Abstract
This chapter begins with a general overview of how actions have traditionally been taken across government agencies to prevent and control major causes of mortality and morbidity, with particular regard to infectious diseases. Three case studies then follow, detailing how the Whole-of-Government (WoG) and Health in All Policies (HiAP) approaches have been used to combat COVID-19 in Mainland China as well as in the Macao and Hong Kong Special Administrative Regions respectively, primarily in the period between the end of December 2019 and September 2020. A concluding synthesis of the case studies’ inferences and implications is then provided, setting out what has worked in these contexts, as well as the few key issues that may warrant further attention and research.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
- 1.
UNICEF; UNDP; UNESCO; WFP; FAO; WHO; UNEP; UNODC; UNFPA; UNHABITAT; UN Women; ILO; UNHCR; IOM; IMO; ITU; IFAD; UNIDO; UNWTO; UPU; WIPO; UNAIDS; UNITAR; UNRWA; IAEA; ICAO; WB; IMF.
References
Al Takarli, N. (2020) China’s response to the COVID-19 outbreak: A model for epidemic preparedness and management. Dubai Medical Journal. Available at: https://www.karger.com/Article/Pdf/508448 (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Asp, N. (2007) Health claims for foods in focus. Scandinavian Journal Food Nutrition, Volume 51, 90.
Au, A. (2020) Communicating prevention in the COVID-19 epidemic: Case study on Macao SAR. Research Square. Preprint. Available at: https://doi.org/10.21203/rs.3.rs-16832/v1 (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Australian Public Service Commission. (2004) Connecting government: Whole of government responses to Australia’s priority challenges. Available at: http://www.apsc.gov.au/publications-and-media/archive/publications-archive/connecting-government (Accessed 4 May 2015).
BBC. (2020) Coronavirus confirmed as pandemic by World Health Organization. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-51839944 (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Beijing Youth Daily. (2020) Keep mask producing machine working! national development and reform commission: Please do not hesitate to increase production. Available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/372114402_148781 (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Bian, X., Yao, L. & Bian, Y. (2020) Effective COVID-19 prevention and control in areas of ultra-dense population: Lessons from Macao SAR. Journal of Clinical Intensive Care and Medicine [Online], Volume 5 (1): 22–25. Available at: https://doi.org/10.29328/journal.jcicm.1001031 (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Blaschke, B. (2020) Macao GGR down 90.0% to MOP$2.21 billion in September [Online]. Available at: https://www.instapaper.com/read/1347868645 (Accessed 1 October 2020).
CGTN. (2020a) 40 Days in Hubei: The central government team’s role in coronavirus epidemic control. Available at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-03-06/Central-government-s-40-days-in-coronavirus-hit-Hubei-ODwhH9ahUc/index.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
CGTN. (2020b) Shanghai, most of China to reopen schools by end of April, Beijing and Hubei yet to decide. Available at: https://news.cgtn.com/news/2020-04-09/Shanghai-most-of-China-reopen-schools-by-end-of-April-Pyp87FuTpm/index.html (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Chadwick, E. (1842) Report on the sanitary condition of the labouring population and on the means of its improvement. i6 Editorial. Downloaded from http://heapro.oxfordjournals.org/ by guest on September 14, 2014 http://www.deltaomega.org/documents/ChadwickClassic.pdf (Last accessed 30 April 2014).
Chen, S., et al. (2020) Fangcang shelter hospitals: A novel concept for responding to public health emergencies. The Lancet. Available at: https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)30744-3/fulltext (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Cheung, H. (2020) COVID-19: Why Hong Kong’s ‘Third Wave’ is a warning. Available at: https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-53596299 (Accessed 2 October 2020).
China Daily. (2020a) White paper – Fighting COVID-19: China in action. Available at: https://covid19.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202006/08/WS5edd8bd6a3108348172515ec.html (Accessed 5 September 2020).
China Daily. (2020b) China’s fight against COVID-19. Available at: https://covid-19.chinadaily.com.cn/a/202004/21/WS5e9e2c62a3105d50a3d17880_1.html (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Choy, G. (2020) One-two punch of protests, coronavirus playing havoc with mental health in Hong Kong, study finds. South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3096326/one-two-punch-protests-coronavirus-playing-havoc (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Civil Aviation Administration of China. (2020a) Airplane information released on ‘fight against epidemic and quickly support Wuhan. Available at: http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TZTG/202003/t20200319_201530.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Civil Aviation Administration of China. (2020b) Notice on continue reducing international flights during epidemic. Available at: http://www.caac.gov.cn/XXGK/XXGK/TZTG/202003/t20200326_201746.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Crawford, A. (2020) Panic buying in Hong Kong amid ‘alarming’ spread of coronavirus. Available at: https://news.sky.com/story/panic-buying-in-hong-kong-amid-alarming-spread-of-coronavirus-11924399 (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Dong, Z. (2020) Chinese military sends additional 2,600 medical personnel to Wuhan. Available at: http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2020-02/13/content_4860355.htm (Accessed 17 June 2020).
DSEC. (2019) Macao Statistics 2019. Macao: Macao SAR Bureau of Statistics and Survey.
Government Information Bureau. (2020a) Fresh government measures support Macao residents, SMES amid coronavirus control work. Available at: https://www.gov.mo/en/news/122454/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Government Information Bureau. (2020b) Updates for the press–Expand the testing, testing of tour bus drivers. Available at: https://www.gov.mo/zh-hant/news/317900/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Government Information Bureau. (2020c) Last COVID-19 patient in Macao discharged after successful treatment. Available at: https://www.gov.mo/en/news/125402/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Government Information Bureau. (2020d) To combat the epidemic: Government employees do not report to work from 8 to 16 February. Available at: https://news.gov.mo/detail/zh-hant/N20BGROZbm (Accessed 23 September 2020).
Health Bureau. (2020) Temporary suspension of services at sports bureau sporting facilities starting from 4pm this afternoon. Available at: https://www.gov.mo/zh-hant/news/315058/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
HKSAR Government. (2020a) Latest developments. Available at: https://www.hkeconomy.gov.hk/en/situation/development/index.htm (Accessed 2 October 2020).
HKSAR Government. (2020b) Frequently asked questions on new requirements to reduce gatherings. Available at: https://www.coronavirus.gov.hk/eng/social_distancing-faq.html (Accessed 2 October 2020).
HKSAR Government. (2020c) Public services to resume in a safe and orderly manner [Press release]. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202008/20/P2020082000520.htm?fontSize=1 (Accessed 2 October 2020).
HKSAR Government. (2020d) Government holds inter-departmental meeting on cluster of pneumonia cases in Wuhan (with photo) [Press release]. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202001/02/P2020010200831.htm (Accessed 2 October 2020).
HKSAR Government. (2020e). Unemployment and underemployment statistics for July - September 2019. [Press release]. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201910/18/P2019101800410.htm (Accessed 2 October 2020).
HKSAR Government. (2020f). Budget speech by the financial secretary (1) (with photos/video). [Press release]. Available at: https://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/202002/26/P2020022600169.htm?fontSize=1 (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Hong Kong Council of Social Service. (2020) Survey on the living conditions of disadvantaged groups under the epidemic. Available at: https://www.hkcss.org.hk/%e3%80%8c%e7%96%ab%e6%83%85%e4%b8%8b%e5%bc%b1%e5%8b%a2%e7%a4%be%e7%be%a4%e7%9a%84%e7%94%9f%e6%b4%bb%e7%8b%80%e6%b3%81%e8%aa%bf%e6%9f%a5%e3%80%8d/?lang=en (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Hong Kong Economic Journal. (2020) What our CE can learn from her Macao counterpart. Available at: https://www.ejinsight.com/eji/article/id/2371826/20200206-What-our-CE-can-learn-from-her-Macau-counterpart (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Hong Kong International Airport. (2020) COVID-19 pandemic continues to impact air traffic in July AA receives two awards in recognition of its excellence in nurturing young talent. Available at: https://www.hongkongairport.com/en/media-centre/press-release/2020/pr_1470 (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Hong Kong Tourism Board. (2020) Monthly report-visitor arrivals statistics: Jun 2020. Available at: https://partnernet.hktb.com/filemanager/intranet/pm/VisitorArrivalStatistics/ViS_Stat_E/VisE_2020/Tourism%20Statistics%2006%202020.pdf (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Huanqiu. (2020) The National Heath Commission: The current situation of COVID-19 is still under control. Available at: https://china.huanqiu.com/article/9CaKrnKoYBB (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Lahiri, T. (2020) The world’s gambling capital is taking no chances with coronavirus. Available at: https://qz.com/1796500/macau-shuts-casinos-over-coronavirus-fears/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Leung, K. (2020a) Macao’s last COVID-19 patient recovers, with no new cases for a month. South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3074025/macau-discharges-last-recovered-coronavirus (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Leung, K. (2020c) Estimated 10,400 retail workers axed, 5,200 shops to close in Hong Kong by end of May as coronavirus hammers sector, trade body warns. South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/health-environment/article/3080271/estimated-10400-retail-workers-axed-5200-shops (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Leung. K. (2020b) Coronavirus: Hong Kong retail shrinks by a third for first half of 2020 as COVID-19 crisis pummels sector. South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3095334/coronavirus-hong-kong-retail-shrinks-third-first (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Li, X., Cui, W., & Zhang, F. (2020) Who was the first doctor to report the COVID-19 outbreak in Wuhan, China? The Journal of Nuclear Medicine. Available at: http://jnm.snmjournals.org/content/61/6/782.full (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Liu, C., Xu, K., & Du, Q. (2020) China’s flexible fiscal arrangements offer adequate medical expenses for treating COVID-19 patients. Available at: https://www.globaltimes.cn/content/1182599.shtml (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Lu, H. (2020) Nearly 4 million community workers fighting on front line of epidemic control: Official. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-02/10/c_138771330.htm (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Macao Daily. (2020) News flash. Available at: http://www.macaodaily.com/html/2020-01/10/content_1408320.htm (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020a) Schools are closed until February 10 due to coronavirus cases. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/schools-are-closed-until-february-10-due-to-coronavirus-cases/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020b) 8th coronavirus case confirmed in a Macau resident. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/8th-coronavirus-case-confirmed-in-a-macau-resident/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020c) 9th case of coronavirus infection in Macau. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/ninth-case-of-coronavirus-infection-in-macau/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020d) 10th coronavirus case confirmed. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/10th-coronavirus-case-confirmed/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020e) Consumption subsidy smartcard spending starts today. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/consumption-subsidy-smartcard-spending-starts-today/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020f) Senior secondary school pupils return to their classrooms. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/senior-secondary-school-pupils-return-to-their-classrooms/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020g) SSM stands at forefront of COVID-19 fight. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/ssm-stands-at-forefront-of-covid-19-fight/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao News. (2020h) Macao to recover in 2021, reliant on Chinese tourism. Available at: https://macaunews.mo/macao-to-recover-in-2021-reliant-on-chinese-tourism/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao Post Daily. (2020) Macau confirms 46th COVID-19 case, 1st in 78 days. Available at: https://macaupostdaily.com/article8623.html (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao Post Daily. (2020) Royal supermarket apologises for ‘price confusion’. Available at: https://www.macaupostdaily.com/article8241.html (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Macao Printing Bureau. (2020) Establishment of the novel coronavirus infection contingency coordination centre. Available at: https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2020/03/despce_cn.asp#23 (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Marques, R. (2020a) Tourism board cancels all CNY events and activities. Available at: https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/tourism-board-cancels-all-cny-events-and-activities.html (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Marques, R. (2020b) 2019-NCoV | face mask stocks sufficient, more arriving on February 2. Available at: https://macaudailytimes.com.mo/2019-ncov-face-mask-stocks-sufficient-more-arriving-on-february-2.html (Accessed 20 September 2020).
McAlinden, T. (2020) Macau tells casinos to close over Wuhan Virus - RTHK. Available at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/en/component/k2/1506543-20200204.htm?spTabChangeable=0 (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Ministry of Commerce. (2020) Ministry of Commerce spokesperson talked about the work of nine-province joint supply guarantee mechanism. Available at: http://scyxs.mofcom.gov.cn/article/baogong/202003/20200302941257.shtml (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Ministry of Education. (2020a) Notice for schools at all levels to delay the start of the Spring Term. Available at: http://www.moe.gov.cn/jyb_xwfb/gzdt_gzdt/s5987/202001/t20200127_416672.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Ministry of Education. (2020b) Ministry of Education: Over 200 million students went back to class, resumption rate reached 75%. Available at: http://www.bjnews.com.cn/edu/2020/07/14/748597.html (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs. (2020) Ministry of Foreign Affairs of The People’s Republic of China National Immigration Administration announcement on entry by foreign nationals holding valid Chinese residence permits of three categories. Available at: https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjbxw/t1817370.shtml (Accessed 23 September 2020).
Ministry of Transport of the PRC. (2020a) Urgent notice of the Ministry of Transport on the prevention and control of the epidemic and transportation coordination. Available at: http://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/jigou/ysfws/202001/t20200130_3328400.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Ministry of Transport of the PRC. (2020b) Notice of the Ministry of Transport on the guarantee of the emergency transportation of materials and personnel for the prevention and control of the novel coronavirus pneumonia epidemic. Available at: http://xxgk.mot.gov.cn/jigou/ysfws/202001/t20200130_3328387.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
National Immigration Administration. (2020) The bureau of immigration management suspends issuance of visitor permits to Hong Kong and Macau. Available at: https://www.nia.gov.cn/n741440/n741542/c1214127/content.html (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Newsdesk. (2020) Macau casino GGR up 66pct m-o-m in Sept: Govt. GGRASIA. Available at: https://www.GGRAsia.com/macau-casino-ggr-up-66pct-m-o-m-in-sept-govt/ (Accessed 1 October 2020).
Nielsen. (2020) Nielsen: Eating at home will remain the new reality for Asian consumers, especially Hong Kong, post COVID-19. Available at: https://en.prnasia.com/releases/apac/nielsen-eating-at-home-will-remain-the-new-reality-for-asian-consumers-especially-hong-kong-post-covid-19-278643.shtml (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Novel Coronavirus Response and Coordination Centre. (2020) Local mask supply is sufficient, masks delivered to Macao totals 9.8 million at present and are up to quality standards. Available at: https://www.gov.mo/en/news/122281/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Office of the Chief Executive. (2020) Printing bureau - Executive order of the chief executive. Available at: https://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2020/05/despce_cn.asp (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Pao, J. (2020) Virus-panic buying hits Hong Kong supermarkets. Asia Times. Available at: https://asiatimes.com/2020/01/virus-panic-buying-hits-hong-kong-supermarkets/ (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Peng,Y. (2020) The national health commissions: 346 medical teams and 42,600 personnel were sent to support Wuhan and Hubei. women contribute to 2/3 of the population. Available at: http://news.china.com.cn/txt/2020-03/08/content_75788717.htm (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Porter, R. (1997) The greatest benefit to mankind: A medical history of humanity. London: HarperCollins.
Räsänen, L. (2007) Of all foods bread is the most noble: Carl von Linne´ (Carl Linnaeus) on bread. Food and Nutrition Research, Volume 51, 91–99.
Rosen, G. (1993) A history of public health. Baltimore: JHU Press.
Rthk.hk. (2020) Macau announced reduction of opening hours to 3 hours per day at the border gate crossing. Available at: https://news.rthk.hk/rthk/ch/component/k2/1504833-20200125.htm?archive_date=2020-01-25 (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Saiidi, U. (2020) How Hong Kong beat coronavirus and avoided lockdown. CNBC. Available at: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/07/03/how-hong-kong-beat-coronavirus-and-avoided-lockdown.html (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Scher, I. (2020) Macau to give residents cash to boost local economy - Insider. Available at: https://www.insider.com/macau-to-give-residents-cash-to-boost-local-economy-2020-2 (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Sénécaut, B. (2020) Tourism and COVID-19: The case of Macau. Available at: https://www.eias.org/news/tourism-and-covid-19-the-case-of-macau/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Siu, R. (2020) Policy pragmatism key to Macau’s COVID-19 success. East Asia Forum. Available at: https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2020/09/30/policy-pragmatism-key-to-macaus-covid-19-success/ (Accessed 1 October 2020).
Snow, J. (1855) On the mode of communication of cholera. London: John Churchill.
Sohu. (2020) The doctor and hospital that firstly discovered and reported epidemic were exposed. Available at: https://www.sohu.com/a/370109572_99988005 (Accessed 7 September 2020).
South China Morning Post. (2020) China pledges largest-ever economic rescue package to save jobs and livelihoods amid coronaviruses. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/economy/china-economy/article/3086569/china-pledges-largest-ever-economic-rescue-package-save-jobs (Accessed 30 August 2020).
Special Webpage against Epidemics: Statistics. n.d. Available at: https://www.ssm.gov.mo/apps1/PreventCOVID-19/en.aspx#clg17458 (Accessed 4 August 2020).
Sullivan, L. (2020) Macau’s gaming revenue fell 88 percent in February. Casino Review (blog). Available at: https://www.casino-review.co/macau-gaming-revenue/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Tan, S. (2020) China’s novel health tracker: Green on public health, red on data surveillance. Available at: https://www.csis.org/blogs/trustee-china-hand/chinas-novel-health-tracker-green-public-health-red-data-surveillance (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Tang, K. C., Ståhl, T., Bettcher, D., & De Leeuw, E. (2014) (Ed.) Rhetoric to action, health in all policies. Health Promotion International, Volume 29 (1), 1–8.
The Star. (2020) Face mask supplies run out across in Asia due to virus panic. Available at: https://www.thestar.com.my/business/business-news/2020/01/24/face-mask-supplies-run-out-across-in-asia-due-to-virus-panic (Accessed 20 September 2020).
Time. (2020) ‘How can I get through this?’ The impact of coronavirus on China’s economy is only just beginning. Available at: https://time.com/5824599/china-coronavirus-covid19-economy/ (Accessed 14 September 2020).
TTG Asia. (2020) Macau rolls out subsidised tours for locals. Available at: https://www.ttgasia.com/2020/06/18/macau-rolls-out-subsidised-tours-for-locals/ (Accessed 20 September 2020).
UN. (2001) Summary of the declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDs. Available at: https://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/sub_landing/files/jc668-keepingpromise_en.pdf. (Accessed 30 August 2020).
UN. (2020) United nations comprehensive response to COVID-19: Saving lives, protecting societies, recovering better. United Nations.
USNews. (2020) China reports 61 new COVID-19 cases for Sunday, highest daily domestic infections since March 6. Available at: https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-07-26/china-reports-61-new-covid-19-cases-for-sunday-highest-daily-domestic-infections-since-march-6 (Accessed 7 September 2020).
Wang, J., Zhu, E., & Umlauf, T. (2020) How China built two coronavirus hospitals in just over a week. The Wall Street Journal. Available at: https://www.wsj.com/articles/how-china-can-build-a-coronavirus-hospital-in-10-days-11580397751 (Accessed 17 June 2020).
WHO. (2007) Quarantine as a public health practice in China in 7th century. Available at: http://www.who.int/whr/2007/07_chap1_en.pdf (Accessed 30 August 2020).
WHO. (2014) Health in all policies: Helsinki Statement. Framework for country action. Available at: https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789241506908 (Accessed 4 May 2015).
WHO. (2015) Framework for country action across sectors for health and health equity. Available at: https://www.who.int/nmh/events/2015/action-across-sectors-framework/en/ (Accessed 3 August 2020).
WHO. (2020a) COVID-19 response. Available at: https://www.who.int/health-cluster/news-and-events/news/COVID19/en/ (Accessed on 19 August 2020).
WHO. (2020b) Novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV) situation report -21 January 2020. Available at: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200121-sitrep-1-2019-ncov.pdf?sfvrsn=20a99c10_4 (Accessed 7 September 2020).
WHO. (2020c). Available at: https://covid19.who.int/region/wpro/country/cn (Accessed 14 September 2020).
Winslow, C. (1920) The untilled fields of public health. Science, Volume 51, 23–33.
Xia, H. (2020) China extends holidays, strengthens control of coronavirus epidemic. Xinhua. Available at: http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-01/27/c_138736690.htm (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Xinhua. (2020a) China suspends entry by foreign nationals holding Chinese visas, residence permits. Available at: http://english.www.gov.cn/statecouncil/ministries/202003/27/content_WS5e7d3587c6d0c201c2cbf8c8.html (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Xinhua. (2020b) The National Health Commission and relevant departments jointly cope with novel coronavirus. Available at: https://baike.baidu.com/reference/24316908/cf43Cc9yjlVyvev8N61C3AiuiRTTxx8dzeiSqMZm1O9eYyvZB0KpUua9QeGiaDYJ9UEvQuYZC85D0Pg8qZZOF1tWjhDj4NaoOBnp2ARZYzjw2eDo (Accessed 17 June 2020).
Yau, C., Tsang, D., & Ngai, M. (2020) Further ease Hong Kong social-distancing rules to prevent catering sector from collapsing, say industry leaders. South China Morning Post. Available at: https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/hong-kong-economy/article/3098835/hong-kongs-industry-leaders-call-further-easing (Accessed 2 October 2020).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2021 The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Monaco, E., Tang, K.C., Cheng, W.K., Liu, H., Pan, B. (2021). Actions Across Government and COVID-19: The Experience of Mainland China, Macao and Hong Kong. In: Zhao, S.X., Wong, J.H., Lowe, C., Monaco, E., Corbett, J. (eds) COVID-19 Pandemic, Crisis Responses and the Changing World. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2430-8_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-2430-8_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-16-2429-2
Online ISBN: 978-981-16-2430-8
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)