Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of the recent progress on spectroscopic observations of metal-poor stars with r-process element signatures found in the Milky Way’s stellar halo and satellite dwarf galaxies. Major empirical lessons related to the origins of the r-process are discussed, including the universality of the observed r-process pattern and deviations from universality among the light r-process elements and actinides. Different astrophysical sites of the r-process based on theoretical expectations are presented, including common and rare supernovae and neutron star mergers. A major distinguishing factor between r-process sites is their delay time distribution. The best constraints on the detailed r-process pattern come from galactic halo r-process stars, but these cannot provide information on the environment of the stars’ birth gas clouds. Studying r-process enrichment within dwarf galaxies can remedy the situation despite the fact that high-resolution spectroscopic observations of individual stars in these systems are very difficult to obtain. A general overview of dwarf galaxy properties and chemical evolution expectations depending on their mass and star formation duration is provided. The r-process trends depend on the stellar mass and star formation durations of dwarf galaxies in a way that clearly shows that the r-process is rare and prolific and has both prompt and delayed sources. This work complements ongoing theoretical heavy-element nucleosynthesis explorations and experimental measurements of the properties of r-process nuclei, such as with the Facility for Rare Isotope Beams.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
References
B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T.D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R.X. Adhikari, V.B. Adya et al., GW170817: observation of gravitational waves from a binary neutron star inspiral. Phys. Rev. Lett. 119(16), 161101 (2017a). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.119.161101, 1710.05832
B.P. Abbott, R. Abbott, T.D. Abbott, F. Acernese, K. Ackley, C. Adams, T. Adams, P. Addesso, R.X. Adhikari, V.B. Adya et al., Multi-messenger observations of a binary neutron star merger. ApJ 848, L12 (2017b). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa91c9, 1710.05833
A. Abohalima, A. Frebel, Jinabase—a database for chemical abundances of metal-poor stars. Astrophys. J. Suppl. Ser. 238(2), 36 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aadfe9
D.S. Aguado, V. Belokurov, G.C. Myeong, N.W. Evans, C. Kobayashi, L. Sbordone, J. Chanamé, C. Navarrete, S.E. Koposov, Elevated r-process enrichment in gaia sausage and sequoia. ApJ 908(1), L8 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/abdbb8, 2012.01430
B. Amend, J. Zrake, D.H. Hartmann, R-process rain from binary neutron star mergers in the galactic halo (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2205.03913
W. Aoki, S. Honda, K. Sadakane, N. Arimoto, First determination of the actinide thorium abundance for a red giant of the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy. PASJ 59, L15–L19 (2007). 0704.3104
I. Arcavi, G. Hosseinzadeh, D.A. Howell, C. McCully, D. Poznanski, D. Kasen, J. Barnes, M. Zaltzman, S. Vasylyev, D. Maoz, S. Valenti, Optical emission from a kilonova following a gravitational-wave-detected neutron-star merger. Nature 551(7678), 64–66 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24291, 1710.05843
A. Arcones, F. Montes, Production of light-element primary process nuclei in neutrino-driven winds. ApJ 731, 5 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/731/1/5, 1007.1275
A. Arcones, H.T. Janka, L. Scheck, Nucleosynthesis-relevant conditions in neutrino-driven supernova outflows. I. Spherically symmetric hydrodynamic simulations. A&A 467, 1227–1248 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20066983, astro-ph/0612582
D. Argast, M. Samland, F.K. Thielemann, Y.Z. Qian, Neutron star mergers versus core-collapse supernovae as dominant r-process sites in the early Galaxy. A&A 416, 997–1011 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20034265, astro-ph/0309237
M. Asplund, N. Grevesse, A.J. Sauval, P. Scott, The chemical composition of the sun. ARA&A 47(1), 481–522 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145222, 0909.0948
P.S. Barklem, N. Christlieb, T.C. Beers, V. Hill, M.S. Bessell, J. Holmberg, B. Marsteller, S. Rossi, F.J. Zickgraf, D. Reimers, The Hamburg/ESO R-process-enhanced star survey (HERES). II. Spectroscopic analysis of the survey sample. A&A 439, 129–151 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20052967, astro-ph/0505050
J. Barnes, Y.L. Zhu, K.A. Lund, T.M. Sprouse, N. Vassh, G.C. McLaughlin, M.R. Mumpower, R. Surman, Kilonovae across the nuclear physics landscape: the impact of nuclear physics uncertainties on r-process-powered emission. ApJ 918(2), 44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac0aec, 2010.11182
K. Bechtol, A. Drlica-Wagner, E. Balbinot, A. Pieres, J.D. Simon, B. Yanny, B. Santiago, R.H. Wechsler, J. Frieman, A.R. Walker, P. Williams, E. Rozo, E.S. Rykoff, A. Queiroz, E. Luque, A. Benoit-Lévy, D. Tucker, I. Sevilla, R.A. Gruendl, L.N. da Costa, A. Fausti Neto, Maia MAG, T. Abbott, S. Allam, R. Armstrong, A.H. Bauer, G.M. Bernstein, R.A. Bernstein, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, F.J. Castander, R. Covarrubias, C.B. D’Andrea, D.L. DePoy, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, T.F. Eifler, J. Estrada, A.E. Evrard, E. Fernandez, D.A. Finley, B. Flaugher, E. Gaztanaga, D. Gerdes, L. Girardi, M. Gladders, D. Gruen, G. Gutierrez, J. Hao, K. Honscheid, B. Jain, D. James, S. Kent, R. Kron, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, T.S. Li, H. Lin, M. Makler, M. March, J. Marshall, P. Martini, K.W. Merritt, C. Miller, R. Miquel, J. Mohr, E. Neilsen, R. Nichol, B. Nord, R. Ogando, J. Peoples, D. Petravick, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, A. Roodman, M. Sako, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, R.C. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, J. Thaler, D. Thomas, W. Wester, J. Zuntz, DES Collaboration, Eight new milky way companions discovered in first-year dark energy survey data. ApJ 807(1), 50 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/1/50, 1503.02584
T.C. Beers, N. Christlieb, The discovery and analysis of very metal-poor stars in the galaxy. ARA&A 43, 531–580 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.42.053102.134057
K. Belczynski, A. Askar, M. Arca-Sedda, M. Chruslinska, M. Donnari, M. Giersz, M. Benacquista, R. Spurzem, D. Jin, G. Wiktorowicz, D. Belloni, The origin of the first neutron star – neutron star merger. A&A 615, A91 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201732428, 1712.00632
V. Belokurov, D.B. Zucker, N.W. Evans, G. Gilmore, S. Vidrih, D.M. Bramich, H.J. Newberg, R.F.G. Wyse, M.J. Irwin, M. Fellhauer, P.C. Hewett, N.A. Walton, M.I. Wilkinson, N. Cole, B. Yanny, C.M. Rockosi, T.C. Beers, E.F. Bell, J. Brinkmann, Ž. Ivezić, R. Lupton, The field of streams: sagittarius and its siblings. ApJ 642(2), L137–L140 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/504797, astro-ph/0605025
V. Belokurov, D. Erkal, N.W. Evans, S.E. Koposov, A.J. Deason, Co-formation of the disc and the stellar halo. MNRAS 478(1), 611–619 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty982, 1802.03414
P. Beniamini, T. Piran, The gravitational waves merger time distribution of binary neutron star systems. MNRAS 487(4), 4847–4854 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1589, 1903.11614
P. Beniamini, K. Hotokezaka, T. Piran, Natal kicks and time delays in merging neutron star binaries: implications for r-process nucleosynthesis in ultra-faint dwarfs and in the milky way. ApJ 829(1), L13 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/829/1/L13, 1607.02148
P. Beniamini, K. Hotokezaka, T. Piran, r-process production sites as inferred from Eu abundances in dwarf galaxies. ApJ 832(2), 149 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/832/2/149, 1608.08650
G. Besla, N. Kallivayalil, L. Hernquist, B. Robertson, T.J. Cox, R.P. van der Marel, C. Alcock, Are the magellanic clouds on their first passage about the milky way? ApJ 668(2), 949–967 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/521385, astro-ph/0703196
S. Bisterzo, C. Travaglio, R. Gallino, M. Wiescher, F. Käppeler, Galactic chemical evolution and solar s-process abundances: dependence on the 13C-pocket Structure. ApJ 787(1), 10 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/787/1/10, 1403.1764
M. Bonetti, A. Perego, M. Dotti, G. Cescutti, Neutron star binary orbits in their host potential: effect on early r-process enrichment. MNRAS 490(1), 296–311 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2554, 1905.12016
P. Bonifacio, V. Hill, P. Molaro, L. Pasquini, P. Di Marcantonio, P. Santin, First results of UVES at VLT: abundances in the Sgr dSph. A&A 359, 663–668 (2000). astro-ph/0005268
J. Bramante, T. Linden, On the r-process enrichment of dwarf spheroidal galaxies. ApJ 826(1), 57 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/826/1/57, 1601.06784
K. Brauer, A.P. Ji, A. Frebel, G.A. Dooley, F.A. Gómez, B.W. O’Shea, The origin of r-process enhanced metal-poor halo stars in now-destroyed ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. ApJ 871(2), 247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafafb, 1809.05539
K. Brauer, A.P. Ji, M.R. Drout, A. Frebel, Collapsar r-process yields can reproduce [Eu/Fe] abundance scatter in metal-poor stars. ApJ 915(2), 81 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac00b2, 2010.15837
K. Brauer, H.D. Andales, A.P. Ji, A. Frebel, M.K. Mardini, F.A. Gomez, B.W. O’Shea, Possibilities and limitations of kinematically identifying stars from accreted ultra-faint dwarf galaxies (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2206.07057
T.M. Brown, J. Tumlinson, M. Geha, J.D. Simon, L.C. Vargas, D.A. VandenBerg, E.N. Kirby, J.S. Kalirai, R.J. Avila, M. Gennaro, H.C. Ferguson, R.R. Muñoz, P. Guhathakurta, A. Renzini, The quenching of the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies in the reionization era. ApJ 796(2), 91 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/796/2/91, 1410.0681
E.M. Burbidge, G.R. Burbidge, W.A. Fowler, F. Hoyle, Synthesis of the elements in stars. Rev. Mod. Phys. 29, 547–650 (1957). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.29.547
D.L. Burris, C.A. Pilachowski, T.E. Armandroff, C. Sneden, J.J. Cowan, H. Roe, Neutron-capture elements in the early galaxy: insights from a large sample of metal-poor giants. ApJ 544, 302–319 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/317172, astro-ph/0005188
M. Cain, A. Frebel, A.P. Ji, V.M. Placco, R. Ezzeddine, I.U. Roederer, K. Hattori, T.C. Beers, J. Meléndez, T.T. Hansen, C.M. Sakari, The r-process alliance: a very metal-poor, extremely r-process-enhanced star with [Eu/Fe] = + 2.2, and the class of r-III stars. ApJ 898(1), 40 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab97ba, 2006.08080
J.L. Carlin, D.J. Sand, R.R. Muñoz, K. Spekkens, B. Willman, D. Crnojević, D.A. Forbes, J. Hargis, E. Kirby, A.H.G. Peter, A.J. Romanowsky, J. Strader, Deep Subaru hyper suprime-cam observations of milky way satellites Columba I and Triangulum II. AJ 154(6), 267 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aa94d0, 1710.06444
A.R. Casey, S.C. Keller, G. Da Costa, A. Frebel, E. Maunder, Hunting the parent of the orphan stream. II. The first high-resolution spectroscopic study. ApJ 784(1), 19 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/784/1/19, 1309.3563
R. Cayrel, V. Hill, T.C. Beers, B. Barbuy, M. Spite, F. Spite, B. Plez, J. Andersen, P. Bonifacio, P. François, Measurement of stellar age from uranium decay. Nature 409(6821), 691–692 (2001). astro-ph/0104357
W. Cerny, A.B. Pace, A. Drlica-Wagner, S.E. Koposov, A.K. Vivas, S. Mau, A.H. Riley, C.R. Bom, J.L. Carlin, Y. Choi, D. Erkal, P.S. Ferguson, D.J. James, T.S. Li, D. Martínez-Delgado, C.E. Martínez-Vázquez, R.R. Munoz, B. Mutlu-Pakdil, K.A.G. Olsen, A. Pieres, J.D. Sakowska, D.J. Sand, J.D. Simon, A. Smercina, G.S. Stringfellow, E.J. Tollerud, M. Adamów, D. Hernandez-Lang, N. Kuropatkin, L. Santana-Silva, D.L. Tucker, A. Zenteno, Delve Collaboration, Eridanus IV: an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy candidate discovered in the DECam local volume exploration survey. ApJ 920(2), L44 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac2d9a, 2107.09080
W. Cerny, J.D. Simon, T.S. Li, A. Drlica-Wagner, A.B. Pace, C.E. Martınez-Vazquez, A.H. Riley, B. Mutlu-Pakdil, S. Mau, P.S. Ferguson, D. Erkal, R.R. Munoz, C.R. Bom, J.L. Carlin, D. Carollo, Y. Choi, A.P. Ji, D. Martınez-Delgado, V. Manwadkar, A.E. Miller, N.E.D. Noel, J.D. Sakowska, D.J. Sand, G.S. Stringfellow, E.J. Tollerud, A.K. Vivas, J.A. Carballo-Bello, D. Hernandez-Lang, D.J. James, J.L. Nilo Castellon, K.A.G. Olsen, A. Zenteno, Pegasus IV: discovery and spectroscopic confirmation of an ultra-faint dwarf galaxy in the constellation pegasus (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2203.11788
A. Chiti, J.D. Simon, A. Frebel, I.B. Thompson, S.A. Shectman, M. Mateo, I.J.I. Bailey, J.D. Crane, M. Walker, Detection of a population of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars in the sculptor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. ApJ 856(2), 142 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab663, 1803.04538
A. Chiti, J.D. Simon, A. Frebel, A.B. Pace, A.P. Ji, T.S. Li, Magellan/IMACS spectroscopy of Grus I: a low metallicity ultra-faint dwarf galaxy (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2206.04580
R. Chornock, E. Berger, D. Kasen, P.S. Cowperthwaite, M. Nicholl, V.A. Villar, K.D. Alexander, P.K. Blanchard, T. Eftekhari, W. Fong, R. Margutti, P.K.G. Williams, J. Annis, D. Brout, D.A. Brown, H.Y. Chen, M.R. Drout, B. Farr, R.J. Foley, J.A. Frieman, C.L. Fryer, K. Herner, D.E. Holz, R. Kessler, T. Matheson, B.D. Metzger, E. Quataert, A. Rest, M. Sako, D.M. Scolnic, N. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, The electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. IV. Detection of near-infrared signatures of r-process nucleosynthesis with Gemini-South. ApJ 848(2), L19 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa905c, 1710.05454
N. Christlieb, T.C. Beers, P.S. Barklem, M. Bessell, V. Hill, J. Holmberg, A.J. Korn, B. Marsteller, L. Mashonkina, Y.Z. Qian, S. Rossi, G.J. Wasserburg, F.J. Zickgraf, K.L. Kratz, B. Nordström, B. Pfeiffer, J. Rhee, S.G. Ryan, The Hamburg/ESO r-process enhanced star survey (HERES). I. Project description, and discovery of two stars with strong enhancements of neutron-capture elements. A&A 428, 1027–1037 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20041536, astro-ph/0408389
M. Chruslinska, K. Belczynski, J. Klencki, M. Benacquista, Double neutron stars: merger rates revisited. MNRAS 474(3), 2937–2958 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2923, 1708.07885
J.G. Cohen, W. Huang, The chemical evolution of the draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. ApJ 701(2), 1053–1075 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/701/2/1053, 0906.1006
J.G. Cohen, W. Huang, The chemical evolution of the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. ApJ 719(1), 931–949 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/719/1/931, 1006.3538
B. Côté, C.L. Fryer, K. Belczynski, O. Korobkin, M. Chruślińska, N. Vassh, M.R. Mumpower, J. Lippuner, T.M. Sprouse, R. Surman, R. Wollaeger, The origin of r-process elements in the milky way. ApJ 855(2), 99 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaad67, 1710.05875
B. Côté, M. Eichler, A. Arcones, C.J. Hansen, P. Simonetti, A. Frebel, C.L. Fryer, M. Pignatari, M. Reichert, K. Belczynski, F. Matteucci, Neutron star mergers might not be the only source of r-process elements in the milky way. ApJ 875(2), 106 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab10db, 1809.03525
D.A. Coulter, R.J. Foley, C.D. Kilpatrick, M.R. Drout, A.L. Piro, B.J. Shappee, M.R. Siebert, J.D. Simon, N. Ulloa, D. Kasen, B.F. Madore, A. Murguia-Berthier, Y.C. Pan, J.X. Prochaska, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, A. Rest, C. Rojas-Bravo, Swope supernova survey 2017a (SSS17a), the optical counterpart to a gravitational wave source. Science 358(6370), 1556–1558 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9811, 1710.05452
J.J. Cowan, C. Sneden, J.E. Lawler, A. Aprahamian, M. Wiescher, K. Langanke, G. Martínez-Pinedo, F.K. Thielemann, Origin of the heaviest elements: the rapid neutron-capture process. Rev. Mod. Phys. 93(1), 015002 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.93.015002, 1901.01410
P.S. Cowperthwaite, E. Berger, V.A. Villar, B.D. Metzger, M. Nicholl, R. Chornock, P.K. Blanchard, W. Fong, R. Margutti, M. Soares-Santos, K.D. Alexander, S. Allam, J. Annis, D. Brout, D.A. Brown, R.E. Butler, H.Y. Chen, H.T. Diehl, Z. Doctor, M.R. Drout, T. Eftekhari, B. Farr, D.A. Finley, R.J. Foley, J.A. Frieman, C.L. Fryer, J. García-Bellido, M.S.S. Gill, J. Guillochon, K. Herner, D.E. Holz, D. Kasen, R. Kessler, J. Marriner, T. Matheson, J.E.H. Neilsen, E. Quataert, A. Palmese, A. Rest, M. Sako, D.M. Scolnic, N. Smith, D.L. Tucker, P.K.G. Williams, E. Balbinot, J.L. Carlin, E.R. Cook, F. Durret, T.S. Li, P.A.A. Lopes, A.C.C. Lourenço, J.L. Marshall, G.E. Medina, J. Muir, R.R. Muñoz, M. Sauseda, D.J. Schlegel, L.F. Secco, A.K. Vivas, W. Wester, A. Zenteno, Y. Zhang, T.M.C. Abbott, M. Banerji, K. Bechtol, A. Benoit-Lévy, E. Bertin, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, D. Capozzi, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, F.J. Castander, M. Crocce, C.E. Cunha, C.B. D’Andrea, L.N. da Costa, C. Davis, D.L. DePoy, S. Desai, J.P. Dietrich, A. Drlica-Wagner, T.F. Eifler, A.E. Evrard, E. Fernandez, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, T. Giannantonio, D.A. Goldstein, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, G. Gutierrez, K. Honscheid, B. Jain, D.J. James, T. Jeltema, M.W.G. Johnson, M.D. Johnson, S. Kent, E. Krause, R. Kron, K. Kuehn, N. Nuropatkin, O. Lahav, M. Lima, H. Lin, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, P. Martini, R.G. McMahon, F. Menanteau, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, J.J. Mohr, E. Neilsen, R.C. Nichol, R.L.C. Ogando, A.A. Plazas, N. Roe, A.K. Romer, A. Roodman, E.S. Rykoff, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, R. Schindler, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, M. Smith, R.C. Smith, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, D. Thomas, R.C. Thomas, M.A. Troxel, V. Vikram, A.R. Walker, R.H. Wechsler, J. Weller, B. Yanny, J. Zuntz, The electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. II. UV, optical, and near-infrared light curves and comparison to kilonova models. ApJ 848(2), L17 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa8fc7, 1710.05840
D. Crnojević, D.J. Sand, D. Zaritsky, K. Spekkens, B. Willman, J.R. Hargis, Deep imaging of eridanus II and its lone star cluster. ApJ 824(1), L14 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/824/1/L14, 1604.08590
S. Curtis, P. Mösta, Z. Wu, D. Radice, L. Roberts, G. Ricigliano, A. Perego, r-process nucleosynthesis and kilonovae from hypermassive neutron star remnants (2021). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2112.00772, 2112.00772
G. Dalton, S.C. Trager, D.C. Abrams, D. Carter, P. Bonifacio, J.A.L. Aguerri, M. MacIntosh, C. Evans, I. Lewis, R. Navarro, T. Agocs, K. Dee, S. Rousset, I. Tosh, K. Middleton, J. Pragt, D. Terrett, M. Brock, C. Benn, M. Verheijen, D. Cano Infantes, C. Bevil, I. Steele, C. Mottram, S. Bates, F.J. Gribbin, J. Rey, L.F. Rodriguez, J.M. Delgado, I. Guinouard, N. Walton, M.J. Irwin, P. Jagourel, R. Stuik, G. Gerlofsma, R. Roelfsma, I. Skillen, A. Ridings, M. Balcells, J.B. Daban, C. Gouvret, L. Venema, P. Girard, WEAVE: the next generation wide-field spectroscopy facility for the William Herschel Telescope, in Ground-Based and Airborne Instrumentation for Astronomy IV, ed. by I.S. McLean, S.K. Ramsay, H. Takami. Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers (SPIE) Conference Series, vol. 8446 (2012), p. 84460P. https://doi.org/10.1117/12.925950
M.A.C. de los Reyes, E.N. Kirby, A.P. Ji, E.H. Nuñez, Simultaneous constraints on the star formation history and nucleosynthesis of sculptor dSph. ApJ 925(1), 66 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac332b, 2110.01690
A.J. Deason, Y.Y. Mao, R.H. Wechsler, The eating habits of milky way-mass halos: destroyed dwarf satellites and the metallicity distribution of accreted stars. ApJ 821(1), 5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/5, 1601.07905
A. Dekel, J. Woo, Feedback and the fundamental line of low-luminosity low-surface-brightness/dwarf galaxies. MNRAS 344(4), 1131–1144 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-8711.2003.06923.x, astro-ph/0210454
M. Dominik, K. Belczynski, C. Fryer, D.E. Holz, E. Berti, T. Bulik, I. Mandel, R. O’Shaughnessy, Double compact objects. I. The significance of the common envelope on merger rates. ApJ 759, 52 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/759/1/52, 1202.4901
A. Drlica-Wagner, K. Bechtol, E.S. Rykoff, E. Luque, A. Queiroz, Y.Y. Mao, R.H. Wechsler, J.D. Simon, B. Santiago, B. Yanny, E. Balbinot, S. Dodelson, A. Fausti Neto, D.J. James, T.S. Li, M.A.G. Maia, J.L. Marshall, A. Pieres, K. Stringer, A.R. Walker, T.M.C. Abbott, F.B. Abdalla, S. Allam, A. Benoit-Lévy, G.M. Bernstein, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, M. Crocce, L.N. da Costa, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, J.P. Dietrich, P. Doel, T.F. Eifler, A.E. Evrard, D.A. Finley, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, G. Gutierrez, K. Honscheid, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, P. Martini, R. Miquel, B. Nord, R. Ogando, A.A. Plazas, K. Reil, A. Roodman, M. Sako, E. Sanchez, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, R.C. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, D. Tucker, V. Vikram, W. Wester, Y. Zhang, J. Zuntz, DES Collaboration, Eight ultra-faint galaxy candidates discovered in year two of the dark energy survey. ApJ 813(2), 109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/813/2/109, 1508.03622
A. Drlica-Wagner, K. Bechtol, S. Allam, D.L. Tucker, R.A. Gruendl, M.D. Johnson, A.R. Walker, D.J. James, D.L. Nidever, K.A.G. Olsen, R.H. Wechsler, M.R.L. Cioni, B.C. Conn, K. Kuehn, T.S. Li, Y.Y. Mao, N.F. Martin, E. Neilsen, N.E.D. Noel, A. Pieres, J.D. Simon, G.S. Stringfellow, R.P. van der Marel, B. Yanny, An ultra-faint galaxy candidate discovered in early data from the magellanic satellites survey. ApJ 833(1), L5 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8205/833/1/L5, 1609.02148
M.R. Drout, A.L. Piro, B.J. Shappee, C.D. Kilpatrick, J.D. Simon, C. Contreras, D.A. Coulter, R.J. Foley, M.R. Siebert, N. Morrell, K. Boutsia, F. Di Mille, T.W.S. Holoien, D. Kasen, J.A. Kollmeier, B.F. Madore, A.J. Monson, A. Murguia-Berthier, Y.C. Pan, J.X. Prochaska, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, A. Rest, C. Adams, K. Alatalo, E. Bañados, J. Baughman, T.C. Beers, R.A. Bernstein, T. Bitsakis, A. Campillay, T.T. Hansen, C.R. Higgs, A.P. Ji, G. Maravelias, J.L. Marshall, C.M. Bidin, J.L. Prieto, K.C. Rasmussen, C.Rojas-Bravo, A.L. Strom, N. Ulloa, J. Vargas-González, Z. Wan, D.D. Whitten, Light curves of the neutron star merger GW170817/SSS17a: implications for r-process nucleosynthesis. Science 358, 1570–1574 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0049, 1710.05443
G.E. Duggan, E.N. Kirby, S.M. Andrievsky, S.A. Korotin, Neutron star mergers are the dominant source of the r-process in the early evolution of dwarf galaxies. ApJ 869(1), 50 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaeb8e, 1809.04597
M. Eichler, A. Arcones, A. Kelic, O. Korobkin, K. Langanke, T. Marketin, G. Martinez-Pinedo, I. Panov, T. Rauscher, S. Rosswog, C. Winteler, N.T. Zinner, F.K. Thielemann, The role of fission in neutron star mergers and its impact on the r-process peaks. ApJ 808(1), 30 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/30, 1411.0974
A. Emerick, G.L. Bryan, M.M. Mac Low, Simulating an isolated dwarf galaxy with multichannel feedback and chemical yields from individual stars. MNRAS 482(1), 1304–1329 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty2689, 1807.07182
P.A. Evans, S.B. Cenko, J.A. Kennea, S.W.K. Emery, N.P.M. Kuin, O. Korobkin, R.T. Wollaeger, C.L. Fryer, K.K. Madsen, F.A. Harrison, Y. Xu, E. Nakar, K. Hotokezaka, A. Lien, S. Campana, S.R. Oates, E. Troja, A.A. Breeveld, F.E. Marshall, S.D. Barthelmy, A.P. Beardmore, D.N. Burrows, G. Cusumano, A. D’Aì, P. D’Avanzo, V. D’Elia, M. de Pasquale, W.P. Even, C.J. Fontes, K. Forster, J. Garcia, P. Giommi, B. Grefenstette, C. Gronwall, D.H. Hartmann, M. Heida, A.L. Hungerford, M.M. Kasliwal, H.A. Krimm, A.J. Levan, D. Malesani, A. Melandri, H. Miyasaka, J.A. Nousek, P.T. O’Brien, J.P. Osborne, C. Pagani, K.L. Page, D.M. Palmer, M. Perri, S. Pike, J.L. Racusin, S. Rosswog, M.H. Siegel, T. Sakamoto, B. Sbarufatti, G. Tagliaferri, N.R. Tanvir, A. Tohuvavohu, Swift and NuSTAR observations of GW170817: detection of a blue kilonova. Science 358(6370), 1565–1570 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9580, 1710.05437
R. Ezzeddine, K. Rasmussen, A. Frebel, A. Chiti, K. Hinojisa, V.M. Placco, I.U. Roederer, A.P. Ji, T.C. Beers, T.T. Hansen, C.M. Sakari, J. Melendez, The r-process alliance: first Magellan/MIKE release from the southern search for r-process-enhanced stars (2020). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2006.07731
M. Fabrizio, T. Merle, F. Thévenin, M. Nonino, G. Bono, P.B. Stetson, I. Ferraro, G. Iannicola, M. Monelli, A.R. Walker, R. Buonanno, F. Caputo, C.E. Corsi, M. Dall’Ora, S. Degl’Innocenti, P. François, R. Gilmozzi, M. Marconi, A. Pietrinferni, P.G. Prada Moroni, F. Primas, L. Pulone, V. Ripepi, M. Romaniello, The carina project. V. The impact of NLTE effects on the iron content. PASP 124(916), 519 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1086/666480, 1204.4612
K. Farouqi, K.L. Kratz, B. Pfeiffer, T. Rauscher, F.K. Thielemann, J.W. Truran, Charged-particle and neutron-capture processes in the high-entropy wind of core-collapse supernovae. ApJ 712, 1359–1377 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/712/2/1359, 1002.2346
S. Feltzing, T. Bensby, M. Bergemann, C. Chiappini, N. Christlieb, M.R. Cioni, A. Helmi, M. Irwin, I. Minchev, E. Starkenburg, R. de Jong, Galactic archeology with 4MOST, in Rediscovering Our Galaxy, vol. 334, ed. by C. Chiappini, I. Minchev, E. Starkenburg, M. Valentini (2018), pp. 225–232. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1743921317008730, 1708.08884
S.P. Fillingham, M.C. Cooper, T. Kelley, M.K. Rodriguez Wimberly, M. Boylan-Kolchin, J.S. Bullock, S. Garrison-Kimmel, M.S. Pawlowski, C. Wheeler, Characterizing the infall times and quenching timescales of milky way satellites with Gaia proper motions (2019). arXiv e-prints arXiv:1906.04180
W. Fong, E. Berger, The locations of short gamma-ray bursts as evidence for compact object binary progenitors. ApJ 776(1), 18 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/776/1/18, 1307.0819
A. Frebel, From nuclei to the cosmos: tracing heavy-element production with the oldest stars. Annu. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. 68(1), 237–269 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-nucl-101917-021141, 1806.08955
A. Frebel, V. Bromm, Chemical signatures of the first galaxies: criteria for one-shot enrichment. ApJ 759, 115 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/759/2/115, 1010.1261
A. Frebel, J.E. Norris, Near-field cosmology with extremely metal-poor stars. ARA&A 53, 631–688 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082214-122423, 1501.06921
A. Frebel, N. Christlieb, J.E. Norris, C. Thom, T.C. Beers, J. Rhee, Discovery of HE 1523-0901, a strongly r-process-enhanced metal-poor star with detected uranium. ApJL 660, L117–L120 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/518122, arXiv:astro-ph/0703414
A. Frebel, E.N. Kirby, J.D. Simon, Linking dwarf galaxies to halo building blocks with the most metal-poor star in Sculptor. Nature 464(7285), 72–75 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature08772, 0912.4734
A. Frebel, J.D. Simon, E.N. Kirby, Segue 1: an unevolved fossil galaxy from the early universe. ApJ 786(1), 74 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/786/1/74, 1403.6116
A. Frebel, J.E. Norris, G. Gilmore, R.F.G. Wyse, The chemical evolution of the Bootes I ultra-faint dwarf galaxy (2016). ArXiv e-prints 1605.05732
C. Fröhlich, G. Martínez-Pinedo, M. Liebendörfer, F.K. Thielemann, E. Bravo, W.R. Hix, K. Langanke, N.T. Zinner, Neutrino-induced nucleosynthesis of A>64 nuclei: the νp process. Phys. Rev. Lett. 96(14), 142502 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.96.142502, astro-ph/0511376
Gaia Collaboration, T. Prusti, J.H.J. de Bruijne, A.G.A. Brown, A. Vallenari, C. Babusiaux, C.A.L. Bailer-Jones, U. Bastian, M. Biermann, D.W. Evans et al., The Gaia mission. A&A 595, A1 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629272, 1609.04153
M. Geha, M.R. Blanton, R. Yan, J.L. Tinker, A stellar mass threshold for quenching of field galaxies. ApJ 757(1), 85 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/757/1/85, 1206.3573
S. Goriely, Uncertainties in the solar system r-abundance distribution. A&A 342, 881–891 (1999)
S. Goriely, A. Bauswein, H.T. Janka, r-process nucleosynthesis in dynamically ejected matter of neutron star mergers. ApJ 738, L32 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/738/2/L32, 1107.0899
S. Goriely, J.L. Sida, J.F. Lemaître, S. Panebianco, N. Dubray, S. Hilaire, A. Bauswein, H.T. Janka, New fission fragment distributions and r-process origin of the rare-earth elements. Phys. Rev. Lett. 111(24), 242502 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.111.242502, 1311.5897
B.F. Griffen, G.A. Dooley, A.P. Ji, B.W. O’Shea, F.A. Gómez, A. Frebel, Tracing the first stars and galaxies of the milky way. MNRAS 474(1), 443–459 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx2749, 1611.00759
C.J. Grillmair, Four new stellar debris streams in the galactic halo. ApJ 693(2), 1118–1127 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/693/2/1118, 0811.3965
D. Gudin, D. Shank, T.C. Beers, Z. Yuan, G. Limberg, I.U. Roederer, V. Placco, E.M. Holmbeck, S. Dietz, K.C. Rasmussen, T.T. Hansen, C.M. Sakari, R. Ezzeddine, A. Frebel, The r-process alliance: chemodynamically tagged groups of halo r-process-enhanced stars reveal a shared chemical-evolution history. ApJ 908(1), 79 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd7ed, 2012.13808
M. Gull, A. Frebel, K. Hinojosa, I.U. Roederer, A.P. Ji, K. Brauer, R-process-rich stellar streams in the milky way. ApJ 912(1), 52 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abea1a, 2102. 00066
G. Halevi, P. Mösta, r-process nucleosynthesis from three-dimensional jet-driven core-collapse supernovae with magnetic misalignments. MNRAS 477(2), 2366–2375 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty797, 1801.08943
C.J. Hansen, F. Primas, H. Hartman, K.L. Kratz, S. Wanajo, B. Leibundgut, K. Farouqi, O. Hallmann, N. Christlieb, H. Nilsson, Silver and palladium help unveil the nature of a second r-process. A&A 545, A31 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118643, 1205.4744
C.J. Hansen, M. El-Souri, L. Monaco, S. Villanova, P. Bonifacio, E. Caffau, L. Sbordone, Ages and heavy element abundances from very metal-poor stars in the sagittarius dwarf galaxy. ApJ 855(2), 83 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa978f, 1711.02101
T.T. Hansen, J.D. Simon, J.L. Marshall, T.S. Li, D. Carollo, D.L. DePoy, D.Q. Nagasawa, R.A. Bernstein, A. Drlica-Wagner, F.B. Abdalla, S. Allam, J. Annis, K. Bechtol, A. Benoit-Lévy, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, C.E. Cunha, L.N. da Costa, S. Desai, T.F. Eifler, A. Fausti Neto, B. Flaugher, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, D.J. James, E. Krause, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, R. Miquel, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, V. Scarpine, R.C. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, A.R. Walker, DES Collaboration, An r-process enhanced star in the dwarf galaxy tucana III. ApJ 838(1), 44 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa634a, 1702.07430
T.T. Hansen, E.M. Holmbeck, T.C. Beers, V.M. Placco, I.U. Roederer, A. Frebel, C.M. Sakari, J.D. Simon, I.B. Thompson,The r-process alliance: first release from the southern search for r-process-enhanced stars in the galactic halo. ApJ 858(2), 92 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aabacc, 1804.03114
T.T. Hansen, J.L. Marshall, J.D. Simon, T.S. Li, R.A. Bernstein, A.B. Pace, P. Ferguson, D.Q. Nagasawa, K. Kuehn, D. Carollo, M. Geha, D. James, A. Walker, H.T. Diehl, M. Aguena, S. Allam, S. Avila, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, A.C. Rosell, M.C. Kind, J. Carretero, M. Costanzi, L.N. Da Costa, S. Desai, J. De Vicente, P. Doel, K. Eckert, T.F. Eifler, S. Everett, I. Ferrero, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, S.R. Hinton, D.L. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, N. Kuropatkin, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, R. Miquel, A. Palmese, F. Paz-Chinchón, A.A. Plazas, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, V. Scarpine, S. Serrano, M. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, T.N. Varga, R. Wilkinson, DES Collaboration, Chemical analysis of the ultrafaint dwarf galaxy grus II. Signature of high-mass stellar nucleosynthesis. ApJ 897(2), 183 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab9643, 2005.10767
T.T. Hansen, A.P. Ji, G.S. Da Costa, T.S. Li, A.R. Casey, A.B. Pace, L.R. Cullinane, D. Erkal, S.E. Koposov, K. Kuehn, G.F. Lewis, D. Mackey, J.D. Simpson, N. Shipp, D.B. Zucker, J. Bland-Hawthorn, S5 Collaboration, S5: the destruction of a bright dwarf galaxy as revealed by the chemistry of the indus stellar stream. ApJ 915(2), 103 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abfc54, 2104.13883
J.R. Hargis, B. Willman, A.H.G. Peter, Too many, too few, or just right? The predicted number and distribution of milky way dwarf galaxies. ApJ 795(1), L13 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/795/1/L13, 1407.4470
A. Helmi, C. Babusiaux, H.H. Koppelman, D. Massari, J. Veljanoski, A.G.A. Brown, The merger that led to the formation of the milky way’s inner stellar halo and thick disk. Nature 563(7729), 85–88 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-018-0625-x, 1806.06038
V. Hill, B. Plez, R. Cayrel, T.C. Beers, B. Nordström, J. Andersen, M. Spite, F. Spite, B. Barbuy, P. Bonifacio, E. Depagne, P. François, F. Primas, First stars. I. The extreme r-element rich, iron-poor halo giant CS 31082-001. Implications for the r-process site(s) and radioactive cosmochronology. A&A 387, 560–579 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20020434, astro-ph/0203462
V. Hill, N. Christlieb, T.C. Beers, P.S. Barklem, K.L. Kratz, B. Nordström, B. Pfeiffer, K. Farouqi, The Hamburg/ESO r-process enhanced star survey (HERES). XI. The highly r-process-enhanced star CS 29497-004. A&A 607, A91 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201629092, 1608.07463
V. Hill, Á. Skúladóttir, E. Tolstoy, K.A. Venn, M.D. Shetrone, P. Jablonka, F. Primas, G. Battaglia, T.J.L. de Boer, P. François, A. Helmi, A. Kaufer, B. Letarte, E. Starkenburg, M. Spite, VLT/FLAMES high-resolution chemical abundances in Sculptor: a textbook dwarf spheroidal galaxy. A&A 626, A15 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201833950, 1812.01486
Y. Hirai, Y. Ishimaru, T.R. Saitoh, M.S. Fujii, J. Hidaka, T. Kajino, Enrichment of r-process elements in dwarf spheroidal galaxies in chemo-dynamical evolution model. ApJ 814, 41 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/814/1/41, 1509.08934
Y. Hirai, T.C. Beers, M. Chiba, W. Aoki, D. Shank, T.R. Saitoh, T. Okamoto, J. Makino, Origin of highly r-process-enhanced stars in a cosmological zoom-in simulation of a milky way-like galaxy (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2206.04060
E.M. Holmbeck, T.C. Beers, I.U. Roederer, V.M. Placco, T.T. Hansen, C.M. Sakari, C. Sneden, C. Liu, Y.S. Lee, J.J. Cowan, A. Frebel, The r-process alliance: 2MASS J09544277+5246414, the most actinide-enhanced R-II star known. ApJ 859, L24 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aac722, 1805.11925
E.M. Holmbeck, A. Frebel, G.C. McLaughlin, M.R. Mumpower, T.M. Sprouse, R. Surman, Actinide-rich and actinide-poor r-process-enhanced metal-poor stars do not require separate r-process progenitors. ApJ 881(1), 5 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2a01, 1904.02139
E.M. Holmbeck, T.T. Hansen, T.C. Beers, V.M. Placco, D.D. Whitten, K.C. Rasmussen, I.U. Roederer, R. Ezzeddine, C.M. Sakari, A. Frebel, M.R. Drout, J.D. Simon, I.B. Thompson, J. Bland-Hawthorn, B.K. Gibson, E.K. Grebel, G. Kordopatis, A. Kunder, J. Meléndez, J.F. Navarro, W.A. Reid, G. Seabroke, M. Steinmetz, F. Watson, R.F.G. Wyse, The r-process alliance: fourth data release from the search for r-process-enhanced stars in the galactic halo. ApJS 249(2), 30 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab9c19, 2007.00749
D. Homma, M. Chiba, S. Okamoto, Y. Komiyama, M. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, M.N. Ishigaki, M. Akiyama, N. Arimoto, J.A. Garmilla, R.H. Lupton, M.A. Strauss, H. Furusawa, S. Miyazaki, H. Murayama, A.J. Nishizawa, M. Takada, T. Usuda, S.Y. Wang, A new milky way satellite discovered in the subaru/hyper suprime-cam survey. ApJ 832(1), 21 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/832/1/21, 1609.04346
D. Homma, M. Chiba, S. Okamoto, Y. Komiyama, M. Tanaka, M. Tanaka, M.N. Ishigaki, K. Hayashi, N. Arimoto, J.A. Garmilla, R.H. Lupton, M.A. Strauss, S. Miyazaki, S.Y. Wang, H. Murayama, Searches for new milky way satellites from the first two years of data of the Subaru/Hyper suprime-cam survey: discovery of cetus III. PASJ 70, S18 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psx050, 1704.05977
S. Honda, W. Aoki, T. Kajino, H. Ando, T.C. Beers, H. Izumiura, K. Sadakane, M. Takada-Hidai, Spectroscopic Studies of extremely metal-poor stars with the subaru high dispersion spectrograph. II. The r-process elements, including thorium. ApJ 607, 474–498 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/383406, astro-ph/0402298
S. Honda, W. Aoki, T. Kajino, H. Ando, T.C. Beers, The origin of light neutron-capture elements in very metal-poor stars. Nucl. Phys. A 758, 296–299 (2005). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.05.052
S. Honda, W. Aoki, Y. Ishimaru, S. Wanajo, Neutron-capture elements in the very metal-poor star HD 88609: another star with excesses of light neutron-capture elements. ApJ 666, 1189–1197 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/520034, 0705.3975
C.J. Horowitz, A. Arcones, B. Côté, I. Dillmann, W. Nazarewicz, I.U. Roederer, H. Schatz, A. Aprahamian, D. Atanasov, A. Bauswein, T.C. Beers, J. Bliss, M. Brodeur, J.A. Clark, A. Frebel, F. Foucart, C.J. Hansen, O. Just, A. Kankainen, G.C. McLaughlin, J.M. Kelly, S.N. Liddick, D.M. Lee, J. Lippuner, D. Martin, J. Mendoza-Temis, B.D. Metzger, M.R. Mumpower, G. Perdikakis, J. Pereira, B.W. O’Shea, R. Reifarth, A.M. Rogers, D.M. Siegel, A. Spyrou, R. Surman, X. Tang, T. Uesaka, M. Wang, r-process nucleosynthesis: connecting rare-isotope beam facilities with the cosmos. J. Phys. Nucl. Phys. 46(8), 083001 (2019).https://doi.org/10.1088/1361-6471/ab0849, 1805.04637
D. Horta, R.P. Schiavon, J.T. Mackereth, J. Pfeffer, A.C. Mason, S. Kisku, F. Fragkoudi, C. Allende Prieto, K. Cunha, S. Hasselquist, J. Holtzman, S.R. Majewski, D. Nataf, R.W. O’Connell, M. Schultheis, V.V. Smith, Evidence from APOGEE for the presence of a major building block of the halo buried in the inner galaxy. MNRAS 500(1), 1385–1403 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2987, 2007.10374
K. Hotokezaka, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, H. Okawa, Y.I. Sekiguchi, M. Shibata, K. Taniguchi, Mass ejection from the merger of binary neutron stars. Phys. Rev. D 87(2), 024001 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevD.87.024001, 1212.0905
D. Hurley-Keller, M. Mateo, J. Nemec, The star formation history of the carina dwarf galaxy. AJ 115(5), 1840–1855 (1998). https://doi.org/10.1086/300326, astro-ph/9804058
R.A. Ibata, K. Malhan, N.F. Martin, The streams of the gaping abyss: a population of entangled stellar streams surrounding the inner galaxy. ApJ 872(2), 152 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab0080, 1901.07566
Y. Ishimaru, S. Wanajo, N. Prantzos, Neutron star mergers as the origin of r-process elements in the galactic halo based on the sub-halo clustering scenario. ApJ 804, L35 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L35, 1504.04559
Ž. Ivezić, S.M. Kahn, J.A. Tyson, B. Abel, E. Acosta, R. Allsman, D. Alonso, Y. AlSayyad, S.F. Anderson, J. Andrew et al., LSST: from science drivers to reference design and anticipated data products. ApJ 873(2), 111 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab042c, 0805.2366
H.T. Janka, B. Müller, F.S. Kitaura, R. Buras, Dynamics of shock propagation and nucleosynthesis conditions in O-Ne-Mg core supernovae. A&A 485(1), 199–208 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20079334, 0712.4237
S.A. Jenkins, T.S. Li, A.B. Pace, A.P. Ji, S.E. Koposov, B. Mutlu-Pakdil, Very large telescope spectroscopy of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies. I. Boötes I, Leo IV, and Leo V. ApJ 920(2), 92 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1353, 2101.00013
A.P. Ji, A. Frebel, From actinides to zinc: using the full abundance pattern of the brightest star in reticulum II to distinguish between different r-process sites. ApJ 856(2), 138 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab14a, 1802.07272
A.P. Ji, A. Frebel, A. Chiti, J.D. Simon, R-process enrichment from a single event in an ancient dwarf galaxy. Nature 531(7596), 610–613 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature17425, 1512.01558
A.P. Ji, A. Frebel, J.D. Simon, A. Chiti, Complete element abundances of nine stars in the r-process galaxy reticulum II. ApJ 830(2), 93 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/830/2/93, 1607.07447
A.P. Ji, M.R. Drout, T.T. Hansen, The lanthanide fraction distribution in metal-poor stars: a test of neutron star mergers as the dominant r-process site. ApJ 882(1), 40 (2019a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3291, 1905.01814
A.P. Ji, J.D. Simon, A. Frebel, K.A. Venn, T.T. Hansen, Chemical abundances in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies Grus I and Triangulum II: neutron-capture elements as a defining feature of the faintest dwarfs. ApJ 870(2), 83 (2019b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aaf3bb, 1809.02182
A.P. Ji, T.S. Li, T.T. Hansen, A.R. Casey, S.E. Koposov, A.B. Pace, D. Mackey, G.F. Lewis, J.D. Simpson, J. Bland-Hawthorn, L.R. Cullinane, G.S. Da Costa, K. Hattori, S.L. Martell, K. Kuehn, D. Erkal, N. Shipp, Z. Wan, D.B. Zucker, The southern stellar stream spectroscopic survey (S5): chemical abundances of seven stellar streams. AJ 160(4), 181 (2020a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abacb6, 2008.07568
A.P. Ji, T.S. Li, J.D. Simon, J. Marshall, A.K. Vivas, A.B. Pace, K. Bechtol, A. Drlica-Wagner, S.E. Koposov, T.T. Hansen, S. Allam, R.A. Gruendl, M.D. Johnson, M. McNanna, N.E.D. Noël, D.L. Tucker, A.R. Walker, Detailed abundances in the ultra-faint magellanic satellites Carina II and III. ApJ 889(1), 27 (2020b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6213, 1912.04963
A.P. Ji, S.E. Koposov, T.S. Li, D. Erkal, A.B. Pace, J.D. Simon, V. Belokurov, L.R. Cullinane, G.S. Da Costa, K. Kuehn, G.F. Lewis, D. Mackey, Shipp N, J.D. Simpson, D.B. Zucker, T.T. Hansen, J. Bland-Hawthorn, S5 Collaboration, Kinematics of Antlia 2 and Crater 2 from the southern stellar stream spectroscopic survey (S5). ApJ 921(1), 32 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac1869, 2106.12656
A.P. Ji, J.D. Simon, I.U. Roederer, E. Magg, A. Frebel, C.I. Johnson, R.S. Klessen, M. Magg, G. Cescutti, M. Mateo, M. Bergemann, J.I. Bailey, Metal mixing in the r-process enhanced ultra-faint dwarf galaxy reticulum II (2022). To be submitted
K.V. Johnston, J.S. Bullock, S. Sharma, A. Font, B.E. Robertson, S.N. Leitner, Tracing galaxy formation with stellar halos. II. Relating substructure in phase and abundance space to accretion histories. ApJ 689(2), 936–957 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1086/592228, 0807.3911
O. Just, A. Bauswein, R.A. Pulpillo, S. Goriely, H.T. Janka, Comprehensive nucleosynthesis analysis for ejecta of compact binary mergers. MNRAS 448, 541–567 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv009, 1406.2687
N. Kallivayalil, R.P. van der Marel, G. Besla, J. Anderson, C. Alcock, Third-epoch magellanic cloud proper motions. I. Hubble space telescope/WFC3 data and orbit implications. ApJ 764(2), 161 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/764/2/161, 1301.0832
M.M. Kasliwal, E. Nakar, L.P. Singer, D.L. Kaplan, D.O. Cook, A. Van Sistine, R.M. Lau, C. Fremling, O. Gottlieb, J.E. Jencson, S.M. Adams, U. Feindt, K. Hotokezaka, S. Ghosh, D.A. Perley, P.C. Yu, T. Piran, J.R. Allison, G.C. Anupama, A. Balasubramanian, K.W. Bannister, J. Bally, J. Barnes, S. Barway, E. Bellm, V. Bhalerao, D. Bhattacharya, N. Blagorodnova, J.S. Bloom, P.R. Brady, C. Cannella, D. Chatterjee, S.B. Cenko, B.E. Cobb, C. Copperwheat, A. Corsi, K. De, D. Dobie, S.W.K. Emery, P.A. Evans, O.D. Fox, D.A. Frail, C. Frohmaier, A. Goobar, G. Hallinan, F. Harrison, G. Helou, T. Hinderer, A.Y.Q. Ho, A. Horesh, W.H. Ip, R. Itoh, D. Kasen, H. Kim, N.P.M. Kuin, T. Kupfer, C. Lynch, K. Madsen, P.A. Mazzali, A.A. Miller, K. Mooley, T. Murphy, C.C. Ngeow, D. Nichols, S. Nissanke, P. Nugent, E.O. Ofek, H. Qi, R.M. Quimby, S. Rosswog, F. Rusu, E.M. Sadler, P. Schmidt, J. Sollerman, I. Steele, A.R. Williamson, Y. Xu, L. Yan, Y. Yatsu, C. Zhang, W. Zhao, Illuminating gravitational waves: a concordant picture of photons from a neutron star merger. Science 358(6370), 1559–1565 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aap9455, 1710.05436
C.D. Kilpatrick, R.J. Foley, D. Kasen, A. Murguia-Berthier, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, D.A. Coulter, M.R. Drout, A.L. Piro, B.J. Shappee, K. Boutsia, C. Contreras, F. Di Mille, B.F. Madore, N. Morrell, Y.C. Pan, J.X. Prochaska, A. Rest, C. Rojas-Bravo, M.R. Siebert, J.D. Simon, N. Ulloa, Electromagnetic evidence that SSS17a is the result of a binary neutron star merger. Science 358, 1583–1587 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0073, 1710.05434
D. Kim, H. Jerjen, D. Mackey, G.S. Da Costa, A.P. Milone, A hero’s dark horse: discovery of an ultra-faint milky way satellite in pegasus. ApJ 804(2), L44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/804/2/L44, 1503.08268
D. Kim, H. Jerjen, M. Geha, A. Chiti, A.P. Milone, G. Da Costa, D. Mackey, A. Frebel, B. Conn, Portrait of a dark horse: a photometric and spectroscopic study of the ultra-faint milky way satellite pegasus III. ApJ 833(1), 16 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/833/1/16, 1608.04934
E.N. Kirby, J.G. Cohen, Detailed abundances of two very metal-poor stars in dwarf galaxies. AJ 144(6), 168 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/144/6/168, 1209.3778
E.N. Kirby, G.A. Lanfranchi, J.D. Simon, J.G. Cohen, P. Guhathakurta, Multi-element abundance measurements from medium-resolution spectra. III. Metallicity distributions of milky way dwarf satellite galaxies. ApJ 727, 78 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/727/2/78, 1011.4937
E.N. Kirby, J.G. Cohen, P. Guhathakurta, L. Cheng, J.S. Bullock, A. Gallazzi, The universal stellar mass-stellar metallicity relation for dwarf galaxies. ApJ 779(2), 102 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/779/2/102, 1310.0814
E.N. Kirby, J.D. Simon, J.G. Cohen, Spectroscopic confirmation of the dwarf galaxies hydra II and pisces II and the globular cluster laevens 1. ApJ 810(1), 56 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/810/1/56, 1506.01021
E.N. Kirby, J.G. Cohen, J.D. Simon, P. Guhathakurta, A.O. Thygesen, G.E. Duggan, Triangulum II. Not especially dense after all. ApJ 838(2), 83 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6570, 1703.02978
E.N. Kirby, J.L. Xie, R. Guo, M.A.C. de los Reyes, M. Bergemann, M. Kovalev, K.J. Shen, A.L. Piro, A. McWilliam, Evidence for sub-chandrasekhar type Ia supernovae from stellar abundances in dwarf galaxies. ApJ 881(1), 45 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab2c02, 1906.10126
E.N. Kirby, K.M. Gilbert, I. Escala, J. Wojno, P. Guhathakurta, S.R. Majewski, R.L. Beaton, Elemental abundances in M31: the kinematics and chemical evolution of dwarf spheroidal satellite galaxies. AJ 159(2), 46 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ab5f0f, 1912. 02186
A. Koch, A. McWilliam, E.K. Grebel, D.B. Zucker, V. Belokurov, The highly unusual chemical composition of the hercules dwarf spheroidal galaxy. ApJ 688, L13–L16 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1086/595001, 0810.0710
S.E. Koposov, A.R. Casey, V. Belokurov, J.R. Lewis, G. Gilmore, C. Worley, A. Hourihane, S. Randich, T. Bensby, A. Bragaglia, M. Bergemann, G. Carraro, M.T. Costado, E. Flaccomio, P. Francois, U. Heiter, V. Hill, P. Jofre, C. Lando, A.C. Lanzafame, P. de Laverny, L. Monaco, L. Morbidelli, L. Sbordone, Š. Mikolaitis, N. Ryde, Kinematics and chemistry of recently discovered reticulum 2 and horologium 1 dwarf galaxies. ApJ 811(1), 62 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/811/1/62, 1504.07916
S.E. Koposov, M.G. Walker, V. Belokurov, A.R. Casey, A. Geringer-Sameth, D. Mackey, G. Da Costa, D. Erkal, P. Jethwa, M. Mateo, E.W. Olszewski, J.I. Bailey, Snake in the clouds: a new nearby dwarf galaxy in the magellanic bridge*. MNRAS 479(4), 5343–5361 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1772, 1804.06430
J.M.D. Kruijssen, J.L. Pfeffer, M. Chevance, A. Bonaca, S. Trujillo-Gomez, N. Bastian, M. Reina-Campos, R.A. Crain, M.E. Hughes, Kraken reveals itself – the merger history of the milky way reconstructed with the E-MOSAICS simulations. MNRAS 498(2), 2472–2491 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa2452, 2003.01119
B.P.M. Laevens, N.F. Martin, E.J. Bernard, E.F. Schlafly, B. Sesar, H.W. Rix, E.F. Bell, A.M.N. Ferguson, C.T. Slater, W.E. Sweeney, R.F.G. Wyse, A.P. Huxor, W.S. Burgett, K.C. Chambers, P.W. Draper, K.A. Hodapp, N. Kaiser, E.A. Magnier, N. Metcalfe, J.L. Tonry, R.J. Wainscoat, C. Waters, Sagittarius II, Draco II and Laevens 3: three new milky way satellites discovered in the Pan-STARRS 1 3π survey. ApJ 813(1), 44 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/813/1/44, 1507.07564
J.M. Lattimer, D.N. Schramm, Black-hole-neutron-star collisions. ApJ 192, L145–L147 (1974). https://doi.org/10.1086/181612
J.M. Lattimer, D.N. Schramm, The tidal disruption of neutron stars by black holes in close binaries. ApJ 210, 549–567 (1976). https://doi.org/10.1086/154860
J.M. Lattimer, F. Mackie, D.G. Ravenhall, D.N. Schramm, The decompression of cold neutron star matter. ApJ 213, 225–233 (1977). https://doi.org/10.1086/155148
M.G. Lee, I.S. Yuk, H.S. Park, J. Harris, D. Zaritsky, Star formation history and chemical evolution of the Sextans dwarf spheroidal galaxy. ApJ 703(1), 692–701 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/703/1/692, 0907.5102
B. Lemasle, V. Hill, E. Tolstoy, K.A. Venn, M.D. Shetrone, M.J. Irwin, T.J.L. de Boer, E. Starkenburg, S. Salvadori, VLT/FLAMES spectroscopy of red giant branch stars in the Carina dwarf spheroidal galaxy. A&A 538, A100 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201118132, 1112.0431
B. Lemasle, T.J.L. de Boer, V. Hill, E. Tolstoy, M.J. Irwin, P. Jablonka, K. Venn, G. Battaglia, E. Starkenburg, M. Shetrone, B. Letarte, P. François, A. Helmi, F. Primas, A. Kaufer, T. Szeifert, VLT/FLAMES spectroscopy of red giant branch stars in the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy. A&A 572, A88 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423919, 1409.7703
B. Letarte, V. Hill, E. Tolstoy, P. Jablonka, M. Shetrone, K.A. Venn, M. Spite, M.J. Irwin, G. Battaglia, A. Helmi, F. Primas, P. François, A. Kaufer, T. Szeifert, N. Arimoto, K. Sadakane, A high-resolution VLT/FLAMES study of individual stars in the centre of the Fornax dwarf spheroidal galaxy. A&A 523, A17 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/200913413, 1007.1007
T.S. Li, J.D. Simon, A. Drlica-Wagner, K. Bechtol, M.Y. Wang, J. García-Bellido, J. Frieman, J.L. Marshall, D.J. James, L. Strigari, A.B. Pace, E. Balbinot, Y. Zhang, T.M.C. Abbott, S. Allam, A. Benoit-Lévy, G.M. Bernstein, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, C.E. Cunha, C.B. D’Andrea, L.N. da Costa, D.L. DePoy, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, T.F. Eifler, B. Flaugher, D.A. Goldstein, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, E. Krause, K. Kuehn, H. Lin, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, F. Menanteau, R. Miquel, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, R.C. Smith, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, G. Tarle, D. Thomas, D.L. Tucker, A.R. Walker, R.H. Wechsler, W. Wester, B. Yanny, DES Collaboration, Farthest neighbor: the distant milky way satellite eridanus II. ApJ 838(1), 8 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa6113, 1611.05052
T.S. Li, J.D. Simon, A.B. Pace, G. Torrealba, K. Kuehn, A. Drlica-Wagner, K. Bechtol, A.K. Vivas, R.P. van der Marel, M. Wood, B. Yanny, V. Belokurov, P. Jethwa, D.B. Zucker, G. Lewis, R. Kron, D.L. Nidever, M.A. Sánchez-Conde, A.P. Ji, B.C. Conn, D.J. James, N.F. Martin, D. Martinez-Delgado, N.E.D. Noël, MagLiteS Collaboration, Ships passing in the night: spectroscopic analysis of two ultra-faint satellites in the constellation carina. ApJ 857(2), 145 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab666, 1802.06810
T.S. Li, A.P. Ji, A.B. Pace, D. Erkal, S.E. Koposov, N. Shipp, G.S. Da Costa, L.R. Cullinane, K. Kuehn, G.F. Lewis, D. Mackey, J.D. Simpson, D.B. Zucker, P.S. Ferguson, S.L. Martell, J. Bland-Hawthorn, E. Balbinot, K. Tavangar, A. Drlica-Wagner, G.M. De Silva, J.D. Simon, S5 Collaboration, S 5: the orbital and chemical properties of one dozen stellar streams (2021). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2110.06950
G. Limberg, R.M. Santucci, S. Rossi, A.B.A. Queiroz, C. Chiappini, S.O. Souza, H.D. Perottoni, A. Pérez-Villegas, F.O. Barbosa, Abundance Patterns of α and neutron-capture elements in the helmi stream. ApJ 913(2), L28 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac0056, 2105.05958
J. Lippuner, L.F. Roberts, r-process lanthanide production and heating rates in kilonovae. ApJ 815, 82 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/815/2/82, 1508.03133
J. Lippuner, R. Fernández, L.F. Roberts, F. Foucart, D. Kasen, B.D. Metzger, C.D. Ott, Signatures of hypermassive neutron star lifetimes on r-process nucleosynthesis in the disc ejecta from neutron star mergers. MNRAS 472(1), 904–918 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1987, 1703.06216
K. Lodders, H. Palme, H.P. Gail, 4.4 Abundances of the Elements in the Solar System. Landolt Börnstein (2009), p. 712. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-88055-4_34
N. Longeard, N. Martin, E. Starkenburg, R.A. Ibata, M.L.M. Collins, M. Geha, B.P.M. Laevens, R.M. Rich, D.S. Aguado, A. Arentsen, R.G. Carlberg, P. Côté, V. Hill, P. Jablonka, J.I. González Hernández, J.F. Navarro, R. Sánchez-Janssen, E. Tolstoy, K.A. Venn, K. Youakim, Pristine dwarf galaxy survey – I. A detailed photometric and spectroscopic study of the very metal-poor Draco II satellite. MNRAS 480(2), 2609–2627 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty1986, 1807.10655
M. Lugaro, A.I. Karakas, R.J. Stancliffe, C. Rijs, The s-process in asymptotic giant branch stars of low metallicity and the composition of carbon-enhanced metal-poor stars. ApJ 747, 2 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/747/1/2, 1112.2757
P. Macias, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, A stringent limit on the mass production rate of r-process elements in the milky way. ApJ 860(2), 89 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac3e0, 1609.04826
P. Macias, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, Constraining collapsar r-process models through stellar abundances. ApJ 877(2), L24 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab2049, 1905.04315
S.R. Majewski, M.F. Skrutskie, M.D. Weinberg, J.C. Ostheimer, A two micron all sky survey view of the sagittarius dwarf galaxy. I. Morphology of the sagittarius core and tidal arms. ApJ 599(2), 1082–1115 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1086/379504, astro-ph/0304198
S.R. Majewski, W.E. Kunkel, D.R. Law, R.J. Patterson, A.A. Polak, H.J. Rocha-Pinto, J.D. Crane, P.M. Frinchaboy, C.B. Hummels, K.V. Johnston, J. Rhee, M.F. Skrutskie, M. Weinberg, A two micron all sky survey view of the sagittarius dwarf galaxy. II. Swope telescope spectroscopy of M giant stars in the dynamically cold sagittarius tidal stream. AJ 128(1), 245–259 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/421372, astro-ph/0403701
V. Manwadkar, A. Kravtsov, Forward-modelling the luminosity, distance, and size distributions of the milky way satellites (2021). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2112.04511
D. Maoz, F. Mannucci, Type-Ia supernova rates and the progenitor problem: a review. PASA 29, 447–465 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1071/AS11052, 1111.4492
D. Maoz, O. Graur, Star formation, supernovae, iron, and α: consistent cosmic and galactic histories. ApJ 848(1), 25 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa8b6e, 1703.04540
M.K. Mardini, A. Frebel, A. Chiti, Y. Meiron, K.V. Brauer, X. Ou, The atari disk, a metal-poor stellar population in the disk system of the milky way (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2206.08459
J.L. Marshall, T. Hansen, J.D. Simon, T.S. Li, R.A. Bernstein, K. Kuehn, A.B. Pace, D.L. DePoy, A. Palmese, A. Pieres, L. Strigari, A. Drlica-Wagner, K. Bechtol, C. Lidman, D.Q. Nagasawa, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, C.E. Cunha, C.B. D’Andrea, L.N. da Costa, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, P. Doel, T.F. Eifler, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, W.G. Hartley, D.L. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, B. Hoyle, D.J. James, N. Kuropatkin, M.A.G. Maia, F. Menanteau, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, A.A. Plazas, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, S. Serrano, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, M. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, W. Wester, DES Collaboration, Chemical abundance analysis of Tucana III, the second r-process enhanced ultra-faint dwarf galaxy. ApJ 882(2), 177 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab3653, 1812.01022
N. Matsunaga, D. Taniguchi, M. Jian, Y. Ikeda, K. Fukue, S. Kondo, S. Hamano, H. Kawakita, N. Kobayashi, S. Otsubo, H. Sameshima, K. Takenaka, T. Tsujimoto, A. Watase, C. Yasui, T. Yoshikawa, Identification of absorption lines of heavy metals in the wavelength range 0.97–1.32 μm. ApJS 246(1), 10 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/ab5c25, 1911.11277
T. Matsuno, W. Aoki, T. Suda, Origin of the excess of high-energy retrograde stars in the galactic halo. ApJ 874(2), L35 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ab0ec0, 1903.09456
T. Matsuno, Y. Hirai, Y. Tarumi, K. Hotokezaka, M. Tanaka, A. Helmi, R-process enhancements of Gaia-Enceladus in GALAH DR3. A&A 650, A110 (2021a). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202040227, 2101.07791
T. Matsuno, H.H. Koppelman, A. Helmi, W. Aoki, M.N. Ishigaki, T. Suda, Z. Yuan, K. Hattori, High-precision chemical abundances of Galactic building blocks. The distinct chemical abundance sequence of Sequoia (2021b). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2111.15423
F. Matteucci, E. Brocato, Metallicity distribution and abundance ratios in the stars of the galactic bulge. ApJ 365, 539 (1990). https://doi.org/10.1086/169508
S. Mau, W. Cerny, A.B. Pace, Y. Choi, A. Drlica-Wagner, L. Santana-Silva, A.H. Riley, D. Erkal, G.S. Stringfellow, M. Adamów, J.L. Carlin, R.A. Gruendl, D. Hernandez-Lang, N. Kuropatkin, T.S. Li, C.E. Martínez-Vázquez, E. Morganson, B. Mutlu-Pakdil, E.H. Neilsen, D.L. Nidever, K.A.G. Olsen, D.J. Sand, E.J. Tollerud, D.L. Tucker, B. Yanny, A. Zenteno, S. Allam, W.A. Barkhouse, K. Bechtol, E.F. Bell, P. Balaji, D. Crnojević, J. Esteves, P.S. Ferguson, C. Gallart, A.K. Hughes, D.J. James, P. Jethwa, L.C. Johnson, K. Kuehn, S. Majewski, Y.Y. Mao, P. Massana, M. McNanna, A. Monachesi, E.O. Nadler, N.E.D. Noël, A. Palmese, F. Paz-Chinchon, A. Pieres, J. Sanchez, N. Shipp, J.D. Simon, M. Soares-Santos, K. Tavangar, R.P. van der Marel, A.K. Vivas, A.R. Walker, R.H. Wechsler, Two ultra-faint milky way stellar systems discovered in early data from the DECam local volume exploration survey. ApJ 890(2), 136 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6c67, 1912.03301
A.W. McConnachie, The observed properties of dwarf galaxies in and around the local group. AJ 144(1), 4 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/144/1/4, 1204.1562
C. McCully, D. Hiramatsu, D.A. Howell, G. Hosseinzadeh, I. Arcavi, D. Kasen, J. Barnes, M.M. Shara, T.B. Williams, P. Väisänen, S.B. Potter, E. Romero-Colmenero, S.M. Crawford, D.A.H. Buckley, J. Cooke, I. Andreoni, T.A. Pritchard, J. Mao, M. Gromadzki, J. Burke, The rapid reddening and featureless optical spectra of the optical counterpart of GW170817, AT 2017gfo, during the first four days. ApJ 848(2), L32 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9111, 1710.05853
A. McWilliam, Barium abundances in extremely metal-poor stars. AJ 115, 1640–1647 (1998)
A. McWilliam, G. Wallerstein, M. Mottini, Chemistry of the sagittarius dwarf galaxy: a top-light initial mass function, outflows, and the r-process. ApJ 778(2), 149 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/778/2/149, 1309.2974
A. McWilliam, A.L. Piro, C. Badenes, E. Bravo, Evidence for a sub-chandrasekhar-mass Type Ia supernova in the Ursa Minor dwarf galaxy. ApJ 857(2), 97 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aab772, 1710.05030
J.D.J. Mendoza-Temis, M.R. Wu, K. Langanke, G. Martínez-Pinedo, A. Bauswein, H.T. Janka, Nuclear robustness of the r process in neutron-star mergers. Phys. Rev. C 92(5), 055805 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevC.92.055805, 1409.6135
J.M. Miller, T.M. Sprouse, C.L. Fryer, B.R. Ryan, J.C. Dolence, M.R. Mumpower, R. Surman, Full transport general relativistic radiation magnetohydrodynamics for nucleosynthesis in collapsars. ApJ 902(1), 66 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abb4e3, 1912.03378
M. Molero, D. Romano, M. Reichert, F. Matteucci, A. Arcones, G. Cescutti, P. Simonetti, C.J. Hansen, G.A. Lanfranchi, Evolution of neutron capture elements in dwarf galaxies. MNRAS 505(2), 2913–2931 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stab1429, 2105.06916
F. Montes, T.C. Beers, J. Cowan, T. Elliot, K. Farouqi, R. Gallino, M. Heil, K.L. Kratz, B. Pfeiffer, M. Pignatari, H. Schatz, Nucleosynthesis in the early galaxy. ApJ 671, 1685–1695 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/523084, 0709.0417
P. Mösta, L.F. Roberts, G. Halevi, C.D. Ott, J. Lippuner, R. Haas, E. Schnetter, r-process nucleosynthesis from three-dimensional magnetorotational core-collapse supernovae. ApJ 864(2), 171 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aad6ec, 1712.09370
R.R. Muñoz, P. Côté, F.A. Santana, M. Geha, J.D. Simon, G.A. Oyarzún, P.B. Stetson, S.G. Djorgovski, A megacam survey of outer halo satellites. III. Photometric and structural parameters. ApJ 860(1), 66 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aac16b, 1806.06891
A. Mucciarelli, M. Bellazzini, R. Ibata, D. Romano, S.C. Chapman, L. Monaco, Chemical abundances in the nucleus of the sagittarius dwarf spheroidal galaxy. A&A 605, A46 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201730707, 1705.03251
M.R. Mumpower, R. Surman, G.C. McLaughlin, A. Aprahamian, The impact of individual nuclear properties on r-process nucleosynthesis. Prog. Part. Nucl. Phys. 86, 86–126 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ppnp.2015.09.001, 1508.07352
B. Mutlu-Pakdil, D.J. Sand, J.L. Carlin, K. Spekkens, N. Caldwell, D. Crnojević, A.K. Hughes, B. Willman, D. Zaritsky, A deeper look at the new milky way satellites: Sagittarius II, Reticulum II, Phoenix II, and Tucana III. ApJ 863(1), 25 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aacd0e, 1804.08627
G.C. Myeong, E. Vasiliev, G. Iorio, N.W. Evans, V. Belokurov, Evidence for two early accretion events that built the milky way stellar halo. MNRAS 488(1), 1235–1247 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1770, 1904.03185
R.P. Naidu, C. Conroy, A. Bonaca, B.D. Johnson, Y.S. Ting, N. Caldwell, D. Zaritsky, P.A. Cargile, Evidence from the H3 survey that the stellar halo Is entirely comprised of substructure. ApJ 901(1), 48 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abaef4, 2006.08625
R.P. Naidu, A.P. Ji, C. Conroy, A. Bonaca, Y.S. Ting, D. Zaritsky, L.A.C. van Son, F.S. Broekgaarden, S. Tacchella, V. Chandra, N. Caldwell, P. Cargile, J.S. Speagle, Evidence from disrupted halo dwarfs that r-process enrichment via neutron star mergers is delayed by ≳500 Myr. ApJ 926(2), L36 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac5589, 2110.14652
J.P. Naiman, A. Pillepich, V. Springel, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, P. Torrey, M. Vogelsberger, R. Pakmor, D. Nelson, F. Marinacci, L. Hernquist, R. Weinberger, S. Genel, First results from the IllustrisTNG simulations: a tale of two elements – chemical evolution of magnesium and europium. MNRAS 477(1), 1206–1224 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty618, 1707.03401
C.J. Neijssel, A. Vigna-Gómez, S. Stevenson, J.W. Barrett, S.M. Gaebel, F.S. Broekgaarden, S.E. de Mink, D. Szécsi, S. Vinciguerra, I. Mandel, The effect of the metallicity-specific star formation history on double compact object mergers. MNRAS 490(3), 3740–3759 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2840, 1906.08136
M. Nicholl, E. Berger, D. Kasen, B.D. Metzger, J. Elias, C. Briceño, K.D. Alexander, P.K. Blanchard, R. Chornock, P.S. Cowperthwaite, T. Eftekhari, W. Fong, R. Margutti, V.A. Villar, P.K.G. Williams, W. Brown, J. Annis, A. Bahramian, D. Brout, D.A. Brown, H.Y. Chen, J.C. Clemens, E. Dennihy, B. Dunlap, D.E. Holz, E. Marchesini, F. Massaro, N. Moskowitz, I. Pelisoli, A. Rest, F. Ricci, M. Sako, M. Soares-Santos, J. Strader, The electromagnetic counterpart of the binary neutron star merger LIGO/Virgo GW170817. III. Optical and UV spectra of a blue kilonova from fast polar ejecta. ApJ 848(2), L18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9029, 1710.05456
D.L. Nidever, S. Hasselquist, C.R. Hayes, K. Hawkins, J. Povick, S.R. Majewski, V.V. Smith, B. Anguiano, G.S. Stringfellow, J.S. Sobeck, K. Cunha, T.C. Beers, J.M. Bestenlehner, R.E. Cohen, D.A. Garcia-Hernandez, H. Jönsson, C. Nitschelm, M. Shetrone, I. Lacerna, C. Allende Prieto, R.L. Beaton, F. Dell’Agli, J.G. Fernández-Trincado, D. Feuillet, C. Gallart, F.R. Hearty, J. Holtzman, A. Manchado, R.R. Muñoz, R. O’Connell, M. Rosado, The lazy giants: APOGEE abundances reveal low star formation efficiencies in the magellanic clouds. ApJ 895(2), 88 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab7305, 1901.03448
H. Ning, Y.Z. Qian, B.S. Meyer, r-process nucleosynthesis in shocked surface layers of O-Ne-Mg cores. ApJ 667(2), L159–L162 (2007). https://doi.org/10.1086/522372, 0708.1748
N. Nishimura, T. Takiwaki, F.K. Thielemann, The r-process nucleosynthesis in the various jet-like explosions of magnetorotational core-collapse supernovae. ApJ 810(2), 109 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/810/2/109, 1501.06567
N. Nishimura, H. Sawai, T. Takiwaki, S. Yamada, F.K. Thielemann, The intermediate r-process in core-collapse supernovae driven by the magneto-rotational instability. ApJ 836(2), L21 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa5dee, 1611.02280
J.E. Norris, D. Yong, K.A. Venn, G. Gilmore, L. Casagrande, A. Dotter, The populations of carina. II. Chemical enrichment. ApJS 230(2), 28 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4365/aa755e, 1705.09023
T. Ojima, Y. Ishimaru, S. Wanajo, N. Prantzos, P. François, Stochastic chemical evolution of galactic subhalos and the origin of r-process elements. ApJ 865(2), 87 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aada11, 1808.03390
S. Okamoto, N. Arimoto, Y. Yamada, M. Onodera, A suprime-cam study of the stellar population of the Ursa Major I dwarf spheroidal galaxy. A&A 487(1), 103–108 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20078232, 0804.2976
K. Otsuki, S. Honda, W. Aoki, T. Kajino, G.J. Mathews, Neutron-capture elements in the metal-poor globular cluster M15. ApJ 641, L117–L120 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/504106, astro-ph/0603328
E. Pian, P. D’Avanzo, S. Benetti, M. Branchesi, E. Brocato, S. Campana, E. Cappellaro, S. Covino, V. D’Elia, J.P.U. Fynbo, F. Getman, G. Ghirlanda, G. Ghisellini, A. Grado, G. Greco, J. Hjorth, C. Kouveliotou, A. Levan, L. Limatola, D. Malesani, P.A. Mazzali, A. Melandri, P. Møller, L. Nicastro, E. Palazzi, S. Piranomonte, A. Rossi, O.S. Salafia, J. Selsing, G. Stratta, M. Tanaka, N.R. Tanvir, L. Tomasella, D. Watson, S. Yang, L. Amati, L.A. Antonelli, S. Ascenzi, M.G. Bernardini, M. Boër, F. Bufano, A. Bulgarelli, M. Capaccioli, P. Casella, A.J. Castro-Tirado, E. Chassande-Mottin, R. Ciolfi, C.M. Copperwheat, M. Dadina, G. De Cesare, A. di Paola, Y.Z. Fan, B. Gendre, G. Giuffrida, A. Giunta, L.K. Hunt, G.L. Israel, Z.P. Jin, M.M. Kasliwal, S. Klose, M. Lisi, F. Longo, E. Maiorano, M. Mapelli, N. Masetti, L. Nava, B. Patricelli, D. Perley, A. Pescalli, T. Piran, A. Possenti, L. Pulone, M. Razzano, R. Salvaterra, P. Schipani, M. Spera, A. Stamerra, L. Stella, G. Tagliaferri, V. Testa, E. Troja, M. Turatto, S.D. Vergani, D. Vergani, Spectroscopic identification of r-process nucleosynthesis in a double neutron-star merger. Nature 551(7678), 67–70 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24298, 1710.05858
V.M. Placco, E.M. Holmbeck, A. Frebel, T.C. Beers, R.A. Surman, A.P. Ji, R. Ezzeddine, S.D. Points, C.C. Kaleida, T.T. Hansen, C.M. Sakari, A.R. Casey, RAVE J203843.2-002333: the first highly r-process-enhanced star identified in the RAVE survey. ApJ 844, 18 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa78ef, 1706.02934
V.M. Placco, R.M. Santucci, Z. Yuan, M.K. Mardini, E.M. Holmbeck, X. Wang, R. Surman, T.T. Hansen, I.U. Roederer, T.C. Beers, A. Choplin, A.P. Ji, R. Ezzeddine, A. Frebel, C.M. Sakari, D.D. Whitten, J. Zepeda, The r-process alliance: the peculiar chemical abundance pattern of RAVE J183013.5-455510. ApJ 897(1), 78 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab99c6, 2006.04538
L. Pompéia, V. Hill, M. Spite, A. Cole, F. Primas, M. Romaniello, L. Pasquini, M.R. Cioni, T. Smecker Hane, Chemical abundances in LMC stellar populations. I. The inner disk sample. A&A 480(2), 379–395 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20064854, astro-ph/0604009
N. Prantzos, C. Abia, S. Cristallo, M. Limongi, A. Chieffi, Chemical evolution with rotating massive star yields II. A new assessment of the solar s- and r-process components. MNRAS 491(2), 1832–1850 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz3154, 1911.02545
J. Pruet, T.A. Thompson, R.D. Hoffman, Nucleosynthesis in outflows from the inner regions of collapsars. ApJ 606(2), 1006–1018 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/382036, astro-ph/0309278
Y.Z. Qian, Supernovae versus neutron star mergers as the major r-process sources. ApJ 534, L67–L70 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/312659, astro-ph/0003242
Y.Z. Qian, S.E. Woosley, Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds. I. The physical conditions. ApJ 471, 331 (1996). https://doi.org/10.1086/177973, astro-ph/9611094
D. Radice, F. Galeazzi, J. Lippuner, L.F. Roberts, C.D. Ott, L. Rezzolla, Dynamical mass ejection from binary neutron star mergers. MNRAS (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw1227, 1601.02426
H. Reggiani, K.C. Schlaufman, A.R. Casey, J.D. Simon, A.P. Ji, The most metal-poor stars in the magellanic clouds are r-process enhanced. AJ 162(6), 229 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/ac1f9a, 2108.10880
M. Reichert, C.J. Hansen, M. Hanke, Á. Skúladóttir, A. Arcones, E.K. Grebel, Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies. III. A homogenized analysis of 13 dwarf spheroidal and ultra-faint galaxies. A&A 641, A127 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936930, 2004.01195
M. Reichert, C.J. Hansen, A. Arcones, Extreme r-process enhanced stars at high metallicity in fornax. ApJ 912(2), 157 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abefd8, 2102.08399
M.K. Rodriguez Wimberly, M.C. Cooper, S.P. Fillingham, M. Boylan-Kolchin, J.S. Bullock, S. Garrison-Kimmel, The suppression of star formation on the smallest scales: what role does environment play? MNRAS 483(3), 4031–4039 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty3357, 1806.07891
I.U. Roederer, Are there any stars lacking neutron-capture elements? Evidence from strontium and barium. AJ 145, 26 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/145/1/26, 1211.3427
I.U. Roederer, C. Sneden, I.B. Thompson, G.W. Preston, S.A. Shectman, Characterizing the chemistry of the milky way stellar halo: detailed chemical analysis of a metal-poor stellar stream. ApJ 711, 573–596 (2010). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/711/2/573, 1001.1745
I.U. Roederer, J.E. Lawler, J.S. Sobeck, T.C. Beers, J.J. Cowan, A. Frebel, I.I. Ivans, H. Schatz, C. Sneden, I.B. Thompson, New hubble space telescope observations of heavy elements in four metal-poor stars. ApJS 203(2), 27 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/203/2/27, 1210.6387
I.U. Roederer, H.R. Jacobson, T. Thanathibodee, A. Frebel, E. Toller, Detection of neutral phosphorus in the near-ultraviolet spectra of late-type stars. ApJ 797(1), 69 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/797/1/69, 1410.8539
I.U. Roederer, M. Mateo, I.J.I. Bailey, Y. Song, E.F. Bell, J.D. Crane, S. Loebman, D.L. Nidever, E.W. Olszewski, S.A. Shectman, I.B. Thompson, M. Valluri, M.G. Walker, Detailed chemical abundances in the r-process-rich ultra-faint dwarf galaxy reticulum 2. AJ 151(3), 82 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-6256/151/3/82, 1601.04070
I.U. Roederer, K. Hattori, M. Valluri, Kinematics of highly r-process-enhanced field stars: evidence for an accretion origin and detection of several groups from disrupted satellites. AJ 156(4), 179 (2018a). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/aadd9c, 1808.09467
I.U. Roederer, C.M. Sakari, V.M. Placco, T.C. Beers, R. Ezzeddine, A. Frebel, T.T. Hansen, The r-process alliance: a comprehensive abundance analysis of HD 222925, a metal-poor star with an extreme r-process enhancement of [Eu/H] = −0.14. ApJ 865(2), 129 (2018b). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aadd92, 1808.09469
I.U. Roederer, J.E. Lawler, E.A. Den Hartog, V.M. Placco, R. Surman, T.C. Beers, R. Ezzeddine, A. Frebel, T.T. Hansen, K. Hattori, E.M. Holmbeck, C.M. Sakari, The r-process alliance: a nearly complete r-process abundance template derived from ultraviolet spectroscopy of the r-process-enhanced metal-poor star HD 222925 (2022). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2205.03426
S. Rosswog, O. Korobkin, A. Arcones, F.K. Thielemann, T. Piran, The long-term evolution of neutron star merger remnants – I. The impact of r-process nucleosynthesis. MNRAS 439, 744–756 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stt2502, 1307.2939
E. Sacchi, H. Richstein, N. Kallivayalil, R. van der Marel, M. Libralato, P. Zivick, G. Besla, T.M. Brown, Y. Choi, A. Deason, T. Fritz, M. Geha, P. Guhathakurta, M. Jeon, E. Kirby, S.R. Majewski, E. Patel, J.D. Simon, Tony Sohn S, E. Tollerud, A. Wetzel, Star formation histories of ultra-faint dwarf galaxies: environmental differences between magellanic and non-magellanic satellites? ApJ 920(1), L19 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/ac2aa3, 2108.04271
M. Safarzadeh, E. Scannapieco, Simulating neutron star mergers as r-process sources in ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. MNRAS 471(2), 2088–2096 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stx1706, 1707.01909
M. Safarzadeh, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, J.J. Andrews, P. Macias, T. Fragos, E. Scannapieco, r-process enrichment of the ultra-faint dwarf galaxies by fast-merging double-neutron stars. ApJ 872(1), 105 (2019). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aafe0e, 1810.04176
C.M. Sakari, V.M. Placco, T. Hansen, E.M. Holmbeck, T.C. Beers, A. Frebel, I.U. Roederer, K.A. Venn, G. Wallerstein, C.E. Davis, E.M. Farrell, D. Yong, The r-process pattern of a bright, highly r-process-enhanced metal-poor halo star at [Fe/H]∼−2. ApJ 854, L20 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aaa9b4, 1801.07727
H. Schatz, R. Toenjes, B. Pfeiffer, T.C. Beers, J.J. Cowan, V. Hill, K.L. Kratz, Thorium and uranium chronometers applied to CS 31082-001. ApJ 579, 626–638 (2002). https://doi.org/10.1086/342939, astro-ph/0104335
R.A. Schönrich, D.H. Weinberg, The chemical evolution of r-process elements from neutron star mergers: the role of a 2-phase interstellar medium. MNRAS 487(1), 580–594 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz1126, 1901.09938
D. Shank, T.C. Beers, V.M. Placco, G. Limberg, E. Jaques, Z. Yuan, K.C. Schlaufman, A.R. Casey, Y. Huang, Y.S. Lee, K. Hattori, R.M. Santucci, Dynamically tagged groups of metal-poor stars from the best and brightest survey. ApJ 926(1), 26 (2022). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ac409a, 2109.08600
B.J. Shappee, J.D. Simon, M.R. Drout, A.L. Piro, N. Morrell, J.L. Prieto, D. Kasen, T.W.S. Holoien, J.A. Kollmeier, D.D. Kelson, D.A. Coulter, R.J. Foley, C.D. Kilpatrick, M.R. Siebert, B.F. Madore, A. Murguia-Berthier, Y.C. Pan, J.X. Prochaska, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, A. Rest, C. Adams, K. Alatalo, E. Bañados, J. Baughman, R.A. Bernstein, T. Bitsakis, K. Boutsia, J.R. Bravo, F. Di Mille, C.R. Higgs, A.P. Ji, G. Maravelias, J.L. Marshall, V.M. Placco, G. Prieto, Z. Wan, Early spectra of the gravitational wave source GW170817: evolution of a neutron star merger. Science 358, 1574–1578 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaq0186, 1710.05432
S. Shen, R.J. Cooke, E. Ramirez-Ruiz, P. Madau, L. Mayer, J. Guedes, The history of r-process enrichment in the milky way. ApJ 807(2), 115 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/807/2/115, 1407.3796
M. Shetrone, K.A. Venn, E. Tolstoy, F. Primas, V. Hill, A. Kaufer, VLT/UVES abundances in four nearby dwarf spheroidal galaxies. I. Nucleosynthesis and abundance ratios. AJ 125, 684–706 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1086/345966, astro-ph/0211167
M.D. Shetrone, P. Côté, W.L.W. Sargent, Abundance patterns in the draco, sextans, and Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxies. ApJ 548, 592–608 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1086/319022, astro-ph/0009505
S. Shibagaki, T. Kajino, G.J. Mathews, S. Chiba, S. Nishimura, G. Lorusso, Relative contributions of the weak, main, and fission-recycling r-process. ApJ 816, 79 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/816/2/79, 1505.02257
N. Shipp, A. Drlica-Wagner, E. Balbinot, P. Ferguson, D. Erkal, T.S. Li, K. Bechtol, V. Belokurov, B. Buncher, D. Carollo, M. Carrasco Kind, K. Kuehn, J.L. Marshall, A.B. Pace, E.S. Rykoff, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, E. Sheldon, L. Strigari, A.K. Vivas, B. Yanny, A. Zenteno, T.M.C. Abbott, F.B. Abdalla, S. Allam, S. Avila, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, D.L. Burke, J. Carretero, F.J. Castander, R. Cawthon, M. Crocce, C.E. Cunha, C.B. D’Andrea, L.N. da Costa, C. Davis, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, P. Doel, A.E. Evrard, B. Flaugher, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, W. Hartley, K. Honscheid, B. Hoyle, D.J. James, M.D. Johnson, E. Krause, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, H. Lin, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, P. Martini, F. Menanteau, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, R.C. Nichol, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, M. Sako, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, V. Scarpine, R. Schindler, M. Schubnell, M. Smith, R.C. Smith, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, D. Thomas, D.L. Tucker, A.R. Walker, R.H. Wechsler, DES Collaboration, Stellar streams discovered in the dark energy survey. ApJ 862(2), 114 (2018). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aacdab, 1801.03097
D.M. Siegel, J. Barnes, B.D. Metzger, Collapsars as a major source of r-process elements. Nature 569(7755), 241–244 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1136-0, 1810.00098
D.M. Siegel, A. Agarwal, J. Barnes, B.D. Metzger, M. Renzo, V.A. Villar, Super-Kilonovae from massive collapsars as signatures of black-hole birth in the pair-instability mass gap (2021). arXiv e-prints arXiv:2111.03094
J. Simmerer, C. Sneden, J.J. Cowan, J. Collier, V.M. Woolf, J.E. Lawler, The rise of the s-process in the galaxy. ApJ 617, 1091–1114 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/424504, astro-ph/0410396
J.D. Simon, The faintest dwarf galaxies. ARA&A 57, 375–415 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-091918-104453, 1901.05465
J.D. Simon, A. Drlica-Wagner, T.S. Li, B. Nord, M. Geha, K. Bechtol, E. Balbinot, E. Buckley-Geer, H. Lin, J. Marshall, B. Santiago, L. Strigari, M. Wang, R.H. Wechsler, B. Yanny, T. Abbott, A.H. Bauer, G.M. Bernstein, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, D.L. Burke, D. Capozzi, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, C.B. D’Andrea, L.N. da Costa, D.L. DePoy, S. Desai, H.T. Diehl, S. Dodelson, C.E. Cunha, J. Estrada, A.E. Evrard, A. Fausti Neto, E. Fernandez, D.A. Finley, B. Flaugher, J. Frieman, E. Gaztanaga, D. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, K. Honscheid, D. James, S. Kent, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, O. Lahav, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, P. Martini, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, R. Ogando, A.K. Romer, A. Roodman, E.S. Rykoff, M. Sako, E. Sanchez, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla, R.C. Smith, M. Soares-Santos, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, J. Thaler, D. Tucker, V. Vikram, A.R. Walker, W. Wester, DES Collaboration, Stellar kinematics and metallicities in the ultra-faint dwarf galaxy reticulum II. ApJ 808(1), 95 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/808/1/95, 1504.02889
J.D. Simon, T.S. Li, A. Drlica-Wagner, K. Bechtol, J.L. Marshall, D.J. James, M.Y. Wang, L. Strigari, E. Balbinot, K. Kuehn, A.R. Walker, T.M.C. Abbott, S. Allam, J. Annis, A. Benoit-Lévy, D. Brooks, E. Buckley-Geer, D.L. Burke, A. Carnero Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, C.E. Cunha, C.B. D’Andrea, L.N. da Costa, D.L. DePoy, S. Desai, P. Doel, E. Fernandez, B. Flaugher, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.A. Goldstein, D. Gruen, G. Gutierrez, N. Kuropatkin, M.A.G. Maia, P. Martini, F. Menanteau, C.J. Miller, R. Miquel, E. Neilsen, B. Nord, R. Ogando, A.A. Plazas, A.K. Romer, E.S. Rykoff, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, I. Sevilla-Noarbe, R.C. Smith, F. Sobreira, E. Suchyta, M.E.C. Swanson, G. Tarle, L. Whiteway, B. Yanny, DES Collaboration, Nearest neighbor: the low-mass milky way satellite tucana III. ApJ 838(1), 11 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/aa5be7, 1610.05301
J.D. Simon, T.S. Li, D. Erkal, A.B. Pace, A. Drlica-Wagner, D.J. James, J.L. Marshall, K. Bechtol, T. Hansen, K. Kuehn, C. Lidman, S. Allam, J. Annis, S. Avila, E. Bertin, D. Brooks, D.L. Burke, A.C. Rosell, M. Carrasco Kind, J. Carretero, L.N. da Costa, J. De Vicente, S. Desai, P. Doel, T.F. Eifler, S. Everett, P. Fosalba, J. Frieman, J. García-Bellido, E. Gaztanaga, D.W. Gerdes, D. Gruen, R.A. Gruendl, J. Gschwend, G. Gutierrez, D.L. Hollowood, K. Honscheid, E. Krause, N. Kuropatkin, N. MacCrann, M.A.G. Maia, M. March, R. Miquel, A. Palmese, F. Paz-Chinchón, A.A. Plazas, K. Reil, A. Roodman, E. Sanchez, B. Santiago, V. Scarpine, M. Schubnell, S. Serrano, M. Smith, E. Suchyta, G. Tarle, A.R. Walker, DES Collaboration, Birds of a feather? Magellan/IMACS spectroscopy of the ultra-faint satellites Grus II, Tucana IV, and Tucana V. ApJ 892(2), 137 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab7ccb, 1911.08493
J.D. Simon, T.M. Brown, A. Drlica-Wagner, T.S. Li, R.J. Avila, K. Bechtol, G. Clementini, D. Crnojević, A. Garofalo, M. Geha, D.J. Sand, J. Strader, B. Willman, Eridanus II: a fossil from reionization with an off-center star cluster. ApJ 908(1), 18 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/abd31b, 2012.00043
C. Siqueira Mello, V. Hill, B. Barbuy, M. Spite, F. Spite, T.C. Beers, E. Caffau, P. Bonifacio, R. Cayrel, P. François, H. Schatz, S. Wanajo, High-resolution abundance analysis of very metal-poor r-I stars. A&A 565, A93 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201423826, 1404.0234
Á. Skúladóttir, C.J. Hansen, S. Salvadori, A. Choplin, Neutron-capture elements in dwarf galaxies. I. Chemical clocks and the short timescale of the r-process. A&A 631, A171 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201936125, 1908.10729
S.J. Smartt, T.W. Chen, A. Jerkstrand, M. Coughlin, E. Kankare, S.A. Sim, M. Fraser, C. Inserra, K. Maguire, K.C. Chambers, M.E. Huber, T. Krühler, G. Leloudas, M. Magee, L.J. Shingles, K.W. Smith, D.R. Young, J. Tonry, R. Kotak, A. Gal-Yam, J.D. Lyman, D.S. Homan, C. Agliozzo, J.P. Anderson, C.R. Angus, C. Ashall, C. Barbarino, F.E. Bauer, M. Berton, M.T. Botticella, M. Bulla, J. Bulger, G. Cannizzaro, Z. Cano, R. Cartier, A. Cikota, P. Clark, A. De Cia, M. Della Valle, L. Denneau, M. Dennefeld, L. Dessart, G. Dimitriadis, N. Elias-Rosa, R.E. Firth, H. Flewelling, A. Flörs, A. Franckowiak, C. Frohmaier, L. Galbany, S. González-Gaitán, J. Greiner, M. Gromadzki, A.N. Guelbenzu, C.P. Gutiérrez, A. Hamanowicz, L. Hanlon, J. Harmanen, K.E. Heintz, A. Heinze, M.S. Hernandez, S.T. Hodgkin, I.M. Hook, L. Izzo, P.A. James, P.G. Jonker, W.E. Kerzendorf, S. Klose, Z. Kostrzewa-Rutkowska, M. Kowalski, M. Kromer, H. Kuncarayakti, A. Lawrence, T.B. Lowe, E.A. Magnier, I. Manulis, A. Martin-Carrillo, S. Mattila, O. McBrien, A. Müller, J. Nordin, D. O’Neill, F. Onori, J.T. Palmerio, A. Pastorello, F. Patat, G. Pignata, P. Podsiadlowski, M.L. Pumo, S.J. Prentice, A. Rau, A. Razza, A. Rest, T. Reynolds, R. Roy, A.J. Ruiter, K.A. Rybicki, L. Salmon, P. Schady, A.S.B. Schultz, T. Schweyer, I.R. Seitenzahl, M. Smith, J. Sollerman, B. Stalder, C.W. Stubbs, M. Sullivan, H. Szegedi, F. Taddia, S. Taubenberger, G. Terreran, B. van Soelen, J. Vos, R.J. Wainscoat, N.A. Walton, C. Waters, H. Weiland, M. Willman, P. Wiseman, D.E. Wright, Ł. Wyrzykowski, O. Yaron, A kilonova as the electromagnetic counterpart to a gravitational-wave source. Nature 551(7678), 75–79 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24303, 1710.05841
V.V. Smith, D. Bizyaev, K. Cunha, M.D. Shetrone, D. Souto, C. Allende Prieto, T. Masseron, S. Mészáros, H. Jönsson, S. Hasselquist, Y. Osorio, D.A. García-Hernández, B. Plez, R.L. Beaton, J. Holtzman, S.R. Majewski, G.S. Stringfellow, J. Sobeck, The APOGEE data release 16 spectral line list. AJ 161(6), 254 (2021). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-3881/abefdc, 2103.10112
C. Sneden, G.W. Preston, A. McWilliam, L. Searle, Ultra–metal-poor halo stars: the remarkable spectrum of CS 22892-052. ApJ 431, L27 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1086/187464
C. Sneden, J.J. Cowan, I.I. Ivans, G.M. Fuller, S. Burles, T.C. Beers, J.E. Lawler, Evidence of multiple r-process sites in the early galaxy: new observations of CS 22892-052. ApJ 533, L139–L142 (2000). https://doi.org/10.1086/312631
C. Sneden, J.J. Cowan, J.E. Lawler, I.I. Ivans, S. Burles, T.C. Beers, F. Primas, V. Hill, J.W. Truran, G.M. Fuller, B. Pfeiffer, K.L. Kratz, The extremely metal-poor, neutron capture-rich star CS 22892-052: a comprehensive abundance analysis. ApJ 591, 936–953 (2003). https://doi.org/10.1086/375491, astro-ph/0303542
C. Sneden, J.J. Cowan, R. Gallino, Neutron-capture elements in the early galaxy. ARA&A 46, 241–288 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.astro.46.060407.145207
T. Sukhbold, T. Ertl, S.E. Woosley, J.M. Brown, H.T. Janka, Core-collapse supernovae from 9 to 120 solar masses based on neutrino-powered explosions. ApJ 821(1), 38 (2016). https://doi.org/10.3847/0004-637X/821/1/38, 1510.04643
R. Surman, G.C. McLaughlin, M. Ruffert, H.T. Janka, W.R. Hix, r-process nucleosynthesis in hot accretion disk flows from black hole-neutron star mergers. ApJ 679(2), L117 (2008). https://doi.org/10.1086/589507, 0803.1785
R. Surman, G.C. McLaughlin, N. Sabbatino, Nucleosynthesis of Nickel-56 from gamma-ray burst accretion disks. ApJ 743(2), 155 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/743/2/155, 1112.2673
R. Surman, M. Mumpower, G. McLaughlin, Systematic and statistical uncertainties in simulated r-process abundances due to uncertain nuclear masses, in 14th International Symposium on Nuclei in the Cosmos (NIC2016), ed. by S. Kubono, T. Kajino, S. Nishimura, T. Isobe, S. Nagataki, T. Shima, Y. Takeda (2017), p. 010612. https://doi.org/10.7566/JPSCP.14.010612
K. Takahashi, J. Witti, H.T. Janka, Nucleosynthesis in neutrino-driven winds from protoneutron stars II. The r-process. A&A 286, 857–869 (1994)
M. Tanaka, Y. Utsumi, P.A. Mazzali, N. Tominaga, M. Yoshida, Y. Sekiguchi, T. Morokuma, K. Motohara, K. Ohta, K.S. Kawabata, F. Abe, K. Aoki, Y. Asakura, S. Baar, S. Barway, I.A. Bond, M. Doi, T. Fujiyoshi, H. Furusawa, S. Honda, Y. Itoh, M. Kawabata, N. Kawai, J.H. Kim, C.H. Lee, S. Miyazaki, K. Morihana, H. Nagashima, T. Nagayama, T. Nakaoka, F. Nakata, R. Ohsawa, T. Ohshima, H. Okita, T. Saito, T. Sumi, A. Tajitsu, J. Takahashi, M. Takayama, Y. Tamura, I. Tanaka, T. Terai, P.J. Tristram, N. Yasuda, T. Zenko, Kilonova from post-merger ejecta as an optical and near-Infrared counterpart of GW170817. PASJ 69(6), 102 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psx121, 1710.05850
N.R. Tanvir, A.J. Levan, C. González-Fernández, O. Korobkin, I. Mandel, S. Rosswog, J. Hjorth, P. D’Avanzo, A.S. Fruchter, C.L. Fryer, T. Kangas, B. Milvang-Jensen, S. Rosetti, D. Steeghs, R.T. Wollaeger, Z. Cano, C.M. Copperwheat, S. Covino, V. D’Elia, A. de Ugarte Postigo, P.A. Evans, W.P. Even, S. Fairhurst, R. Figuera Jaimes, C.J. Fontes, Y.I. Fujii, J.P.U. Fynbo, B.P. Gompertz, J. Greiner, G. Hodosan, M.J. Irwin, P. Jakobsson, U.G. Jørgensen, D.A. Kann, J.D. Lyman, D. Malesani, R.G. McMahon, A. Melandri, P.T. O’Brien, J.P. Osborne, E. Palazzi, D.A. Perley, E. Pian, S. Piranomonte, M. Rabus, E. Rol, A. Rowlinson, S. Schulze, P. Sutton, C.C. Thöne, K. Ulaczyk, D. Watson, K. Wiersema, R.A.M.J. Wijers, The emergence of a lanthanide-rich kilonova following the merger of two neutron stars. ApJ 848(2), L27 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa90b6, 1710.05455
Y. Tarumi, N. Yoshida, S. Inoue, R-process enrichment in ultrafaint dwarf galaxies. MNRAS 494(1), 120–128 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa720, 2002.06913
The MSE Science Team, C. Babusiaux, M. Bergemann, A. Burgasser, S.Ellison, D. Haggard, D. Huber, M. Kaplinghat, T. Li, J. Marshall et al., The Detailed Science Case for the Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer, 2019 edition (2019). arXiv e-prints arXiv:1904.04907
R. Theler, P. Jablonka, R. Lucchesi, C. Lardo, P. North, M. Irwin, G. Battaglia, V. Hill, E. Tolstoy, K. Venn, A. Helmi, A. Kaufer, F. Primas, M. Shetrone, The chemical evolution of the dwarf spheroidal galaxy Sextans. A&A 642, A176 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201937146, 1911.08627
B.M. Tinsley, Evolution of the stars and gas in galaxies. Fund. Cosmic Phys. 5, 287–388 (1980)
E. Tolstoy, V. Hill, M. Tosi, Star-formation histories, abundances, and kinematics of dwarf galaxies in the local group. ARA&A 47(1), 371–425 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-astro-082708-101650, 0904.4505
G. Torrealba, S.E. Koposov, V. Belokurov, M. Irwin, The feeble giant. Discovery of a large and diffuse Milky Way dwarf galaxy in the constellation of Crater. MNRAS 459(3), 2370–2378 (2016a). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw733, 1601.07178
G. Torrealba, S.E. Koposov, V. Belokurov, M. Irwin, M. Collins, M. Spencer, R. Ibata, M. Mateo, A. Bonaca, P. Jethwa, At the survey limits: discovery of the Aquarius 2 dwarf galaxy in the VST ATLAS and the SDSS data. MNRAS 463(1), 712–722 (2016b). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2051, 1605.05338
G. Torrealba, V. Belokurov, S.E. Koposov, K. Bechtol, A. Drlica-Wagner, K.A.G. Olsen, A.K. Vivas, B. Yanny, P. Jethwa, A.R. Walker, T.S. Li, S. Allam, B.C. Conn, C. Gallart, R.A. Gruendl, D.J. James, M.D. Johnson, K. Kuehn, N. Kuropatkin, N.F. Martin, D. Martinez-Delgado, D.L. Nidever, N.E.D. Noël, J.D. Simon, G.S. Stringfellow, D.L. Tucker, Discovery of two neighbouring satellites in the Carina constellation with MagLiteS. MNRAS 475(4), 5085–5097 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/sty170, 1801.07279
C. Travaglio, R. Gallino, E. Arnone, J. Cowan, F. Jordan, C. Sneden, Galactic evolution of Sr, Y, And Zr: a multiplicity of nucleosynthetic processes. ApJ 601, 864–884 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/380507, astro-ph/0310189
E. Troja, L. Piro, H. van Eerten, R.T. Wollaeger, M. Im, O.D. Fox, N.R. Butler, S.B. Cenko, T. Sakamoto, C.L. Fryer, R. Ricci, A. Lien, R.E. Ryan, O. Korobkin, S.K. Lee, J.M. Burgess, W.H. Lee, A.M. Watson, C. Choi, S. Covino, P. D’Avanzo, C.J. Fontes, J.B. González, H.G. Khandrika, J. Kim, S.L. Kim, C.U. Lee, H.M. Lee, A. Kutyrev, G. Lim, R. Sánchez-Ramírez, S. Veilleux, M.H. Wieringa, Y. Yoon, The X-ray counterpart to the gravitational-wave event GW170817. Nature 551(7678), 71–74 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1038/nature24290, 1710.05433
T. Tsujimoto, T. Shigeyama, The origins of light and heavy r-process elements identified by chemical tagging of metal-poor stars. ApJ 795, L18 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/795/1/L18, 1410.1891
T. Tsujimoto, M.N. Ishigaki, T. Shigeyama, W. Aoki, Chemical feature of Eu abundance in the Draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. PASJ 67(3), L3 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1093/pasj/psv035, 1504.03357
T. Tsujimoto, T. Matsuno, W. Aoki, M.N. Ishigaki, T. Shigeyama, Enrichment in r-process Elements from multiple distinct events in the early draco dwarf spheroidal galaxy. ApJ 850(1), L12 (2017). https://doi.org/10.3847/2041-8213/aa9886, 1711.02121
U. Ural, G. Cescutti, A. Koch, J. Kleyna, S. Feltzing, M.I. Wilkinson, An inefficient dwarf: chemical abundances and the evolution of the Ursa Minor dwarf spheroidal galaxy. MNRAS 449(1), 761–770 (2015) https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stv294, 1502.04133
F. van de Voort, R. Pakmor, R.J.J. Grand, V. Springel, F.A. Gómez, F. Marinacci, Neutron star mergers and rare core-collapse supernovae as sources of r-process enrichment in simulated galaxies. MNRAS 494(4), 4867–4883 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/staa754, 1907.01557
F. van de Voort, R. Pakmor, R. Bieri, R.J.J. Grand, The impact of natal kicks on galactic r-process enrichment by neutron star mergers. MNRAS 512(4), 5258–5268 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stac710, 2110.11963
M. Van der Swaelmen, V. Hill, F. Primas, A.A. Cole, Chemical abundances in LMC stellar populations. II. The bar sample. A&A 560, A44 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/201321109, 1306.4224
K.A. Venn, M. Irwin, M.D. Shetrone, C.A. Tout, V. Hill, E. Tolstoy, Stellar chemical signatures and hierarchical galaxy formation. AJ 128, 1177–1195 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/422734, astro-ph/0406120
K.A. Venn, M.D. Shetrone, M.J. Irwin, V. Hill, P. Jablonka, E. Tolstoy, B. Lemasle, M. Divell, E. Starkenburg, B. Letarte, C. Baldner, G. Battaglia, A. Helmi, A. Kaufer, F. Primas, Nucleosynthesis and the inhomogeneous chemical evolution of the carina dwarf galaxy. ApJ 751(2), 102 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/751/2/102, 1204.0787
A.R. Walker, C.E. Martínez-Vázquez, M. Monelli, A.K. Vivas, G. Bono, C. Gallart, S. Cassisi, G. Andreuzzi, E.J. Bernard, M. Dall’Ora, G. Fiorentino, D.L. Nidever, K. Olsen, A. Pietrinferni, P.B. Stetson, A DECam view of the diffuse dwarf galaxy Crater II: the colour-magnitude diagram. MNRAS 490(3), 4121–4132 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stz2826, 1910.02143
S. Wanajo, Y. Ishimaru, r-process calculations and galactic chemical evolution. Nucl. Phys. A 777, 676 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nuclphysa.2005.10.012, arXiv:astro-ph/0511518
S. Wanajo, K. Nomoto, N. Iwamoto, Y. Ishimaru, T.C. Beers, Enrichment of very metal poor stars with both r-process and s-process elements from 8–10 M_solar Stars. ApJ 636, 842–847 (2006). https://doi.org/10.1086/498293
S. Wanajo, H.T. Janka, B. Müller, Electron-capture supernovae as the origin of elements beyond iron. ApJ 726(2), L15 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/726/2/L15, 1009.1000
S. Wanajo, Y. Sekiguchi, N. Nishimura, K. Kiuchi, K. Kyutoku, M. Shibata, Production of all the r-process nuclides in the dynamical ejecta of neutron star mergers. ApJ 789, L39 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/789/2/L39, 1402.7317
D. Watson, C.J. Hansen, J. Selsing, A. Koch, D.B. Malesani, A.C. Andersen, J.P.U. Fynbo, A. Arcones, A. Bauswein, S. Covino, A. Grado, K.E. Heintz, L. Hunt, C. Kouveliotou, G. Leloudas, A.J. Levan, P. Mazzali, E. Pian, Identification of strontium in the merger of two neutron stars. Nature 574(7779), 497–500 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1676-3, 1910.10510
D. Webster, R. Sutherland, J. Bland-Hawthorn, Ultrafaint dwarfs—star formation and chemical evolution in the smallest galaxies. ApJ 796, 11 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/796/1/11, 1409.4768
D.R. Weisz, A.E. Dolphin, E.D. Skillman, J. Holtzman, K.M. Gilbert, J.J. Dalcanton, B.F. Williams, The star formation histories of local group dwarf galaxies. I. Hubble space telescope/wide field planetary camera 2 observations. ApJ 789(2), 147 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-637X/789/2/147, 1404.7144
B. Willems, V. Kalogera, Constraints on the formation of PSR J0737-3039: the most probable isotropic kick magnitude. ApJ 603(2), L101–L104 (2004). https://doi.org/10.1086/383200, astro-ph/0312426
B. Willman, J. Strader, Galaxy, defined. AJ 144(3), 76 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/144/3/76, 1203.2608
B. Willman, M. Geha, J. Strader, L.E. Strigari, J.D. Simon, E. Kirby, N. Ho, A. Warres, Willman 1—a probable dwarf galaxy with an irregular kinematic distribution. AJ 142(4), 128 (2011). https://doi.org/10.1088/0004-6256/142/4/128, 1007.3499
C. Winteler, R. Käppeli, A. Perego, A. Arcones, N. Vasset, N. Nishimura, M. Liebendörfer, F.K. Thielemann, Magnetorotationally driven supernovae as the origin of early galaxy r-process elements? ApJ 750(1), L22 (2012). https://doi.org/10.1088/2041-8205/750/1/L22, 1203.0616
S.E. Woosley, R.D. Hoffman, The alpha-process and the r-process. ApJ 395, 202–239 (1992). https://doi.org/10.1086/171644
S.E. Woosley, J.R. Wilson, G.J. Mathews, R.D. Hoffman, B.S. Meyer, The r-process and neutrino-heated supernova ejecta. ApJ 433, 229–246 (1994). https://doi.org/10.1086/174638
M.R. Wu, R. Fernández, G. Martínez-Pinedo, B.D. Metzger, Production of the entire range of r-process nuclides by black hole accretion disc outflows from neutron star mergers. MNRAS 463(3), 2323–2334 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1093/mnras/stw2156, 1607.05290
Z. Yuan, G.C. Myeong, T.C. Beers, N.W. Evans, Y.S. Lee, P. Banerjee, D. Gudin, K. Hattori, H. Li, T. Matsuno, V.M. Placco, M.C. Smith, D.D. Whitten, G. Zhao, Dynamical relics of the ancient galactic halo. ApJ 891(1), 39 (2020). https://doi.org/10.3847/1538-4357/ab6ef7, 1910.07538
Acknowledgements
We thank our colleagues in the field of nuclear astrophysics for many years of fruitful and enjoyable discussions about r-process topics, both observationally and theoretically, and seeing the field grow from individual stellar abundance patterns to large samples, including observations of stars in dwarf galaxies. Specifically, we warmly thank our collaborators Tim Beers, Rana Ezzeddine, Terese Hansen, Erika Holmbeck, Evan Kirby, Ting Li, GailMcLaughlin, Andy McWilliam, Rohan Naidu, Brian O’Shea, Vinicius Placco, Ian Roederer, Charli Sakari, Joshua Simon, and Rebecca Surman for sharing our excitement about nuclear astrophysics. We are grateful to the Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics (JINA) for facilitating many of these interactions over the last 20 years. We acknowledge support awarded by the US National Science Foundation (NSF): AST 1716251 and PHY 14–30152; Physics Frontier Center/JINA Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Section Editor information
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2023 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Frebel, A., Ji, A.P. (2023). Observations of R-Process Stars in the Milky Way and Dwarf Galaxies. In: Tanihata, I., Toki, H., Kajino, T. (eds) Handbook of Nuclear Physics . Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_92-1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8818-1_92-1
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-8818-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-8818-1
eBook Packages: Springer Reference Physics and AstronomyReference Module Physical and Materials ScienceReference Module Chemistry, Materials and Physics