Abstract
Nitrogen is an essential element for all life forms. However, excessive use and discharge of nitrogenous compounds into the environment cause water pollution. Nitrogen contributes to water pollution both in organic and inorganic forms. Organic nitrogenous wastes come into water from various sources such as agro-industry, dairy industry, food processing industry, farming, aquaculture, etc., whereas inorganic nitrogen species such as ammonium, nitrates, and nitrites are released into water from fertilizer industry, surface runoffs, municipal discharges, etc. Accumulation of high nitrogen wastes in the environment leads to eutrophication. Several nitrogen removal processes have been used for treatment of nitrogen-rich wastewater. Chemical treatments using oxidizing agents such as hydrogen peroxide, ozone, and metal oxides which are known as advanced oxidation process (AOP) have been commonly used for treatment of wastewater. In comparison to chemical treatment methods, which demands high amount of chemicals and energy, biological treatment process (BTP) is an economical and environmentally friendly approach. Also, BTP achieves satisfactory nitrogen removal efficiency. The BTP involves nitrification, denitrification, and anammox systems. Nitrification system under toxic conditions takes place in two steps – firstly it converts NH4+ into NO2−, and then in the second step, NO2− gets converted into NO3−, whereas denitrification system converts nitrate into nitrogen gas under anoxic conditions. There have been use of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification systems which convert ammonia into nitrogen under controlled oxygen environments. Anammox system directly converts ammonium into nitrogen gas under anoxic conditions, but maintaining oxygen-deprived condition is a cumbersome task; hence nitrification grabs the attention. The main role players of nitrification are ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB). The AOB are chemolithoautotrophic bacteria that play a key role in the first step of nitrification, where NH4+ gets oxidized into NO2− and helps in ammonia removal from wastewater. In this chapter, we have discussed the removal of various environmental pollutants by AOB and also deliberated about the bio-valorization potential of AOB.
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Acknowledgment
The authors are thankful to the University Grants Commission (UGC), New Delhi, and Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad for research fellowship to P.C. and K.Y respectively. The authors thank DST-FIST for the support to the Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology (Indian School of Mines) Dhanbad.
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Chawley, P., Yadav, K., Jagadevan, S. (2021). Nitrogenous Wastes and Its Efficient Treatment in Wastewater. In: Singh, A., Agrawal, M., Agrawal, S.B. (eds) Water Pollution and Management Practices. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8358-2_7
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