Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Vaccines as Immunotherapy

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Immunotherapy – A Novel Facet of Modern Therapeutics

Abstract

Cancer is a disorder wherein normal cells get transformed and lose control over cell division potential leading to tumor formation. Various factors are responsible for causing cancer. Out of all known cancers, almost 12% of them caused because of viruses. Seven viruses, namely Epstein–Barr virus (EBV), hepatitis B virus (HBV), human papillomavirus (HPV), human T-cell leukemia virus (HTLV), hepatitis C virus (HCV), Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), and Merkel cell polyomavirus (MCV) are associated with various types of cancers. This chapter provides an overview of types of cancer vaccines along with brief history, cancer causing viruses, and gives an idea regarding current research approaches towards oncoviral vaccine development. Currently, highly focused immunotherapeutic approaches against various cancers are monoclonal antibodies, small molecule inhibitors, cytokine therapy, and vaccines. Other therapeutic approaches like engineered T-cells, adoptive cell therapy are at the initial stage. As of now, the FDA has approved vaccines against HBV and HPV which causes hepatocellular carcinoma and cervical carcinoma, respectively. Extensive research is in the process of developing innovative vaccine strategies for cancer caused by EBV, KSHV, and MCV.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    WHO Fact Sheets. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/cancer. Accessed on 10 Nov 2019.

References

  • Abate-Daga D, Davila ML (2016) CAR models: next-generation CAR modifications for enhanced T-cell function. Molecular Ther Oncol 3:16014

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akula SM, Pramod NP, Wang FZ, Chandran B (2002) Integrin α3β1 (CD 49c/29) is a cellular receptor for Kaposi’s sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV/HHV-8) entry into the target cells. Cell 108(3):407–419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Aprile G, Ongaro E, Del Re M, Lutrino SE, Bonotto M, Ferrari L, Rihawi K, Cardellino GG, Pella N, Danesi R, Fasola G (2015) Angiogenic inhibitors in gastric cancers and gastroesophageal junction carcinomas: a critical insight. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 95(2):165–178

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arlen PM, Wood LV (2012) Prostate cancer vaccines: moving therapeutic vaccination forward in the post-Provenge™ era. Expert Rev Vaccines 11(3):287–302

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Arora R, Chang Y, Moore PS (2012) MCV and Merkel cell carcinoma: a molecular success story. Curr Opin Virol 2(4):489–498

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Backovic M, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R (2007) Hydrophobic residues that form putative fusion loops of Epstein-Barr virus glycoprotein B are critical for fusion activity. J Virol 81(17):9596–9600

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baer R, Bankier AT, Biggin MD, Deininger PL, Farrell PJ, Gibson TJ, Hatfull G, Hudson GS, Satchwell SC, Seguin C, Tuffnell PS (1984) DNA sequence and expression of the B95-8 Epstein-Barr virus genome. Nature 310(5974):207

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bagarazzi ML, Yan J, Morrow MP, Shen X, Parker RL, Lee JC, Giffear M, Pankhong P, Khan AS, Broderick KE, Knott C (2012) Immunotherapy against HPV16/18 generates potent TH1 and cytotoxic cellular immune responses. Sci Transl Med 4(155):155

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bai A, Higham E, Eisen HN, Wittrup KD, Chen J (2008) Rapid tolerization of virus-activated tumor-specific CD8+ T cells in prostate tumors of TRAMP mice. Proc Natl Acad Sci 105(35):13003–13008

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Baudino T (2015) Targeted cancer therapy: the next generation of cancer treatment. Curr Drug Discov Technol 12(1):3–20

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bedard PL, de Azambuja E, Cardoso F (2009) Beyond trastuzumab: overcoming resistance to targeted HER-2 therapy in breast cancer. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 9(2):148–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blackadar CB (2016) Historical review of the causes of cancer. World J Clin Oncol 7(1):54

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bollard CM, Gottschalk S, Torrano V, Diouf O, Ku S, Hazrat Y, Carrum G, Ramos C, Fayad L, Shpall EJ, Pro B (2014) Sustained complete responses in patients with lymphoma receiving autologous cytotoxic T lymphocytes targeting Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane proteins. J Clin Oncol 32(8):798

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Borysiewicz LK, Fiander A, Nimako M, Man S, Wilkinson GW, Westmoreland D, Evans AS, Adams M, Stacey SN, Boursnell ME, Rutherford E (1996) A recombinant vaccinia virus encoding human papillomavirus types 16 and 18, E6 and E7 proteins as immunotherapy for cervical cancer. Lancet 347(9014):1523–1527

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Boshart M, Gissmann L, Ikenberg H, Kleinheinz A, Scheurlen W, zur Hausen H (1984) A new type of papillomavirus DNA, its presence in genital cancer biopsies and in cell lines derived from cervical cancer. EMBO J 3(5):1151–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Bowen WS, Svrivastava AK, Batra L, Barsoumian H, Shirwan H (2018) Current challenges for cancer vaccine adjuvant development. Expert Rev Vaccines 17(3):207–215

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Boyerinas B, Jochems C, Fantini M, Heery CR, Gulley JL, Tsang KY, Schlom J (2015) Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity activity of a novel anti–PD-L1 antibody avelumab (MSB0010718C) on human tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Res 3(10):1148–1157

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Brummer GC, Bowen AR, Bowen GM (2016) Merkel cell carcinoma: current issues regarding diagnosis, management, and emerging treatment strategies. Am J Clin Dermatol 17(1):49–62

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Butterfield LH (2015) Cancer vaccines. BMJ 350:h988

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cassler NM, Merrill D, Bichakjian CK, Brownell I (2016) Merkel cell carcinoma therapeutic update. Curr Treat Options Oncol 17(7):36

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chang Y, Cesarman E, Pessin MS, Lee F, Culpepper J, Knowles DM, Moore PS (1994) Identification of herpesvirus-like DNA sequences in AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. Science 266(5192):1865–1869

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chatterjee DK, Fong LS, Zhang Y (2008) Nanoparticles in photodynamic therapy: an emerging paradigm. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 60(15):1627–1637

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chauhan V, Rungta T, Goyal K, Singh MP (2019) Designing a multi-epitope based vaccine to combat Kaposi Sarcoma utilizing immunoinformatics approach. Sci Rep 9(1):2517

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen J, Zhang X, Jardetzky TS, Longnecker R (2014) The Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) glycoprotein B cytoplasmic C-terminal tail domain regulates the energy requirement for EBV-induced membrane fusion. J Virol 88(20):11686–11695

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cheng W, Fu D, Xu F, Zhang Z (2018) Unwrapping the genomic characteristics of urothelial bladder cancer and successes with immune checkpoint blockade therapy. Oncogene 7(1):2

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Choo QL, Kuo G, Weiner AJ, Overby LR, Bradley DW, Houghton M (1989) Isolation of a cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 244(4902):359–362

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chung S, Lin YL, Reed C, Ng C, Cheng ZJ, Malavasi F, Yang J, Quarmby V, Song A (2014) Characterization of in vitro antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity activity of therapeutic antibodies—impact of effector cells. J Immunol Methods 407:63–75

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cohen JI (2015) Epstein–Barr virus vaccines. Clin Trans Immunol 4(1):e32

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Colluru VT, Johnson LE, Olson BM, McNeel DG (2016) Preclinical and clinical development of DNA vaccines for prostate cancer. Urol Oncol: Sem Orig Invest 34(4):193–204

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Costa LJ (2007) Aspects of mTOR biology and the use of mTOR inhibitors in non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. Cancer Treat Rev 33(1):78–84

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dai CL, Tiwari AK, Wu CP, Su XD, Wang SR, Liu DG, Ashby CR, Huang Y, Robey RW, Liang YJ, Chen LM (2008) Lapatinib (Tykerb, GW572016) reverses multidrug resistance in cancer cells by inhibiting the activity of ATP-binding cassette subfamily B member 1 and G member 2. Cancer Res 68(19):7905–7914

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Damyanov CA, Maslev IK, Pavlov VS, Avramov L (2018) Conventional treatment of cancer realities and problems. Annals Comp Alt Med 1(1):1–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehrlich P (1909) Uber den jetzigen Stand der Karzinomforschung. Ned Tijdschr Gneneesk 53:273–290

    Google Scholar 

  • Elliott SL, Suhrbier A, Miles JJ, Lawrence G, Pye SJ, Le TT, Rosenstengel A, Nguyen T, Allworth A, Burrows SR, Cox J (2008) Phase I trial of a CD8+ T-cell peptide epitope-based vaccine for infectious mononucleosis. J Virol 82(3):1448–1457

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Epstein MA, Morgan AJ, Finerty S, Randle BJ, Kirkwood JK (1985) Protection of cottontop tamarins against Epstein–Barr virus-induced malignant lymphoma by a prototype subunit vaccine. Nature 318(6043):287

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Eskander RN, Tewari KS (2015) Immunotherapy: an evolving paradigm in the treatment of advanced cervical cancer. Clin Ther 37(1):20–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayter D, Corbett M, Heirs M, Fox D, Eastwood A (2010) A systematic review of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of pre-cancerous skin conditions, Barrett’s oesophagus and cancers of the biliary tract, brain, head and neck, lung, oesophagus and skin. In NIHR Health Technology Assessment programme: Executive Summaries. NIHR Journals Library

    Google Scholar 

  • Feldmann M (2008) Many cytokines are very useful therapeutic targets in disease. J Clin Invest 118(11):3533–3536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feltkamp MC, Smits HL, Vierboom MP, Minnaar RP, De Jongh BM, Drijfhout JW, Schegget JT, Melief CJ, Kast WM (1993) Vaccination with cytotoxic T lymphocyte epitope-containing peptide protects against a tumor induced by human papillomavirus type 16-transformed cells. Eur J Immunol 23(9):2242–2249

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Feng H, Taylor JL, Benos PV, Newton R, Waddell K, Lucas SB, Chang Y, Moore PS (2007) Human transcriptome subtraction by using short sequence tags to search for tumor viruses in conjunctival carcinoma. J Virol 81(20):11332–11340

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Feng Y, Roy A, Masson E, Chen TT, Humphrey R, Weber JS (2013) Exposure–response relationships of the efficacy and safety of ipilimumab in patients with advanced melanoma. Clin Cancer Res 19(14):3977–3986

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia F, Petry KU, Muderspach L, Gold MA, Braly P, Crum CP, Magill M, Silverman M, Urban RG, Hedley ML, Beach KJ (2004) ZYC101a for treatment of high-grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a randomized controlled trial. Obstet Gynecol 103(2):317–326

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Garon EB, Rizvi NA, Hui R, Leighl N, Balmanoukian AS, Eder JP, Patnaik A, Aggarwal C, Gubens M, Horn L, Carcereny E (2015) Pembrolizumab for the treatment of non–small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 372(21):2018–2028

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gerber DE (2008) Targeted therapies: a new generation of cancer treatments. Am Fam Physician 1:77

    Google Scholar 

  • Glassman PM, Balthasar JP (2014) Mechanistic considerations for the use of monoclonal antibodies for cancer therapy. Cancer Biol Med 11(1):20

    CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Goh G, Walradt T, Markarov V, Blom A, Riaz N, Doumani R, Stafstrom K, Moshiri A, Yelistratova L, Levinsohn J, Chan TA (2016) Mutational landscape of MCPyV-positive and MCPyV-negative Merkel cell carcinomas with implications for immunotherapy. Oncotarget 7(3):3403

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Griffin RJ, Dings RP, Jamshidi-Parsian A, Song CW (2010) Mild temperature hyperthermia and radiation therapy: role of tumour vascular thermotolerance and relevant physiological factors. Int J Hyperthermia 26(3):256–263

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hodi FS, O'Day SJ, McDermott DF, Weber RW, Sosman JA, Haanen JB, Gonzalez R, Robert C, Schadendorf D, Hassel JC, Akerley W (2010) Improved survival with ipilimumab in patients with metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 363(8):711–723

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann WK, Komor M, Wassmann B, Jones LC, Gschaidmeier H, Hoelzer D, Koeffler HP, Ottmann OG (2003) Presence of the BCR-ABL mutation Glu255Lys prior to STI571 (imatinib) treatment in patients with Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 102(2):659–661

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hoofnagle JH (2002) Course and outcome of hepatitis C. Hepatology 36(S1):S21–S29

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hudes G, Carducci M, Tomczak P, Dutcher J, Figlin R, Kapoor A, Staroslawska E, Sosman J, McDermott D, Bodrogi I, Kovacevic Z (2007) Temsirolimus, interferon alfa, or both for advanced renal-cell carcinoma. N Engl J Med 356(22):2271–2281

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ilyas S, Yang JC (2015) Landscape of tumor antigens in T cell immunotherapy. J Immunol 195(11):5117–5122

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Javier RT, Butel JS (2008) The history of tumor virology. Cancer Res 68(19):7693–7706

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Jiang T, Shi T, Zhang H, Hu J, Song Y, Wei J, Ren S, Zhou C (2019) Tumor neoantigens: from basic research to clinical applications. J Hematol Oncol 12(1):93

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Johannsen M, Thiesen B, Wust P, Jordan A (2010) Magnetic nanoparticle hyperthermia for prostate cancer. Int J Hyperthermia 26(8):790–795

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Karlitepe A, Ozalp O, Avci CB (2015) New approaches for cancer immunotherapy. Tumor Biol 36(6):4075–4078

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufmann AM, Stern PL, Rankin EM, Sommer H, Nuessler V, Schneider A, Adams M, Onon TS, Bauknecht T, Wagner U, Kroon K (2002) Safety and immunogenicity of TA-HPV, a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing modified human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 and HPV-18 E6 and E7 genes, in women with progressive cervical cancer. Clin Cancer Res 8(12):3676–3685

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kiesel H, Müller AM, Schmitt-Graeff A, Veelken H (2009) Dramatic and durable efficacy of imatinib in an advanced angiosarcoma without detectable KIT and PDGFRA mutations. Cancer Biol Ther 8(4):319–321

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Kotenko SV, Pestka S (2000) Jak-Stat signal transduction pathway through the eyes of cytokine class II receptor complexes. Oncogene 19(21):2557

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Le QA, Hay JW (2009) Cost-effectiveness analysis of lapatinib in HER-2–positive advanced breast cancer. Cancer 115(3):489–498

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lee S, Margolin K (2011) Cytokines in cancer immunotherapy. Cancer 3(4):3856–3893

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Lee Y, Lee M, Heo MK, Song JS, Kim KH, Lee H, Yi NJ, Lee KW, Suh KS, Bae YS (2015) A phase I/IIa study of adjuvant immunotherapy with tumour antigen-pulsed dendritic cells in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma. Br J Cancer 113(12):1666

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Lees JF, Arrand JE, Pepper SD, Stewart JP, Mackett M, Arrand JR (1993) The Epstein-Barr virus candidate vaccine antigen gp340/220 is highly conserved between virus types A and B. Virology 195(2):578–586

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liao JB (2006) Cancer issue: viruses and human cancer. Yale J Biol Med 79(3–4):115

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lin CL, Lo WF, Lee TH, Ren Y, Hwang SL, Cheng YF, Chen CL, Chang YS, Lee SP, Rickinson AB, Tam PK (2002) Immunization with Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) peptide-pulsed dendritic cells induces functional CD8+ T-cell immunity and may lead to tumor regression in patients with EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cancer Res 62(23):6952–6958

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Lipson EJ, Vincent JG, Loyo M, Kagohara LT, Luber BS, Wang H, Xu H, Nayar SK, Wang TS, Sidransky D, Anders RA (2013) PD-L1 expression in the Merkel cell carcinoma microenvironment: association with inflammation, Merkel cell polyomavirus, and overall survival. Cancer Immunol Res 1(1):54–63

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Liu JK (2014) The history of monoclonal antibody development–progress, remaining challenges and future innovations. Annals Med Surgery 3(4):113–116

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lyngaa R, Pedersen NW, Schrama D, Thrue CA, Ibrani D, Met Ö, Thor Straten P, Nghiem P, Becker JC, Hadrup SR (2014) T-cell responses to oncogenic Merkel cell polyomavirus proteins distinguish patients with Merkel cell carcinoma from healthy donors. Clin Cancer Res 20(7):1768–1778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ma L, Wang DD, Huang Y, Yan H, Wong MP, Lee VH (2015) EGFR Mutant Structural Database: computationally predicted 3D structures and the corresponding binding free energies with gefitinib and erlotinib. BMC Bioinformatics 16(1):85

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Maciag PC, Radulovic S, Rothman J (2009) The first clinical use of a live-attenuated Listeria monocytogenes vaccine: a Phase I safety study of Lm-LLO-E7 in patients with advanced carcinoma of the cervix. Vaccine 27(30):3975–3983

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin DE, Hall MN (2005) The expanding TOR signaling network. Curr Opin Cell Biol 17(2):158–166

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Matijevic M, Hedley ML, Urban RG, Chicz RM, Lajoie C, Luby TM (2011) Immunization with a poly (lactide co-glycolide) encapsulated plasmid DNA expressing antigenic regions of HPV 16 and 18 results in an increase in the precursor frequency of T cells that respond to epitopes from HPV 16, 18, 6 and 11. Cell Immunol 270(1):62–69

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Medina PJ, Goodin S (2008) Lapatinib: a dual inhibitor of human epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases. Clin Ther 30(8):1426–1447

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moghaddam A, Rosenzweig M, Lee-Parritz D, Annis B, Johnson RP, Wang F (1997) An animal model for acute and persistent Epstein-Barr virus infection. Science 276(5321):2030–2033

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohindra N (2018) Current state of immunotherapy: chipping away at the tip of the iceberg. J Cancer 1:1–2

    Google Scholar 

  • Moutschen M, Léonard P, Sokal EM, Smets F, Haumont M, Mazzu P, Bollen A, Denamur F, Peeters P, Dubin G, Denis M (2007) Phase I/II studies to evaluate safety and immunogenicity of a recombinant gp350 Epstein–Barr virus vaccine in healthy adults. Vaccine 25(24):4697–4705

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mullaney BP, Pallavicini MG (2001) Protein-protein interactions in hematology and phage display. Exp Hematol 29(10):1136–1146

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naldini L, Blömer U, Gallay P, Ory D, Mulligan R, Gage FH, Verma IM, Trono D (1996) In vivo gene delivery and stable transduction of nondividing cells by a lentiviral vector. Science 272(5259):263–267

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Naran K, Nundalall T, Chetty S, Barth S (2018) Principles of immunotherapy: implications for treatment strategies in cancer and infectious diseases. Front Microbiol 9:3158

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Nemunaitis J, Barve M, Orr D, Kuhn J, Magee M, Lamont J, Bedell C, Wallraven G, Pappen BO, Roth A, Horvath S (2014) Summary of bi-shRNAfurin/GM-CSF augmented autologous tumor cell immunotherapy (FANG™) in advanced cancer of the liver. Oncology 87(1):21–29

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nghiem P, Bhatia S, Daud A, Friedlander P, Kluger H, Kohrt H, Kudchadkar R, Lipson E, Lundgren L, Margolin K, Reddy S (2015) 22LBA Activity of PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab as first systemic therapy in patients with advanced Merkel cell carcinoma. Eur J Cancer 51:S720–S721

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oldham RK, Dillman RO (2008) Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy: 25 years of progress. J Clin Oncol 26(11):1774–1777

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan ZK, Ikonomidis G, Pardoll D, Paterson Y (1995a) Regression of established tumors in mice mediated by the oral administration of a recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine. Cancer Res 55(21):4776–4779

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pan ZK, Ikonomidis G, Lazenby A, Pardoll D, Paterson Y (1995b) A recombinant Listeria monocytogenes vaccine expressing a model tumour antigen protects mice against lethal tumour cell challenge and causes regression of established tumours. Nat Med 1(5):471

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Parkin DM, Whelan SL, Ferlay J, Teppo L, Thomas DB (2002) Cancer incidence in five continents. IARC Sci Publ VIII:155

    Google Scholar 

  • Patnaik A, Kang SP, Rasco D, Papadopoulos KP, Elassaiss-Schaap J, Beeram M, Drengler R, Chen C, Smith L, Espino G, Gergich K (2015) Phase I study of pembrolizumab (MK-3475; anti–PD-1 monoclonal antibody) in patients with advanced solid tumors. Clin Cancer Res 21(19):4286–4293

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pham K, Luo D, Siemann DW, Law BK, Reynolds BA, Hothi P, Foltz G, Harrison JK (2015) VEGFR inhibitors upregulate CXCR4 in VEGF receptor-expressing glioblastoma in a TGFβR signaling-dependent manner. Cancer Lett 360(1):60–67

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Picaud S, Bardot B, De Maeyer E, Seif I (2002) Enhanced tumor development in mice lacking a functional type I interferon receptor. J Interferon Cytokine Res 22(4):457–462

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Podrazil M, Horvath R, Becht E, Rozkova D, Bilkova P, Sochorova K, Hromadkova H, Kayserova J, Vavrova K, Lastovicka J, Vrabcova P (2015) Phase I/II clinical trial of dendritic-cell based immunotherapy (DCVAC/PCa) combined with chemotherapy in patients with metastatic, castration-resistant prostate cancer. Oncotarget 6(20):18192

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Poiesz BJ, Ruscetti FW, Gazdar AF, Bunn PA, Minna JD, Gallo RC (1980) Detection and isolation of type C retrovirus particles from fresh and cultured lymphocytes of a patient with cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci 77(12):7415–7419

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Qin LX (2012) Inflammatory immune responses in tumor microenvironment and metastasis of hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer Microenviron 5(3):203–209

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Robert C, Thomas L, Bondarenko I, O'Day S, Weber J, Garbe C, Lebbe C, Baurain JF, Testori A, Grob JJ, Davidson N (2011) Ipilimumab plus dacarbazine for previously untreated metastatic melanoma. N Engl J Med 364(26):2517–2526

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Robinson WS, Clayton DA, Greenman RL (1974) DNA of a human hepatitis B virus candidate. J Virol 14(2):384–391

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Rochman Y, Spolski R, Leonard WJ (2009) New insights into the regulation of T cells by γ c family cytokines. Nat Rev Immunol 9(7):480

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruella M, Xu J, Barrett DM, Fraietta JA, Reich TJ, Ambrose DE, Klichinsky M, Shestova O, Patel PR, Kulikovskaya I, Nazimuddin F (2018) Induction of resistance to chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapy by transduction of a single leukemic B cell. Nat Med 24(10):1499

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Ruiss R, Jochum S, Wanner G, Reisbach G, Hammerschmidt W, Zeidler R (2011) A virus-like particle-based Epstein-Barr virus vaccine. J Virol 85(24):13105–13113

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sashihara J, Hoshino Y, Bowman JJ, Krogmann T, Burbelo PD, Coffield VM, Kamrud K, Cohen JI (2011) Soluble rhesus lymphocryptovirus gp350 protects against infection and reduces viral loads in animals that become infected with virus after challenge. PLoS Pathog 7(10):e1002308

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sathyanarayanan V, Neelapu SS (2015) Cancer immunotherapy: strategies for personalization and combinatorial approaches. Mol Oncol 9(10):2043–2053

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Schmidt-Wolf IG, Negrin RS, Kiem HP, Blume KG, Weissman IL (1991) Use of a SCID mouse/human lymphoma model to evaluate cytokine-induced killer cells with potent antitumor cell activity. J Exp Med 174(1):139–149

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schrama D, Ugurel S, Becker JC (2012) Merkel cell carcinoma: recent insights and new treatment options. Curr Opin Oncol 24(2):141–149

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Schumacher TN, Scheper W, Kvistborg P (2019) Cancer neoantigens. Annu Rev Immunol 37:173–200

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Scott AM, Allison JP, Wolchok JD (2012) Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. Cancer Immunity Arch 12(1):14

    Google Scholar 

  • Shahabi V, Reyes-Reyes M, Wallecha A, Rivera S, Paterson Y, Maciag P (2008) Development of a Listeria monocytogenes based vaccine against prostate cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 57(9):1301–1313

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A (2016) Cancer statistics, 2016. CA Cancer J Clin 66(1):7–30

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silvestri I, Cattarino S, Giantulli S, Nazzari C, Collalti G, Sciarra A (2016) A perspective of immunotherapy for prostate cancer. Cancer 8(7):64

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Simpson A, Caballero O (2014) Monoclonal antibodies for the therapy of cancer. BioMed Central 8(4):6

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone JD, Kranz D (2013) Role of T cell receptor affinity in the efficacy and specificity of adoptive T cell therapies. Front Immunol 4:244

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Stroncek DF, Ren J, Lee DW, Tran M, Frodigh SE, Sabatino M, Khuu H, Merchant MS, Mackall CL (2016) Myeloid cells in peripheral blood mononuclear cell concentrates inhibit the expansion of chimeric antigen receptor T cells. Cytotherapy 18(7):893–901

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Sun TY, Yan W, Yang CM, Zhang LF, Tang HL, Chen Y, Hu HX, Wei X (2015) Clinical research on dendritic cell vaccines to prevent postoperative recurrence and metastasis of liver cancer. Genet Mol Res 14(4):16222–16232

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tagliamonte M, Petrizzo A, Tornesello ML, Buonaguro FM, Buonaguro L (2014) Antigen-specific vaccines for cancer treatment. Hum Vaccin Immunother 10(11):3332–3346

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Takakura K, Kajihara M, Ito Z, Ohkusa T, Gong J, Koido S (2015) Dendritic-tumor fusion cells in cancer immunotherapy. Discov Med 19(104):169–174

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GP, Matsuoka M (2005) Natural history of adult T-cell leukemia/lymphoma and approaches to therapy. Oncogene 24(39):6047

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor GS, Haigh TA, Gudgeon NH, Phelps RJ, Lee SP, Steven NM, Rickinson AB (2004) Dual stimulation of Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV)-specific CD4+-and CD8+-T-cell responses by a chimeric antigen construct: potential therapeutic vaccine for EBV-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J Virol 78(2):768–778

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Teillaud JL (2012) From whole monoclonal antibodies to single domain antibodies: think small. In: Single domain antibodies. Humana Press, Totowa, pp 3–13

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Tewari KS, Monk BJ (2014) New strategies in advanced cervical cancer: from angiogenesis blockade to immunotherapy. Clin Cancer Res 20(21):5349–5358

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tibbetts SA, Loh J, Van Berkel V, McClellan JS, Jacoby MA, Kapadia SB, Speck SH, Virgin HW (2003) Establishment and maintenance of gammaherpesvirus latency are independent of infective dose and route of infection. J Virol 77(13):7696–7701

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Torre LA, Bray F, Siegel RL, Ferlay J, Lortet-Tieulent J, Jemal A (2015) Global cancer statistics, 2012. CA Cancer J Clin 65(2):87–108

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trepiakas R, Pedersen AE, Met Ö, Svane IM (2009) Addition of interferon-alpha to a standard maturation cocktail induces CD38 up-regulation and increases dendritic cell function. Vaccine 27(16):2213–2219

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Uldrick TS, Whitby D (2011) Update on KSHV epidemiology, Kaposi Sarcoma pathogenesis, and treatment of Kaposi Sarcoma. Cancer Lett 305(2):150–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • van der Horst A, Versteijne E, Besselink MG, Daams JG, Bulle EB, Bijlsma MF, Wilmink JW, van Delden OM, van Hooft JE, Franken NA, van Laarhoven HW (2018) The clinical benefit of hyperthermia in pancreatic cancer: a systematic review. Int J Hyperthermia 34(7):969–979

    Google Scholar 

  • Vici P, Mariani L, Pizzuti L, Sergi D, Di Lauro L, Vizza E, Tomao F, Tomao S, Cavallotti C, Paolini F, Venuti A (2014) Immunologic treatments for precancerous lesions and uterine cervical cancer. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 33(1):29

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wallecha A, Carroll KD, Maciag PC, Rivera S, Shahabi V, Paterson Y (2009) Multiple effector mechanisms induced by recombinant Listeria monocytogenes anticancer immunotherapeutics. Adv Appl Microbiol 66:1–27

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wallecha A, French C, Petit R, Singh R, Amin A, Rothman J (2012) Lm-LLO-based immunotherapies and HPV-associated disease. J Oncol 2012:542851

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang W, Erbe AK, Hank JA, Morris ZS, Sondel PM (2015) NK cell-mediated antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity in cancer immunotherapy. Front Immunol 6:368

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Weiner AB, Matulewicz RS, Eggener SE, Schaeffer EM (2016) Increasing incidence of metastatic prostate cancer in the United States (2004–2013). Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 19(4):395

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • White MK, Gordon J, Khalili K (2013) The rapidly expanding family of human polyomaviruses: recent developments in understanding their life cycle and role in human pathology. PLoS Pathog 9(3):e1003206

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wilhelm SM, Carter C, Tang L, Wilkie D, McNabola A, Rong H, Chen C, Zhang X, Vincent P, McHugh M, Cao Y (2004) BAY 43-9006 exhibits broad spectrum oral antitumor activity and targets the RAF/MEK/ERK pathway and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in tumor progression and angiogenesis. Cancer Res 64(19):7099–7109

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson AD, Shooshstari M, Finerty S, Watkins P, Morgan AJ (1996) Virus-specific cytotoxic T cell responses are associated with immunity of the cottontop tamarin to Epstein–Barr virus (EBV). Clin Exp Immunol 103(2):199–205

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wolchok JD, Kluger H, Callahan MK, Postow MA, Rizvi NA, Lesokhin AM, Segal NH, Ariyan CE, Gordon RA, Reed K, Burke MM (2013) Nivolumab plus ipilimumab in advanced melanoma. N Engl J Med 369(2):122–133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M (2008) Hypoxia signalling through mTOR and the unfolded protein response in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 8(11):851

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Xie Y, Xiang Y, Sheng J, Zhang D, Yao X, Yang Y, Zhang X (2018) Immunotherapy for hepatocellular carcinoma: current advances and future expectations. J Immunol Res 2018:8740976

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yip A, Webster RM (2018) The market for chimeric antigen receptor T cell therapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 17(3):161–162

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zeng Q, Gomez BP, Viscidi RP, Peng S, He L, Ma B, Wu TC, Hung CF (2012) Development of a DNA vaccine targeting Merkel cell polyomavirus. Vaccine 30(7):1322–1329

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Liu J, Wu Y, Xiao F, Wang Y, Wang R, Yang H, Wang G, Yang J, Deng H, Li J (2008a) Immunotherapy of hepatocellular carcinoma with a vaccine based on xenogeneic homologous α fetoprotein in mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 376(1):10–14

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang L, Gu FX, Chan JM, Wang AZ, Langer RS, Farokhzad OC (2008b) Nanoparticles in medicine: therapeutic applications and developments. Clin Pharmacol Therapeut 83(5):761–769

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang J, Yang PL, Gray NS (2009) Targeting cancer with small molecule kinase inhibitors. Nat Rev Cancer 9(1):28

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou X, Hu W, Qin X (2008) The role of complement in the mechanism of action of rituximab for B-cell lymphoma: implications for therapy. Oncologist 13(9):954–966

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zur HH (2007) Infections causing human cancer. Wiley, New York

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Serum Institute of India Pvt. Limited, Pune, India

    Pratik Ogale, Manish Gautam, Sunil Gairola & S. S. Jadhav

  2. Department of Pharmacology, STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Vandana S. Nikam

Authors
  1. Pratik Ogale
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Vandana S. Nikam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Manish Gautam
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Sunil Gairola
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. S. S. Jadhav
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to S. S. Jadhav .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmaceutics, SVKM’s Dr. Bhanuben Nanavati College of Pharmacy, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Sujata P. Sawarkar

  2. Department of Pharmacology, STES’s Smt. Kashibai Navale College of Pharmacy, S. P. Pune University, Pune, Maharashtra, India

    Vandana S. Nikam

  3. School of Pharmacy, Anjuman-I-Islam’s, Kalsekar Technical Campus, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India

    Shariq Syed

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2021 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Ogale, P., Nikam, V.S., Gautam, M., Gairola, S., Jadhav, S.S. (2021). Vaccines as Immunotherapy. In: Sawarkar, S.P., Nikam, V.S., Syed, S. (eds) Immunotherapy – A Novel Facet of Modern Therapeutics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-9038-2_3

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation