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Functional Connectome Analysis of the Striatum with Optogenetics

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Optogenetics

Part of the book series: Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology ((AEMB,volume 1293))

Abstract

Neural circuit function is determined not only by anatomical connections but also by the strength and nature of the connections, that is functional or physiological connectivity. To elucidate functional connectivity, selective stimulation of presynaptic terminals of an identified neuronal population is crucial. However, in the central nervous system, intermingled input fibers make selective electrical stimulation impossible. With optogenetics, this becomes possible, and enables the comprehensive study of functional synaptic connections between an identified population of neurons and defined postsynaptic targets to determine the functional connectome. By stimulating convergent synaptic inputs impinging on individual postsynaptic neurons, low frequency and small amplitude synaptic connections can be detected. Further, the optogenetic approach enables the measurement of cotransmission and its relative strength. Recently, optogenetic methods have been more widely used to study synaptic connectivity and revealed novel synaptic connections and revised connectivity of known projections. In this chapter, I focus on functional synaptic connectivity in the striatum, the main input structure of the basal ganglia, involved in the motivated behavior, cognition, and motor control, and its disruption in a range of neuropsychiatric disorders.

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Abbreviations

ACh:

Acetylcholine

BLA:

Basolateral amygdala

ChAT:

Choline acetyltransferase

ChI:

Cholinergic interneuron

ChR2:

Channelrhodopsin 2

CR:

Calretinin-expressing interneurons

Ctx:

Cortex

DA:

Dopamine

dSPN:

Direct-pathway spiny projection neuron

dStr:

Dorsal striatum

FAI:

Fast-adapting interneurons

FSI:

Fast-spiking interneuron

GP:

Globus pallidus

Hipp:

Hippocampus

iSPN:

Indirect-pathway spiny projection neuron

LTSI:

Low-threshold spike interneuron

M1:

Primary motor area of the cortex

M2:

Secondary motor area of the cortex

NAc:

Nucleus accumbens

NGF:

Neurogliaform interneuron

PFC:

Prefrontal cortex

PPN:

Pedunculopontine nucleus

PV:

Parvalbumin

SABI:

Spontaneously active bursting interneurons

SN:

Substantia nigra

SNc:

Substantia nigra pars compacta

SNr:

Substantia nigra pars reticulata

SOM:

Somatostatin

Str:

Striatum

TH:

Tyrosine hydroxylase

Thal:

Thalamus

THIN:

Tyrosine hydroxylase-positive interneuron

VGLUT:

Vesicular glutamate transporter

vHipp:

Ventral hippocampus

VP:

Ventral pallidum

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

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Acknowledgments

The author thanks Mihran Bakalian and Stephen Rayport for helpful comments and discussion. Writing of this chapter was supported by NIH grant MH117128 and DA038966.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA

    Nao Chuhma

  2. Department of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA

    Nao Chuhma

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Correspondence to Nao Chuhma .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. The Institute for Solid State Physics, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa, Japan

    Hiromu Yawo

  2. OptoBioTechnology Research Center, Nagoya Institute of Technology, Nagoya, Japan

    Hideki Kandori

  3. National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Tokyo, Japan

    Amane Koizumi

  4. Institute for Frontier Life and Medical Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

    Ryoichiro Kageyama

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Chuhma, N. (2021). Functional Connectome Analysis of the Striatum with Optogenetics. In: Yawo, H., Kandori, H., Koizumi, A., Kageyama, R. (eds) Optogenetics. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1293. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8763-4_27

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