Constructing Hong Kong-Chinese Identities in the Development of China (Toronto: University of Toronto, 1999).

  43. 43.

    Jason Ingrain, ‘Once Upon A Time in Hong Kong: The Construction of Community As Collective Agency,’ Southern Communication Journal 69, no. 1 (2003): 51–62.

  44. 44.

    Esther M.K. Cheung and Chu Yiu-wai (eds.), Between Home and World: A Reader in Hong Kong Cinema (Oxford: Oxford University Press); Kwai-cheung Lo, Chinese Face/Off: The Transnational Popular Culture of Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2005).

  45. 45.

    Eric K.W. Ma and Anthony Y.H. Fung, ‘Negotiating Local and National Identifications: Hong Kong Identity Surveys 1996–2006,’ Asian Journal of Communication 17, no. 2 (2007): 172–185.

  46. 46.

    Carolyn Cartier, ‘Culture and the City: Hong Kong, 1997—2007,’ China Review 8, no. 1 Special Issue: Hong Kong: Ten Years after the Handover (2008), pp. 59–83.

  47. 47.

    Esther M.K. Cheung, Fruit Chan’s Made in Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009).

  48. 48.

    Chan Kwok-bun, Hybrid Hong Kong (New York: Routledge, 2012).

  49. 49.

    For an example of literature on heritage and identity, see Ng Mee Kam, Wing Shing Tang, Joanna Lee, Darwin Leung, ‘Spatial Practice, Conceived Space and Lived Space: Hong Kong’s Piers Saga’ through the Lefebvrian Lens,’ Planning Perspectives 25, no. 4 (2010): 411–431; Agnes Ku Shuk-mei, ‘Remaking Places and Fashioning An Opposition Discourse: Struggle over the Star Ferry Pier and the Queen’s Pier in Hong Kong,’ Environment and Planning D: Society and Space 30 (2012), pp. 5–22. See also, Gérard Henry, ‘Art ad Culture: Hong Kong or the Creation of a Collective Memory,’ China Perspectives 2 (2007), pp. 79–86; Kai Won Tsang, ‘Museums in Late Colonial Hong Kong,’ MPhil diss., University of Hong Kong, 2020.

  50. 50.

    Catherine S. Chan, ‘Narrating the Hong Kong Story: Deciphering Identity through Icons, Images and Trends,’ World History Connected 10, no. 1 (2013): http://worldhistoryconnected.press.uillinois.edu/10.1/chan.html (accessed 9 May 2018).

  51. 51.

    Chu Yiu-wai and Eve Leung, ‘Remapping Hong Kong Popular Music: Covers, Localisation and the Waning Hybridity of Cantopop,’ Popular Music 32, no. 1 (2013) Special Issue: East Asian Popular Music and Its (Dis)contents, pp. 65–78.

  52. 52.

    Lui Tai-Lok, Xianggang moshi: cong xianzai shi dao guoqu shi 香港模式:從現在式到過去式 (Hong Kong Model: From the Present Tense to the Past Tense; Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Company, 2015.

  53. 53.

    Catherine S. Chan, ‘The Currency of Historicity in Hong Kong: Deconstructing Nostalgia through Soy Milk,’ Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, no. 4 (2015): 145–175.

  54. 54.

    Paul Morries and Edward Vickers, ‘Schooling, Politics and the Construction of Identity in Hong Kong: The 2012 “Moral and National Education” Crisis in Historical Context,’ Comparative Education 51, no. 3 (2015): 305–326.

  55. 55.

    Malte Philipp Kaeding, ‘Resisting Chinese Influence: Social Movements in Hong Kong and Taiwan,’ Current History 114, no. 773 (2015): 210–216.

  56. 56.

    Sebastian Veg, ‘The Rise of “Localism” and Civic Identity in Post-handover Hong Kong: Questioning the Chinese Nation-State,’ The China Quarterly 230 (2017): 323–347.

  57. 57.

    H. Christoph Steinhardt, Linda Li Chelan and Jiang Yihong, ‘The Identity Shift in Hong Kong since 1997: Measurement and Explanation,’ Journal of Contemporary China 27, no. 110 (2018): 261–276.

  58. 58.

    Catherine S. Chan, ‘Belonging to the City: Representations of a Clock Tower in British Hong Kong,’ Journal of Urban History 45, no. 2 (2019): 321–332.

  59. 59.

    Chow Yiu-fai, ‘Blowing in the Wind: Engagements with Chineseness in Hong Kong’s Zhongguofeng Music Videos,’ Visual Anthropology 24, nos. 1–2 (2010): 59–76.

  60. 60.

    Wu Hang, ‘The Translocalized McDull Series: National Identity and the Politics of Powerlessness,’ Animation: An Interdisciplinary Journal 12, no. 1 (2017): 28–44.

  61. 61.

    Anthony Fung and Boris Pun, ‘Discourse and Identity in the Hong Kong Comic Magazine Teddy Boy,’ Global Media and China 1, no. 4 (2016): 22–434.

  62. 62.

    See, for instance, Wessie Ling, ‘From “Made in Hong Kong” to “Designed in Hong Kong”: Searching for an Identity in Fashion’ in Chan, Hybrid Hong Kong, pp. 153–170; Prudence Leung-kwok Lau, ‘Self-fashioned Identities: Art Deco Architecture in 1930s Hong Kong as Resistance and Empowerment,’ Postcolonial Text 11, no. 3 (2016): http://postcolonial.org/index.php/pct/article/view/1947/2001 (accessed 11 May 2018).

  63. 63.

    There has been an increasing number of studies on the relationship between social media and identity construction from different perspectives. For an example, see Jason Chan, ‘Racial Identity in Online Spaces: Social Media’s Impact on Students of Color,’ Journal of Student Affairs Research and Practice 54, no. 2 (2017): 163–174.

  64. 64.

    Karin G. Wilkins and Peter D. Siegenthaler, ‘Media and Identity in Hong Kong,’ Peace Review 9, no. 4 (1997): 509–513.

  65. 65.

    Peace Chiu and Nikki Sun, ‘Pro-independence Localist Groups on The Rise in Hong Kong Schools,’ 22 August 2016, South China Morning Post, http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2007544/pro-independence-localist-groups-rise-hong-kong-schools (accessed 12 May 2018).

  66. 66.

    Paul S.N. Lee, Clement Y. K. So and Louis Leung, ‘Social Media and Umbrella Movement: Insurgent Public Sphere in Formation,’ Chinese Journal of Communication 8, no. 4 (2015): 356–375.

  67. 67.

    Michael Chan, ‘Media Use and the Social Identity Model of Collective Action: Examining the Roles of Online Alternative News and Social Media News,’ Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly 94, no. 3 (2017): 663–681.

  68. 68.

    Ma and Fung, ‘Negotiating Local and National Identifications.’

  69. 69.

    Malte Philipp Kaeding, ‘Marketing Identity in Taiwan and Hong Kong: Electioneering in Two Twenty-first Century Chinese Democracies,’ PhD diss., Hong Kong Baptist University, 2010.

  70. 70.

    Chong King Man, ‘The Controversy over National Education and Identity: A Case Study of Hong Kong Secondary School Teachers,’ Asian Development and Education Studies 2, no. 3 (2013): 241–262.

  71. 71.

    Fan Wing-chung, Women doushi zheyang kan Gangman zhangda 我們都是這樣看港漫長大的 (Memories of Hong Kong Comics; Xianggang: Feifan Books, 2017.

  72. 72.

    Matthew Turner, ‘60s/90s: Dissolving the People,’ in Pun Ngai and Yee-lai Man (eds.), Narrating Hong Kong Culture and Identity (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2003), p. 48.

  73. 73.

    A good example of this is Gordon Matthews and Lui Tai-lok, Consuming Hong Kong (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001).

  74. 74.

    Annie Hau-nung Chan, ‘Consumption, Popular Culture and Cultural Identity: Japan in Post-colonial Hong Kong,’ Studies in Popular Culture 23, no. 1 (2000): 35–55.

  75. 75.

    Annamma Joy, Russell W. Belk, Jeff Jianfeng Wang and John F. Sherry, Jr., ‘Emotion and Consumption: Toward a New Understanding of Cultural Collisions between Hong Kong and PRC Luxury Consumers,’ Journal of Consumer Culture, 2018, http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1469540518764247 (accessed 13 May 2018).

  76. 76.

    For instance, Jiaqi Wang 王 家 琪, Cong bashi niandai chu Xianggang zuojia de zhongguo youji lun bentu de shenfen rentong—yi “Suye Wenxue” wei lie 從八十年代初香港作家的中國遊記論本土的身份認同――以《素葉文學》為例 (Discussing Local Identity through China Travelogues of Hong Kong Writers during the Early 1980s—Using Suye Wenxue as a Case), Taida zhongwen xuebao 臺大中文學報50 (2015): 77–116. See also, Dorothy Wong, ‘Local Place and Meaning: A Cultural Reading of the Hong Kong Stories,’ Asian and African Studies 9, no. 2 (2000): 168–179.

  77. 77.

    See, for example, A.R. Cuthbert and K.G. McKinnell, ‘Ambiguous space, ambiguous rights – corporate power and social control in Hong Kong,’ Cities 14, no. 5 (1997): 295–311; Mary G. Padua, ‘Designing an Identity: The Synthesis of a Post-traditional Landscape Vocabulary in Hong Kong,’ Landscape Research 32, no. 2 (2007): 225–240.

  78. 78.

    Lily Kong, ‘Cultural Icons and Urban Development in Asia: Economic and Imperative, National Identity, and Global City Status,’ Political Geography 26, no. 4 (2007): 383–404.

  79. 79.

    Géraldine Borio and Caroline Wüthrich, Hong Kong In-Between (Zürich: Park Books, 2015).

  80. 80.

    Hendrik Tieben, ‘Public Space Trends in Hong Kong: A View from the New Territories,’ The Journal of Public Space 1, no. 1 (2016): 25–34.

  81. 81.

    Harold Proshansky, Abbe Fabian and Robert Kaminoff, ‘Place-Identity: Physical World Socialization of the Self,’ Journal of Environmental Psychology 3 (1983), pp. 57–83; Alexandru Dimanche, Amare Wondirad and Elizabeth Agyewiaah, ‘One Museum, Two Stories: Place Identity at the Hong Kong Museum of History,’ Tourism Management 63 (2017): 287–301.

  82. 82.

    Lam Wai-man and Kay Lam Chi-yan, ‘Civil Society and Cosmopolitanism: Identity Politics in Hong Kong,’ in Roger Coates and Markus Thiel (eds.), Identity Politics in the Age of Globalization (Boulder, CO.: Lynne Rienner Publishers (First Forum Press), 2010), pp. 57–81; Wai-man Lam, ‘Political Identity, Culture and Participation,’ in Wai-man Lam and Percy Luen-tim Lui, Contemporary Hong Kong Government and Politics (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2012), pp. 199–221.

  83. 83.

    Lam Wai-man and Luke Cooper, Citizenship, Identity and Social Movements in the New Hong Kong: Localist after the Umbrella Movement (New York: Routledge, 2018).

  84. 84.

    For instance, see Chong-ip Iam, ‘Politics of Belonging: A Study of the Campaign Against Mainland Visitors in Hong Kong,’ Inter-Asia Cultural Studies 16, no. 3 (2015): 410–421.

  85. 85.

    Paul O’Connor, ‘Everyday Hybridity and Hong Kong’s Muslim Youth,’ Visual Anthropology 24, no. 1–2, (2011): 203–225.

References

  1. Abbas, Ackbar. Hong Kong: Culture and Politics of Disappearance. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1997.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Nationalism, Southeast Asia and the World. London: Verso, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  3. Baker, Hugh D.R. “Life in the Cities: The Emergence of the Hong Kong Man,” China Quarterly, Vol. 95, (1983), pp. 469–479.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Chan, Kwok-bun. Hybrid Hong Kong. New York: Routledge, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  5. Chiu, Stephen and Lui, Tai-lok (eds.). Hong Kong: Becoming a Chinese Global City. New York: Routledge, 2009.

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chu, Yiu-wai. Lost in Transition: Hong Kong Culture in the Age of China. New York: SUNY Press, 2013.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Fan, Wing-chung. Women doushi zheyang kan Gangman zhangda de (Memories of Hong Kong Comics). Hong Kong: Feifan Books, 2017.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Faure, David and Liu, Tao Tao (eds.). Unity and Diversity: Local Cultures and Identities in China. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 1996.

    Google Scholar 

  9. Fu, Poshek and Desser, David (eds.). The Cinema of Hong Kong: History, Arts and Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000.

    Google Scholar 

  10. Kwong, Paul. Identity in Community: Towards a Theological Agenda for the Hong Kong SAR. Berlin: LIT Verlag, 2011.

    Google Scholar 

  11. Louie, Kam. Hong Kong Culture: Word and Image. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2010.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  12. Ma, Jiewei and Wu, Junxiong. Pupu Xianggang: yuedu Xianggang puji wenhua 2000–2010 (Pop Hong Kong: Reading Hong Kong Popular Culture, 2000–2010), two vols. Hong Kong: Xianggang jiaoyu tushu gongsi, 2012.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Mak, K.S. Ricardo and Chan, Catherine S. “Icons, Culture and Collective Identity of Postwar Hong Kong,” Intercultural Communication Studies, Vol. 12, No. 1, (2013), pp. 158–173.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Man, Kit Wah (ed.). Xianggang ge Guangdong wenhua (Hong Kong’s Cantonese Culture). Hong Kong: Shangwu yinshu guan, 2014.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Mathews, Gordon and Lui, Tai-lok (eds.). Consuming Hong Kong. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2001.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Mathews, Gordon, Ma, Eric Kit-wai and Lui, Tai-lok (eds.). Hong Kong, China: Learning to Belong to a Nation. New York: Routledge, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Ngai, Pun and Man, Yee-lai (eds.). Narrating Hong Kong Culture and Identity. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2003.

    Google Scholar 

  18. Wu, Doreen D. (ed.). Discourses of Cultural China in the Globalizing Age. Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2008.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Faculty of Arts and Humanities, University of Macau, Taipa, China

    Catherine S. Chan

Authors
  1. Catherine S. Chan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Catherine S. Chan .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Man-Kong Wong

  2. Department of History, Hong Kong Baptist University, Kowloon, Hong Kong

    Chi-Man Kwong

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2022 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Chan, C.S. (2022). Culture and Identity. In: Wong, MK., Kwong, CM. (eds) Hong Kong History. Hong Kong Studies Reader Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_7

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation