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Potential of Gasoline Compression Ignition Combustion for Heavy-Duty Applications in Internal Combustion Engines

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Alternative Fuels and Advanced Combustion Techniques as Sustainable Solutions for Internal Combustion Engines

Part of the book series: Energy, Environment, and Sustainability ((ENENSU))

Abstract

Conventional compression ignition (CI) engines have higher efficiency compared to spark ignition (SI) engines because of their higher compression ratio. Hence, they have been widely used for heavy-duty applications. However, CI engines tend to suffer from high tailpipe emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx) and particulate matter (PM, also known as soot). CI engines control these emissions using advanced engine exhaust after-treatment devices or adopting a high level of exhaust gas recirculation (EGR), which are expensive and increase the system complexity. CI engines power approximately 75% of heavy-duty vehicles in USA. These numbers are even higher for Asian countries. United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) aims for 90% reduction in NOx levels from heavy-duty engines by 2024. Thus, it becomes essential to replace the CI engines in heavy-duty vehicles with advanced engine combustion technologies to comply with strict emission norms being adopted in future. Gasoline compression ignition (GCI) is advanced and promising low-temperature combustion (LTC) technology, which takes advantage of higher volatility and auto-ignition temperature of gasoline-like fuels and higher compression ratio inherent to diesel engines. It has potential to reduce PM and NOx emissions simultaneously without compromising with CI engine like efficiency. However, practical implementation of GCI technology in heavy-duty applications is a challenging task. Some of these challenges associated are higher combustion loss and combustion instability at lower engine loads, combustion noise at higher engine loads, difficulty in maintaining a balance between maximum pressure rise rate, higher CO and HC emissions, etc. Therefore, particular emphasis is given on addressing various challenges and their possible solutions to adapting GCI combustion technology in heavy-duty vehicles. First part of the chapter focuses on the need for introduction of advanced combustion technology in heavy-duty automotive sector. Thereafter, comprehensive literature on application of GCI technology for heavy-duty engine applications is summarized.

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Abbreviations

CI:

Compression ignition

SI:

Spark ignition

LOF:

Low octane fuel

HDV:

Heavy-duty vehicle

PRF:

Primary reference fuel

HCCI:

Homogenous charge compression ignition

PM:

Particulate matter

NOx:

Oxides of nitrogen

RCCI:

Reactivity controlled compression ignition

EGR:

Exhaust gas recirculation

HC:

Hydrocarbon

PRF:

Primary reference fuel

RON:

Research octane number

CN:

Cetane number

CO:

Carbon monoxide

CA:

Crank angle

bTDC:

Before top dead center

aTDC:

After top dead center

PRR:

Pressure rise rate

GSA:

Global sensitivity analysis

FIP:

Fuel injection pressure

IVCT:

Intake valve closing time

TDC:

Top dead center

BTE:

Brake thermal efficiency

WTW:

Well-to-wheel

PCCI:

Premixed charge compression ignition

CR:

Compression ratio

PFS:

Partial fuel stratification

MFS:

Medium fuel stratification

HFS:

Heavy fuel stratification

LTC:

Low-temperature combustion

aHRR:

Apparent heat release rate

dB:

Decibel

DPF:

Diesel particulate filter

TWC:

Three-way catalyst

SOI:

Start of injection

FIP:

Fuel injection pressure

MPRR:

Maximum pressure rise rate

GPF:

Gasoline particulate filter

HFR:

Hydraulic fluid rates

HCB:

Hydrogenated catalytic biodiesel

FN:

Flow number

EID:

Engine ignition delay

BTE:

Break thermal efficiency

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Engine Research Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, 208016, India

    Harsimran Singh, Utkarsha Sonawane, Ashutosh Jena & Avinash Kumar Agarwal

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  1. Harsimran Singh
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  2. Utkarsha Sonawane
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  4. Avinash Kumar Agarwal
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Correspondence to Avinash Kumar Agarwal .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Akhilendra Pratap Singh

  2. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Dhananjay Kumar

  3. Department of Mechanical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India

    Avinash Kumar Agarwal

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Singh, H., Sonawane, U., Jena, A., Agarwal, A.K. (2021). Potential of Gasoline Compression Ignition Combustion for Heavy-Duty Applications in Internal Combustion Engines. In: Singh, A.P., Kumar, D., Agarwal, A.K. (eds) Alternative Fuels and Advanced Combustion Techniques as Sustainable Solutions for Internal Combustion Engines. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-1513-9_13

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