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Cold War and Decolonisation

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Hong Kong History

Part of the book series: Hong Kong Studies Reader Series ((HKSRS))

Abstract

This chapter is about the history and literature of decolonisation and the Cold War in Hong Kong. Since the Second World War, the British government occasionally considered the worthiness of keeping Hong Kong a colony. It valued Hong Kong as an asset to contain communism in Cold War Asia, but it worried about its incapability of defending the colony in the face of the Chinese government’s military aggression. This anxiety was deepened by the international criticism of British decolonisation and the commercial and ideological conflicts between Britain and Hong Kong. Nevertheless, these did not stop the British government maintaining Hong Kong as a colony amidst the changing East-West relation in the Cold War. This thought ceased only in 1984 when the Sino-British Joint Declaration concluded that Britain handed Hong Kong back to China in 1997. After a 13-year transition, the British colonialism in Hong Kong came to an end by 1 July 1997.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Andrew Whitfield, Hong Kong, Empire and the Anglo-American Alliance at War, 1941–1945 (Houndmills: Palgrave, 2001), pp. 121, 212–216.

  2. 2.

    Phillip Snow, The Fall of Hong Kong: Britain, China and the Japanese Occupation (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2003), p. 237; Kwong Chi-man, Chongguang zhi lu: ri ju Xianggang yu taipinyang zhanzheng 重光之路:日據香港與太平洋戰爭 (Road to liberation: Japanese occupation of Hong Kong, 1942–1945) (Hong Kong: Cosmos, 2015), p. 387.

  3. 3.

    Wm. Roger Louis, “Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945–1949,” The American Historical Review 102:4 (Oct 1997), pp. 1058–1060.

  4. 4.

    Mark Chi-kwan, Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations, 1949–1957 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004), p. 21.

  5. 5.

    Qiang Shigong 強世功, Zhongguo Xianggang: wenhua yu zhengzhi de zhiye 中國香港:文化與政治的視野 (Hong Kong, China: the cultural and political visions) (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 2008), pp. 67, 82–85.

  6. 6.

    Yiu-yu Kam, Zhonggong Xianggang Zhence Miwen Shilu 中共香港政策秘聞實錄 (A secret record of the Chinese Communist’s Hong Kong policy) (Hong Kong: Tianyuan Shuwu, 1998), pp. 65–67.

  7. 7.

    David J. Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, vol. 5, Guidance towards Self-government in British Colonies, 1941–1971 (London: Macmillan, 1980), p. 33.

  8. 8.

    Kwong Chi-man and Tsoi Yiu-lun, Eastern Fortress: A Military History of Hong Kong, 1840–1997 (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2014), pp. 242–243.

  9. 9.

    Roger Buckley, “Hong Kong and San Francisco: Anglo-American Debate on East Asia and the Japanese Peace Settlements,” Japan Forum 15:3 (Jun 2003), pp. 435–449; Kimie Hara, Cold War Frontiers in the Asia-Pacific: Divided Territories in the San Francisco System (London: Routledge, 2006), pp. 1–4.

  10. 10.

    Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, pp. 44, 48.

  11. 11.

    Chu Wai-li, “More than a Potential Threat: The PRC’s Intervention During the Double Tenth Incident,” Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch 56, (2016), pp. 23–27.

  12. 12.

    Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, p. 102.

  13. 13.

    Louis, “Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945–1949,” p. 1084.

  14. 14.

    Wm. Roger Louis, “Public Enemy Number One: The British Empire in the Dock at the United Nations, 1957–71,” in The British Empire in the 1950s: Retreat or Revival?, Martin Lynn ed. (Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 2006), pp. 186–213.

  15. 15.

    Mark Chi-kwan, “Lack of Means or Loss of Will? The United Kingdom and the Decolonization of Hong Kong,1957–1967,” The International History Review 31, no. 1, (Mar 2009): 54–57.

  16. 16.

    Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, pp. 207–210, 216–219.

  17. 17.

    Morgan, The Official History of Colonial Development, pp. 220–224.

  18. 18.

    Ray Yep, “The 1967 Riots in Hong Kong: The Domestic and Diplomatic Fronts of the Governor,” in May days in Hong Kong: Riot and emergency in 1967, Robert Bickers and Ray Yep eds. (Hong Kong: Hong Kong University Press, 2009), pp. 27–28.

  19. 19.

    Mark Chi-kwan, “Development without Decolonisation? Hong Kong’s Future and Relations with Britain and China, 1967–1972,” Journal of Royal Asiatic Society 24, no. 2, (2014): 325, 327–329.

  20. 20.

    Mark, “Development without Decolonisation?,” p. 332.

  21. 21.

    Lui Tai-lok, Na sicengxiangshi de qishi niandai 那似曾相識的七十年代 (That Seemingly Familiar 1970s) (Hong Kong: Chung Hwa Book Co. (H.K.) Ltd., 2011), pp. 150–151.

  22. 22.

    Ray Yep and Lui Tai-lok, “Revisiting the Golden Era of MacLehose and the Dynamics of Social Reforms,” China Information 24:3(2010), pp. 256, 266.

  23. 23.

    Lui, Na sicengxiangshi de qishi niandai, p. 178.

  24. 24.

    Gao Wanglai 高望來, Daguo tanpan moulue: zhong ying Xianggang tanpan neimu 大國談判謀略:中英香港談判內幕 (Strategy for negotiation: the insider story of Sino-British negotiation over Hong Kong’s future) (Beijing: Current Affairs Press, 2012), pp. 52–53.

  25. 25.

    Gao, Daguo tanpan moulue, pp. 54–55.

  26. 26.

    Mark Chi-kwan, “To ‘Educate’ Deng Xiaoping in Capitalism: Thatcher’s Visit to China and the Future of Hong Kong in 1982,” Cold War History 17, no. 2, (Apr 2017): 168.

  27. 27.

    John Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, vol. 2, The Iron Lady (London: Jonathan Cape, 2003), p. 315.

  28. 28.

    Mark, “To ‘Educate’ Deng Xiaoping in Capitalism,” pp. 169, 171.

  29. 29.

    Mark, “To ‘educate’ Deng Xiaoping in Capitalism,” pp. 172–175.

  30. 30.

    Harry Harding, A Fragile Relationship: The United States and China since 1972 (Washington: The Brookings Institution, 1992), p. 112.

  31. 31.

    Mark, “To ‘Educate’ Deng Xiaoping in Capitalism,” p. 180.

  32. 32.

    Anthony G. Hopkins, “Globalisation and Decolonisation,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 45:5 (2017), pp. 731–734.

  33. 33.

    John Darwin, Britain and Decolonisation: The Retreat from Empire in the Post-war World (London: Macmillan Press, 1988), pp. 11, 13–16; John Darwin, After Tamerlane: The Rise and Fall of Global Empires, 1400–2000 (London: Penguin Books, 2008), p. 468.

  34. 34.

    Lau Siu-kai and Kuan Hsin-chi, “Hong Kong after the Sino-British Agreement: The Limits to Change,” Pacific Affairs 59:2 (Summer 1986), p. 219.

  35. 35.

    Lau Siu-kai, Decolonization without Independence: The Unfinished Political Reforms of the Hong Kong Government (Hong Kong: Centre for Hong Kong Studies, Institute of Social Studies, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1987), p. 39; Lau Siu-kai, “Decolonisation à la Hong Kong: Britain’s Search for Governability and Exit with Glory,” The Journal of Commonwealth & Comparative Politics 35:2(1997), p. 32.

  36. 36.

    John Darwin, “Hong Kong in British Decolonisation,” in Hong Kong’s Transition, 1842–1997, Judith Brown and Rosemary Foot eds. (Houndmills: Macmillan Press, 1997), pp. 29–30.

  37. 37.

    Mark, “Lack of Means or Loss of Will?,” 46–47, 71. Also see Mark Chi-kwan, “A Reward for Good Behaviour in the Cold War: Bargaining over the Defence of Hong Kong, 1949–1957,” The International History Review 22:4 (Dec 2000), pp. 837–861 and Hong Kong and the Cold War: Anglo-American Relations, 1949–1957 (Oxford: Clarendon, 2004).

  38. 38.

    Mark, “Development without Decolonisation?,” pp. 315, 327–330.

  39. 39.

    Mark Chi-kwan, “Crisis or Opportunity? Britain, China, and the Decolonization of Hong Kong in the Long 1970s,” in China, Hong Kong, and the Long 1970s: Global Perspectives, Priscilla Roberts and Odd Arne Westad eds. (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2017), pp. 271–273.

  40. 40.

    Richard Davis, “Introduction,” in British Decolonisation, 1918–1984, Richard Davis ed. (Newcastle upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2013), pp. 5–7.

  41. 41.

    John Darwin, Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain (London: Penguin Books, 2013), p. 383; Williamm Roger Louis and Ronald Robinson, “The Imperialism of Decolonization,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 22, no. 3, (1994): 462–511; Michael Collins, “Decolonisation and the ‘Federal Moment,’ Diplomacy & Statecraft 24, no. 1, (2013): 25–27.

  42. 42.

    James T. H. Tang, “From Empire Defence to Imperial Retreat: Britain’s Postwar China Policy and the Decolonization of Hong Kong,” Modern Asian Studies 28, (1994), pp. 317–337; Louis, “Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945–1949,” pp. 1052–1084.

  43. 43.

    Louis, “Hong Kong: The Critical Phase, 1945–1949,” pp. 1053, 1082–1083.

  44. 44.

    Robert Bickers, “Loose Ties that Bound: British Empire, Colonial Authority and Hong Kong,” in Negotiating Autonomy in Greater China: Hong Kong and its Sovereign before and after 1997, Ray Yep ed. (Copenhagen: NIAS Press, 2013), pp. 30–31.

  45. 45.

    Prasenjit Duara, “Hong Kong and the New Imperialism in East Asia, 1941–66,” in Twentieth-century Colonialism and China: Localities, the Everyday and the World, Bryna Goodman and David S.G. Goodman eds. (Milton Park, Abingdon, 2012), pp. 206–211.

  46. 46.

    James Fellows, “Colonial Autonomy and Cold War Diplomacy: Hong Kong and the Case of Anthony Grey, 1967–9,” Historical Research 89, no. 245, (Aug 2016): 567–587.

  47. 47.

    Yep and Lui, “Revisiting the Golden Era of MacLehose,” pp. 249–272.

  48. 48.

    Lui, Na sicengxiangshi de qishi niandai, pp. 141–144, 150–156, 182–185.

  49. 49.

    David Faure, Colonialism and the Hong Kong Mentality (Hong Kong: Centre of Asian Studies, University of Hong Kong, 2003), pp. 22, 69–74, 86.

  50. 50.

    Xu Xihui 許錫輝, Chen Lijun 陳麗君 and Zhu Dexin 朱德新, Xianggang kua shiji de cangsang 香港跨世紀的滄桑 (Hong Kong’s vicissitudes) (Guangzhou: Guangdong renmin chubanshe, 1994); Liu Jiaquan 劉家泉, Xianggang cangsang yu tengfei 香港滄桑與騰飛 (Hong Kong’s vicissitudes and prosperity) (Beijing: Zhonggong zhongyang dangxiao chuban she, 1996); HouShusen 侯書森 ed., Bainian cangsang: Xianggang de guoqu, xianzai yu weilai 百年滄桑:香港的過去、現在與未來 (A century-long vicissitudes: the history, present and future of Hong Kong) (Beijing: Zhongguo wenlian chuban gongsi, 1996).

  51. 51.

    Wen Hui Pao ed., Yingguo ruhe che chu zhimin di 英國如何撤出殖民地 (The British way to withdraw from a colony) (Hong Kong: Wen Hui Pao, 1994).

  52. 52.

    Zhang Shunhong 張順洪, Daying diguo de wajie – Yingguo de fei zhimin hua yu xianggang wenti 大英帝國的瓦解—英國的非殖民化與香港問題 (The breakdown of the British Empire – British decolonisation and Hong Kong’s problem) (Beijing: Social Science Academic Press, 1997), pp. 3, 212–213.

  53. 53.

    Li Gang 李剛 and Huang Jijian 黃濟健, “Xianggang zhuquan huigui he zuguo heping tongyi de qianjing 香港主權回歸和祖國和平統一的前景 (The handover of Hong Kong and the prospect of China’s peaceful reunification),” Qinghai Social Sciences 4, (1997), pp. 19–23.

  54. 54.

    WangHongxu 王紅續, Qishi niandai yilai de zhong ying guanxi 七十年代以來的中英關係 (Sino-British relation since 1970s) (Harbin: Heilongjiang jiaoyu chubanshe, 1996), pp. 92–107.

  55. 55.

    Lawrence Wong Wang-chi, Lishi de chenzhong: cong Xianggang kan Zhongguo dalu de lishi lunshu 歷史的沉重:從香港看中國大陸的歷史論述 (The Burden of History: a Hong Kong Perspective of the Mainland Discourse of Hong Kong History) (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press (China) Ltd., 2000), pp. 33–49.

  56. 56.

    Steve Tsang Yui-sang, Democracy Shelved: Great Britain, China and Attempts at Constitutional Reform in Hong Kong 1945–1952 (Hong Kong: Oxford University Press, 1988).

  57. 57.

    Steve Tsang Yui-sang, “Strategy for Survival: The Cold War and Hong Kong’s Policy towards Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Activities in the 1950s,” The Journal of Imperial and Commonwealth History 25, no. 2, (May 1997): 294–317; Francis Kan Yi-hua, “The Position of Hong Kong in Britain’s Policy towards the Two Rival Chinese Regimes during the Early Years of the Cold War,” Civil Wars 2, no. 4, (1999): 106–137.

  58. 58.

    Lin Zhiyan 林芝諺, Ziyou de daijia: Zhonghua Minguo yu Xianggang Tiaojingling nanmin ying, 1950–1961 自由的代價:中華民國與香港調景嶺難民營 (Price of “freedom”: Republic of China and the Chinese refugees at Rennie’s Mill camp in Hong-Kong, 1950–1961) (Taipei: Academia Historica, 2011); Dominic YangMeng-Hsuan 楊孟軒, “Diao Jing Ling: Xianggang ‘xiao Taiwan’ de qiyuan yu bianqian, 1950–1970 niandai 調景嶺:香港「小臺灣」的起源與變遷, 1950–1970年代 (Rennie’s Mill: origin and transformation of “Little Taiwan” in Hong Kong, 1950s~1970s),” Taiwan Historical Research 18, no. 1, (Mar 2011): 133–183.

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    Wai-Chung Chan 陳偉中, “Lengzhan geju xia ‘mianxiang’ nanyang de Xianggang zuopai wenyi kanwu – yi wuliushi niandai de Xiangtu, Wenyi Shiji weili 冷戰格局下「面向南洋」的香港左派文藝刊物-以五六十年代的《鄉土》、《文藝世紀》為例 (The Cold War pattern of “pivoting to the southern seas” and Hong Kong’s leftist literature publications: a case study of Xiangtu and Wenyi Shiji of the 50s and 60s),” Zhongguo Xiandai Wenxue 中國現代文學 28, (Dec 2015), pp. 49–70; Zhang Yan 張燕, “Lengzhan beijing xia Xianggang zuopai dianying de yishu jiangou he shangye yunzuo (冷戰背景下香港左派電影的藝術建構和商業運作 The art construction and commercial operation of Hong Kong left-winger film with background of Cold War),” Contemporary Cinema 4, (2010), pp. 94–99.

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    Wai-Li Chu

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Chu, WL. (2022). Cold War and Decolonisation. In: Wong, MK., Kwong, CM. (eds) Hong Kong History. Hong Kong Studies Reader Series. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2806-1_4

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