Abstract
Toxicity of benzo(a)pyrene [B(a)P] is frequently intervened by oxidative metabolism to reactive intermediates that interrelate with macromolecules prompting changes in the structure and function of target cells. Hence, the human body is continually under oxidative stress merging from exogenous sources mainly through tobacco smoke and cellular endogenous roots which involve mitochondria. Where such oxidative stress surpasses the limit of the body’s oxidation-reduction system, gene mutations may result, or intracellular signal transduction and transcription factors might be influenced legitimately or through antioxidants, leading to carcinogenesis. Increasing evidence indicates that oncogenic incitement has expanded metabolic action, and malfunction of mitochondria is the main reason for increased intrinsic reactive oxygen species (ROS) stress in cancer cells. In cancer cells, the enormous production of endogenous ROS is the major source of DNA-damaging agents, which leads to genetic instability, and as a consequence, the cancer cells become drug resistant. Mitochondrial respiratory chain (electron transport complexes) is the major source of ROS generation in the cell which causes damages in the mitochondrial DNA. ROS-interceded damage appears to be a mechanism for augmenting ROS stress in cancer cells. This present chapter discusses the role of oxidative stress derived from B(a)P metabolism relating to lung cancer.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Jagan S et al (2009) Capsaicin alleviates the imbalance in xenobiotic metabolizing enzymes and tumor markers during experimental lung tumorigenesis. Mol Cell Biochem 331:135–143. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-009-0151-0
Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Jagan S et al (2012) Capsaicin inhibits benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in an in vivo mouse model. Inflamm Res 61:1169–1175. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00011-012-0511-1
Anandakumar P, Kamaraj S, Jagan S et al (2015) The anticancer role of capsaicin in experimentally induced lung carcinogenesis. J Pharmacopuncture 18:19–25. https://doi.org/10.3831/KPI.2015.18.011
Asokkumar S, Naveenkumar C, Raghunandakumar S et al (2012) Antiproliferative and antioxidant potential of beta-ionone against benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in swiss albino mice. Mol Cell Biochem 363:335–345. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11010-011-1186-6
Balkwill F (2002) Tumor necrosis factor or tumor promoting factor? Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 13:135–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1359-6101(01)00020-x
Balkwill F, Mantovani A (2001) Inflammation and cancer: back to Virchow? Lancet 357:539–545. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04046-0
Banerjee S, Manna S, Mukherjee S et al (2006a) Black tea polyphenols restrict benzopyrene-induced mouse lung cancer progression through inhibition of Cox-2 and induction of caspase-3 expression. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 7:661–666. PMID: 17250449
Banerjee S, CKR P, Das S (2006b) Clove (Syzygium aromaticum L.), a potential chemopreventive agent for lusng cancer. Carcinogenesis 27:1645–1654. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgi372
Barta JA, Powell CA, Wisnivesky JP (2019) Global epidemiology of lung cancer. Ann Glob Health 85:8. https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.2419
Bean BP (1992) Pharmacology and electrophysiology of ATP-activated ion channels. Trends Pharmacol Sci 13:87–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/0165-6147(92)90032-2
Bialous SA, Sarna L (2017) Lung cancer and tobacco: what is new? Nurs Clin North Am 52:53–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cnur.2016.10.003
Binuclara J, Raghunandakumar S, Asokkumar S et al (2013) Anti-fibrotic effect of diosmin against dmn-induced liver fibrosis in rats: a biochemical analysis. Int J Res Pharma Nano Sci 2:283–292
Cavalieri EL, Rogan EG (1995) Central role of radical cations in metabolic activation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Xenobiotica 25:677–688. https://doi.org/10.3109/00498259509061885
Coussens LM, Werb Z (2002) Inflammation and cancer. Nature 420:860–867
Coussens LM, Raymond WW, Bergers G et al (1999) Inflammatory mast cells up-regulate angiogenesis during squamous epithelial carcinogenesis. Genes Dev 13:1382–1397
Curtin JF, Donovan M, Cotter TG (2002) Regulation and measurement of oxidative stress in apoptosis. J Immunol Methods 265:49–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0022-1759(02)00070-4
Dalle-Donne I, Rossi R, Giustarini D et al (2003) Protein carbonyl groups as biomarkers of oxidative stress. Clin Chim Acta 329:23–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0009-8981(03)00003-2
Dela Cruz CS, Tanoue LT, Matthay RA (2011) Lung cancer: epidemiology, etiology, and prevention. Clin Chest Med 32:605–644. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ccm.2011.09.001
Desagher S, Martinou JC (2000) Mitochondria as the central control point of apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol 10:369–377. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0962-8924(00)01803-1
Ewa B, Danuta MŠ (2017) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and PAH-related DNA adducts. J Appl Genet 58(3):321–330. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13353-016-0380-3
Fukumura D, Kashiwagi S, Jain RK (2006) The role of nitric oxide in tumor progression. Nat Rev Cancer 6:521–534. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1910
Gateau-Roesch O, Argaud L, Ovize M (2006) Mitochondrial permeability transition pore and postconditioning. Cardiovasc Res 70:264–273. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cardiores.2006.02.024
Guo M, Perez C, Wei Y et al (2007) Iron-binding properties of plant phenolics and cranberry’s bio-effects. Dalton Trans 21:4951–4961. https://doi.org/10.1039/b705136k
Hart IR, Saini A (1992) Biology of tumor metastatsis. Lancet 339:1453–1457. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)92039-i
Haugen A (2002) Women who smoke: are women more susceptible to tobacco-induced lung cancer? Carcinogenesis 23:227–229. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/23.2.227
Hecht SS (1999) Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Inst 91:1194–1210. https://doi.org/10.1093/jnci/91.14.1194
Hussain S, Hofseth L, Harris C (2003) Radical causes of cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 3:276–285. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1046
Jemal A, Bray F, Center MM et al (2011) Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 61(2):69–90. https://doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107
King HW, Osborne MR, Brookes P (1979) The in vitro and in vivo reaction at the N7-position of guanine of the ultimate carcinogen derived from benzo(a)pyrene. Chem Biol Interact 24:345–353. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(79)90082-6
Lesko S, Caspary W, Lorentzen R et al (1975) Enzymic formation of 6-oxobenzo[a]pyrene radical in rat liver homogenates from carcinogenic benzo[a]pyrene. Biochemistry 14:3978–3984. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00689a008
Levine RL, Garland D, Oliver CN et al (1990) Determination of carbonyl content in oxidatively modified proteins. Methods Enzymol 186:464–478. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(90)86141-h
Li-Weber M (2009) New therapeutic aspects of flavones: the anticancer properties of Scutellaria and its main active constituents Wogonin, Baicalein and Baicalin. Cancer Treat Rev 35:57–68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ctrv.2008.09.005
Loft S, Poulsen HE (1996) Cancer risk and oxidative DNA damage in man. J Mol Med 74:297–312. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00207507
Lorentzen RJ, Ts’o POP (1977) Benzo[a]pyrenedione/benzo[a]pyrenediol oxidation-reduction couples and the generation of reactive reduced molecular oxygen. Biochemistry 16:1467–1473. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi00626a035
Madankumar A, Jayakumar S, Asokkumar S et al (2011) Chemopreventive potential of Geraniol on 4-Nitroquinoline-1-oxide induced oral carcinogenesis in rats. Int J Res Pharma Sci 2:531–536
Maggiore C, Mule A, Fadda G et al (2004) Histological classification of lung cancer. Rays 29:353–355. PMID: 15852719
Middleton E Jr, Kandaswami C, Theoharides TC (2000) The effects of plant flavonoids on mammalian cells: implications for inflammation, heart disease, and cancer. Pharmacol Rev 52:673–751. PMID: 11121513
Miller KP, Ramos KS (2001) Impact of cellular metabolism on the biological effects of benzo[a]pyrene and related hydrocarbons. Drug Metab Rev 33:1–35. https://doi.org/10.1081/dmr-100000138
Minna JD, Roth JA, Gazdar AF (2002) Focus on lung cancer. Cancer Cell 1:49–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1535-6108(02)00027-2
Morel I, Lescoat G, Cillard P et al (1994) Role of flavonoids and iron chelation in antioxidant action. Methods Enzymol 234:437–443. https://doi.org/10.1016/0076-6879(94)34114-1
Muralidhara Kumar TR (2007) Induction of oxidative stress by organic hydroperoxides in testis and epididymal sperm of rats in vivo. J Androl 28:77–85. https://doi.org/10.2164/jandrol.106.000265
Navarro J, Obrador E, Carretero J et al (1999) Changes in glutathione status and the antioxidant system in blood and in cancer cells associate with tumour growth in vivo. Free Radic Biol Med 26:410–418. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0891-5849(98)00213-5
Naveenkumar C, Asokkumar S, Raghunandhakumar S et al (2012a) Potent antitumor and antineoplastic efficacy of baicalein on benzo(a)pyrene-induced experimental pulmonary tumorigenesis. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 26:259–270. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1472-8206.2010.00910.x
Naveenkumar C, Raghunandhakumar S, Asokkumar S et al (2012b) Baicalein improves antioxidant status and membrane-bound enzymes during oxidative stress in benzo(a)pyrene-induced lung carcinogenesis in mice. Biomed Prev Nutr 2:138–144. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bionut.2011.12.004
Naveenkumar C, Asokkumar S, Raghunandhakumar S et al (2012c) Baicalein inhibits pulmonary carcinogenesis-associated inflammation and interferes with COX-2, MMP-2 and MMP-9 expressions in-vivo. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 261:10–21. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.taap.2012.02.004
Naveenkumar C, Raghunandhakumar S, Asokkumar S et al (2013) Baicalein abrogates reactive oxygen species (ROS)-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction during experimental pulmonary carcinogenesis in vivo. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 112:270–281. https://doi.org/10.1111/bcpt.12025
Naveenkumar C, Raghunandakumar S, Asokkumar S et al (2014) Mitigating role of baicalein on lysosomal enzymes and xenobiotic metabolizing enzyme status during lung carcinogenesis of Swiss albino mice induced by benzo(a)pyrene. Fundam Clin Pharmacol 28:310–322. https://doi.org/10.1111/fcp.12036
Nayak BS, Pinto S (2007) Protein thiols and thiobarbituric acid reactive substance status in colon cancer patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 42:848–851. https://doi.org/10.1080/00365520601137264
Nishioka Y, Kyotani S, Miyamura M et al (1992) Influence of time of administration of Shosaiko-to extract granule on blood concentration of its active constituents. Chem Pharm Bull 40:1335–1337. https://doi.org/10.1248/cpb.40.1335
Padmavathi R, Senthilnathan P, Chodon D et al (2006) Therapeutic effect of paclitaxel and propolis on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant system in 7,12 dimethyl benz(a)anthracene-induced breast cancer in female Sprague Dawley rats. Life Sci 78:2820–2825. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lfs.2005.11.005
Panandiker A, Maru GB, Rao KV (1994) Dose-response effects of malachite green on free radical formation, lipid peroxidation and DNA damage in Syrian hamster embryo cells and their modulation by antioxidants. Carcinogenesis 15:2445–2448. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/15.11.2445
Perez CA, Wei Y, Guo M (2009) Iron-binding and anti-Fenton properties of baicalein and baicalin. J Inorg Biochem 103:326–332. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jinorgbio.2008.11.003
Perez-Warnisher MT, De Miguel MDPC, Seijo LM (2018) Tobacco use worldwide: legislative efforts to curb consumption. Ann Glob Health 84(4):571–579. https://doi.org/10.9204/aogh.2362
Peto R, Lopez AD, Boreham J et al (1992) Mortality from tobacco in developed countries: indirect estimation from national vital statistics. Lancet 339:1268–1278. https://doi.org/10.1016/0140-6736(92)91600-d
Pfeifer GP, Denissenko MF, Olivier M et al (2002) Tobacco smoke carcinogens, DNA damage and p53 mutations in smoking-associated cancers. Oncogene 21:7435–7451. https://doi.org/10.1038/sj.onc.1205803
Phillips DH (1999) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the diet. Mutat Res 443:139–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1383-5742(99)00016-2
Raghunandhakumar S, Paramasivam A, Senthilraja S et al (2013) Thymoquinone inhibits cell proliferation through regulation of G1/S phase cell cycle transition in N-nitrosodiethylamine-induced experimental rat hepatocellular carcinoma. Toxicol Lett 223:60–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2013.08.018
Rastogi T, Hildesheim A, Sinha R (2004) Opportunities for cancer epidemiology in developing countries. Nat Rev Cancer 4:909–917. https://doi.org/10.1038/nrc1475
Rauchova H, Ledvinkova J, Kalous M et al (1995) The effect of lipid peroxidation on the activity of various membrane-bound ATPases in rat kidney. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 27:251–255. https://doi.org/10.1016/1357-2725(94)00083-n
Rice-Evans CA, Miller NJ, Paganga G (1996) Structure-antioxidant activity relationships of flavonoids and phenlic acids. Free Radic Biol Med 20:933–956. https://doi.org/10.1016/0891-5849(95)02227-9
Rodriguez-Enriquez S, He L, Lemasters JJ (2004) Role of mitochondrial permeability transition pores in mitochondrial autophagy. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 36:2463–2472. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocel.2004.04.009
Rogan E, Roth R, Katomski P et al (1978) Binding of benzo[a]pyrene at the 1,3,6 positions to nucleic acids in vivo on mouse skin and in vitro with rat liver microsomes and nuclei. Chem Biol Interact 22:35–51. https://doi.org/10.1016/0009-2797(78)90148-5
Selvam S, Nagini S (1995) Administration of the plasticizer di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate alters glycoconjugate profile. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 39:252–254. PMID: 8550119
Selvendiran K, Prince Vijeya Singh J, Sakthisekaran D (2006) In vivo effect of piperine on serum and tissue glycoprotein levels in benzo(a)pyrene induced lung carcinogenesis in Swiss albino mice. Pulm Pharmacol Ther 19:107–111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pupt.2005.04.002
Shankar A, Dubey A, Saini D et al (2019) Environmental and occupational determinants of lung cancer. Transl Lung Cancer Res 8:S31–S49. https://doi.org/10.21037/tlcr.2019.03.05
Shiffman S (2009) How many cigarettes did you smoke? Assessing cigarette consumption by global report, time-line follow-Back, and ecological momentary assessment. Health Psychol 28:519–526. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0015197
Shimada T (2006) Xenobiotic-metabolizing enzymes involved in activation and detoxification of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Drug Metab Pharmacol 21:257–276. https://doi.org/10.2133/dmpk.21.257
Shou M, Gonzalez FJ, Gelboin HV (1996) Stereoselective epoxidation and hydration at the K-region of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by cDNA-expressed cytochrome P450 1A1, 1A2, and epoxide hydrolase. Biochemistry 35:15807–15813. https://doi.org/10.1021/bi962042z
Storz P (2005) Reactive oxygen species in tumor progression. Front Biosci 10:1881–1896. https://doi.org/10.2741/1667
Subashini R, Yogeeta S, Gnanapragasam A et al (2006) Protective effect of Nardostachys jatamansi on oxidative injury and cellular abnormalities during doxorubicin-induced cardiac damage in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 58:257–262. https://doi.org/10.1211/jpp.58.2.0014
Szeliga J, Dipple A (1998) DNA adduct formation by polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon dihydrodiol epoxides. Chem Res Toxicol 11:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1021/tx970142f
Tang W, Eisenbrand G (eds) (1992) Chinese drugs of plant origin: chemistry, pharmacology, and use in traditional and modern medicine, vol 919. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-73739-8
Tomita M, Matsuzaki Y, Onitsuka T (2000) Effect of mast cells on tumor angiogenesis in lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 69:1686–1690. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0003-4975(00)01160-7
Travis WD, Travis LB, Devesa SS (1995) Lung cancer. Cancer 75:191–202. https://doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19950101)75:1+<191::aid-cncr2820751307>3.0.co;2-y
Uno S, Makishima M (2009) Benzo[a]pyrene toxicity and inflammatory disease. Curr Rheumatol Reviews 5:266–271. https://doi.org/10.2174/157339709790192549
Voronov E, Shouval DS, Krelin Y et al (2003) IL-1 is required for tumor invasiveness and angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100:2645–2650. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0437939100
Wang J, Yu Y, Hashimoto F et al (2004) Baicalein induces apoptosis through ROS-mediated mitochondrial dysfunction pathway in HL-60 cells. Int J Mol Med 14:627–632. PMID: 15375593
Wei Y, Guo M (2007) Hydrogen peroxide triggered prochelator activation, subsequent metal chelation, and attenuation of the Fenton reaction. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 46:4722–4725. https://doi.org/10.1002/anie.200604859
Witschi H, Uyeminami D, Moran D et al (2000) Chemoprevention of tobacco-smoke lung carcinogenesis in mice after cessation of smoke exposure. Carcinogenesis 21:977–982. https://doi.org/10.1093/carcin/21.5.977
Wynder EL, Hoffmann D (1994) Smoking and lung cancer: scientific challenges and opportunities. Cancer Res 54:5284–5295. PMID: 7923155
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2022 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Chandrashekar, N. (2022). Benzo(a)Pyrene-Induced Oxidative Stress During Lung Cancer and Treatment with Baicalein. In: Chakraborti, S., Ray, B.K., Roychoudhury, S. (eds) Handbook of Oxidative Stress in Cancer: Mechanistic Aspects. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9411-3_183
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9411-3_183
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-9410-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-9411-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesReference Module Biomedical and Life Sciences