Abstract
Background: In recent years, the therapeutics for eye diseases as retinopathy diabetic, dry eye, glaucoma and contact lenses fabrication are including nanocompounds as ocular drug delivery systems, biomarkers for detection of eye diseases, copper and silver ions that has been incorporated by means of the nanotechnology for the production of less toxic and more effective alternatives. Several compounds such as silver nanoparticles, turmeric-based nanocomposites, neovascularization blockers and nanoparticles extracted from the plant Costus pictus among others have been researched for this purpose. Those compounds are some of the promising research efforts that are studying and will contribute to preventing vitreous hemorrhages and ocular manifestations that affect large populations, being one of the main causes of blindness in the world. Although, nanotechnology has a lot of contributions which are advantageous for several medicinal areas.
Objective: To carry out a bibliographic review of the latest advances and clinical or toxics findings in nanotechnology for the therapeutic treatment for visual health.
Method: The review was undertaken in the next databases: Google Scholar, Science Direct, Scopus, Elsevier, Springer and PubMed using the keywords: nanotechnology in diabetic retinopathy, nanotechnology and visual health. 75 papers were reviewed with the keywords “nanotechnology”, “visual health”, “diabetic retinopathy”, “glaucoma” and “dry eye”. The Boolean Connector used was “and”.
Results: The advantage of nanotechnology at the ocular level is that it allows in the treatment and pharmacology to create nanocomposites that allow them to pass through the delicate ocular tissues and reach the posterior segment of the eye, where many traditional drugs fail. The first nanocomposites were the anti-neovascularization agents such as bevacizumab, atorvastatin, and recently they are producing longer release compounds based on nanotechnology as curcumin silver nanoparticles, extract of insulin Plant (Costus pictus) leaves and its silver nanoparticle are some of those nano compounds that promise to be an alternative way to treat diabetic retinopathy.
Conclusion: Many nanotechnology-based drugs have been obtained from plant extracts although they are used in treatment applications at the systemic level, recently some have begun to be used at the ocular level in nanocomposite presentations. Nanotechnology is an alternative to the control of diabetic retinopathy, which affects a large part of the population. The use of drug delivery systems based on nanoparticles as liposomes, dendrimers, cationic nanoemulsions, polymeric nanoparticles pointing out the advantages of the proposed nanomedicines to target this ocular disease.
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Acknowledgments
The authors want to thank the researchers of those reviews, who have made these scientific advances possible to solve visual problems. Also, to the Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, Ecuador.
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The authors declare to have no conflict of interest.
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Durán, P., Villegas, A., Campos, G. (2021). Visual Health Nanocomposites: Present and Future. In: Maddela, N.R., Chakraborty, S., Prasad, R. (eds) Nanotechnology for Advances in Medical Microbiology. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9916-3_2
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