Corpus Linguistics as Contextual Prosodic Theory (CPT) and Subtext: A New and Final Linguistic Theory

Abstract

By casting corpus linguistics (CL) as a ‘methodology’ Stephan Th. Gries has managed to delay but not to stifle the debate concerning the right of inductive CL to be considered a new linguistic theory. In the aftermath of his pronouncement, Gries has not concentrated upon the fitness of the method of CL so much as what he terms ‘…Towards more and more fruitful exchanges’ (Mukherjee and Huber in Corpus linguistics and variation in English: Theory and description. Rodopi, Amsterdam, 2012: 41).

Much of this chapter was delivered in Modena, Italy to 14 Ph.D. students on Monday 25 November 2017.

Appendices

Appendix 1

Concordance for natural + justice

MicroConcord search SW: natural justice

80 characters per entry

Sort: 2L/SW unshifted.

• 1 g Japan. England 2 Japan 1 IF NATURAL justice had prevailed at a wet Wembley o

• 2 June 1995</Date><Headline>No natural justice in cross-examination refusal</he

• 3 e her powers in accordance with natural justice: see R v Birmingham City Justice

• 4 tices to act in accordance with natural justice and that had not happened in the

• 5 al with them in accordance with natural justice and the public interest. Thursda

• 6 f Glasgow had not acted against natural justice in refusing Conor O’Reilly a pla

• 7 ce, it would seem an affront to natural justice for the Serious Fraud Office to

• 8 t Mr Errington had been “denied natural justice” because the JP, Elizabeth Wilso

• 9 laimed Hitchins had been denied natural justice by the “general inadequacy of th

• 10 sues, of their man being denied natural justice. His case has received massive s

• 11 held for life. I believe that natural justice demands the Corporation’s reason

• 12 eems to me beyond the bounds of natural justice. I wonder how many of those with

• 13 lved an allegation of breach of natural justice, the secretary of state was not

• 14 station is claiming a breach of natural justice. ScotFM claims Northsound could

• 15 e university acted in breach of natural justice in denying him a place at medica

• 16 onably and are not in breach of natural justice. Yet all too often it seems th

• 17 to other soldiers, in breach of natural justice and their individual rights. T

• 18 ner of that dog was a breach of natural justice. The Queen’s Bench Divisional

• 19 that there had been a breach of natural justice because Mrs Fanneran had not bee

• 20 here there had been a breach of natural justice. His Lordship did not accept t

• 21 here there had been a breach of natural justice. There were any number of theo

• 22 ly occurred, but as cases where natural justice had been denied because the natu

• 23 introduction of the concept of natural justice into a category of situations,

• 24 decision appears to conform to natural justice. The letter sent to Dr Coker by

• 25 procedures and, consistent with natural justice, no further announcement will be

• 26 spondents had acted contrary to natural justice by failing to advise him that a

• 27 it will be strongly contrary to natural justice for him to be given an opportuni

• 28 been irregular and contrary to natural justice. Section 60 (4) provided: “The s

• 29 giving evidence is contrary to natural justice. “The sums involved could be e

• 30 it. Yet it would be a denial of natural justice, to say nothing of the obvious,

• 31 he refusal had been a denial of natural justice. The decision concerned a large

• 32 asons was a “blatant” denial of natural justice. He gave the Egyptian-born broth

• 33 ngs, on the ground of denial of natural justice. In particular it was averred th

• 34 ic evidence, it was a denial of natural justice for the magistrate to refuse to

• 35 his occasion to the dictates of natural justice. What makes the RFU’s decision

• 36 rce cannot be at the expense of natural justice. In deciding on terms of a div

• 37 trative decisions, fairness and natural justice required that the Court of Alder

• 38 l reflection, that fairness and natural justice required that that decision shou

• 39 e that warm feeling from seeing natural justice done. Here is my suggestion fo

• 40 exonerate Scott from respecting natural justice and a sense of proportion. Par

• 41 “However, it is fundamental to natural justice, which governs all Jockey Club d

• 42 lf a sleazy one it goes against natural justice. These are serious accusations o

• 43 95</Date><Headline>Breach of natural justice finding sets Dempsey free</headl

• 44 rules and the interpretation of natural justice”. Mr Marriott, 48, was relieved

• 45 w. If that is what it is doing, natural justice surely demands that ministers ex

• 46 it. It is not proven. It is not natural justice.” Fyfe argues that the alterna

• 47 e just wants to air the lack of natural justice.” </Group></Story></Art

• 48 er legal footing in not denying natural justice. And unlike the present system i

• 49 ldegrave and an offence against natural justice. Instead Sir Richard amazed Down

• 50 he face of another principle of natural justice: nobody with a direct financial

• 51 tors Act 1974 nor principles of natural justice required that to be done and a n

• 52 d contrary to the principles of natural justice for the secretary of state to ne

• 53 e notion that when the rules of natural justice had not been observed one could

• 54 rwise in breach of the rules of natural justice. Solicitors: Cornell & Co, Leo

• 55 citor claimed that the rules of natural justice required that not only was he to

• 56 umed) would expect the rules of natural justice and a fair hearing to be availab

• 57 (iii) in breach of the rules of natural justice, the inspector had regard to mat

• 58 d been a breach of the rules of natural justice: see Fairmont Ltd v Secretary of

• 59 e implications and the rules of natural justice, we must give him the chance to

• 60 ld seem to require it. So would natural justice. Capital FM has invested £18 mil

• 61 e relatively straightforward as natural justice would indicate that anyone holdi

• 62 persecution must surely breach natural justice, the branch of law that upholds

• 63 he expectation in any system of natural justice that there should be a right of

• 64 to be conducted by the charity Natural Justice, follows a pilot project in Cumb

• 65 it also would appear to distort natural justice. A small tour operator which org

• 66 dify their structures to ensure natural justice. Sadly all this will divert scar

• 67 cott inquiry are a “travesty of natural justice”, as the heading says, how can w

• 68 nquiry has become a travesty of natural justice John Major should set up an in

• 69 plunged into a civil war about natural justice. THE Labour leader is partly a

• 70 ealt with firmly, it was hardly natural justice to reward the victim with a free

• 71 ween Mr Dewar and Mr Vaz “was a natural justice exercise” to enable both sides t

• 72 Any such interference with the natural justice that this case so urgently deman

(Data from TIMES95.TXT).

Appendix 2

Concordance for being + what + it + is

MicroConcord search SW: being what it is

80 characters per entry

Sort: 1L/SW unshifted.

• 1 the image of female aggression being what it is. Those howls of feminist

• 2 r a new partner, what with AIDS being what it is and the chief buyer at

• 3 of irony. The Oxford Apollo being what it is a theatre the sense of

• 4 so sure but with arachnophobia being what it is, somehow I doubt we’ll

• 5 Mm. <M02> and the school budget being what it is erm does not at the

• 6 but <tc text=pause>bureaucracy being what it is # <M01> Yeah. <M02> I

• 7 because, the pop-music business being what it is, and me being as old as

• 8 stralian schoolyard camaraderie being what it is, those taking part were

• 9 s stove - although the catering being what it is, it’s not a bad idea to

• 10 always so. Female conditioning being what it is, I grew up assuming that

• 11 c of such dreamy confrontations being what it is, or rather isn’t - that’

• 12 a mother. <p>And birth control being what it is, that means many of the

• 13 e the official rate. Corruption being what it is, the foreigner has no

• 14 ning. <p>Limited-overs cricket being what it is, one cannot yet be sure

• 15 ils to wash but celebrity crime being what it is, he will probably take

• 16 The Bank’s closely-knit culture being what it is, that claim will be

• 17 WITH the cost of pellet cutters being what it is, a great saving may be

• 18 up is easy and, army discipline being what it is, they are unlikely to

• 19 g stakes. Sexual egalitarianism being what it is, this state of affairs

• 20 y and in the USA. But, Euro-law being what it is, such live recording

• 21 end of the conflict, expediency being what it is, they were putting them

• 22 hing started to take hold, film being what it is. It happened around

• 23 t for some time.” His following being what it is, there were probably

• 24 e you from attacking a play for being what it is, in fact, supposed to

• 25 will never forgive the PO for being what it is - a world class public

• 26 down the lane. <p>Fox-pressure being what it is, we were dismayed when

• 27 ut vacuous) popsies. Friendship being what it is, Sir David had casually

• 28 sloth and two because, Glasgow being what it is, the place is pulsing

• 29 he Test surface. But Headingley being what it is, despite relaid pitches

• 30 bottled water. <p>Hollywood being what it is, a few celebrity

• 31 u wait on my son # <p>Humanity being what it is, the little tyke will

• 32 ewer than Cantonese). Hong Kong being what it is, dozens of schools

• 33 and let’s face it, Sod’s Law being what it is, there will be nobody

• 34 olid on the road. <p>Sod’s Law being what it is, it rained, or bucketed

• 35 ential”; but the art of leaking being what it is in Washington, it might

• 36 o you to do. Live in life. Life being what it is, you’ll encounter

• 37 <F01> Right # <M01> and life being what it is nobody’s going to fork

• 38 nts to hear again </h><p>Life being what it is, we aren’t perfect, said

• 39 inspired move and, Tapie’s luck being what it is, Alen Boksic came good

• 40 aid: With the automative market being what it is at the moment we are

• 41 or not. And with the mass media being what it is today, no one can say,

• 42 esirable or not. And the media, being what it is, will try to draw a

• 43 us. I felt that, human nature being what it is, they would be an

• 44 eeple. `Regrettably, owl nature being what it is, some do conform to the

• 45 ecause otherwise, `human nature being what it is”, we would have total

• 46 towards it. Human nature being what it is, this more profound and

• 47 to live. However, human nature being what it is, we do not always live

• 48 but 50 and above. Human nature being what it is, if we don’t get

• 49 spokesman said: `Human nature being what it is, they want to keep

• 50 ou, my perverse Scottish nature being what it is, the chances of my

• 51 he said. <p> And human nature being what it is, maybe he will be caught

• 52 tion, respect and, human nature being what it is, probably a touch of

• 53 tion, respect and, human nature being what it is, probably a touch of

• 54 ards or otherwise, human nature being what it is, the whole structure

• 55 majority of MPs - human nature being what it is - say they find the

• 56 uy such arguments. Human nature being what it is, people don’t always

• 57 it is, counselor, human nature being what it is, Dom started expanding

• 58 V, but, of course, human nature being what it is, the diaries tend to get

• 59 side? <p> However, human nature being what it is, you are obliged to open

• 60 e too easy on her. Human nature being what it is, I fell for her feminine

• 61 2>And er you know human nature being what it is if <text=pause> you

• 62 ight. <ZGY><M02> Human nature being what it is. <M01> Yes. Yeah. Erm

• 63 true but I suppose human nature being what it is I hope that er <ZF1> I

• 64 an keeping it. <p> Human nature being what it is, there must also be

• 65 st few years that, human nature being what it is, a backlash was

• 66 eir own # However, human nature being what it is, and male and female

• 67 eir criticism. <p> Human nature being what it is, we should expect that

• 68 human # and political # nature being what it is, this is an unlikely to

• 69 o genuine loggers, human nature being what it is, there is always someone

• 70 act is small. <p> Human nature being what it is, drivers will continue

• 71 dbury, Greenbury human nature being what it is, most of us prefer to

• 72 ailing to do that, human nature being what it is, staffing rural day

• 73 76 on forward. And human nature being what it is, people will tend to

• 74 artners in Europe. Human nature being what it is, I’m glad I’m not a

• 75 cancer and burns. Human nature being what it is, will these warnings

• 76 week. And with the week’s news being what it is, it seems especially

• 77 tly that. But human originality being what it is (ie, non-existent for

• 78 ical boldness, the Labour Party being what it is; but ditching a view

• 79 erating to women but patriarchy being what it is, cultural practices grew

• 80 photographs of erect penises being what it is, Pauline has to vet each

• 81 l development of the guinea pig being what it is, one of the males was

• 82 op with the state. <p> Politics being what it is, the Queensland ALP and

• 83 nt here. <p> Education politics being what it is, no one can be wholly an

• 84 te and expect a reply, the post being what it is nowadays, so I sent a

• 85 y appointing him as such. Pride being what it is, they inevitably will

• 86 animals.” <p>The Turner Prize being what it is, Hirst’s winning exhibit

• 87 that human nature is a problem. Being what it is, you’re always going to

• 88 er inland, beach-front property being what it is. The dialect of Southern

• 89 obiography although, publishing being what it is, it’s only a matter of

• 90 be (pronounced, the Brazilian r being what it is, `hobby # Any short

• 91 ing what they are. British Rail being what it is, nobody has deemed it

• 92 e deliver? <p> His track record being what it is, and IRA divisions being

• 93 t Hellman did. Public relations being what it is, though, she is still

• 94 With the special relationship being what it is, this very-high-level

• 95 With the special relationship being what it is, this very-high-level

• 96 boats <p>Human resourcefulness being what it is, the survivors rebuilt

• 97 yself of. But with the schedule being what it is, the endurance, the

• 98 ssification # computer security being what it is # could easily and

• 99 or is that self-delusion?) being what it is, teams from these shores

• 100 ssador, but the Foreign Service being what it is, I may never be to write

• 101 learned. The Sunday bus service being what it is, I decided I’d walk at

• 102 go about it now, the situation being what it is and her mind certainly

• 103 s out the door. Thespian spirit being what it is, I held out a glimmer of

• 104 njoy `parity of esteem”. Status being what it is, it took no time for

• 105 lived - the power of suggestion being what it is, I fell each time within

• 106 onfused. China’s justice system being what it is, such a mistake can take

• 107 a worry. THE CITY’S water table being what it is, the dead are buried in

• 108 f spectacle. The rock gig thing being what it is, everyone resolutely

• 109 newspaper files, the road toll being what it is, the deaths are so very

• 110 hionable at pre-sent and, trade being what it is, I can’t afford to put

• 111 if you ask me, civil unrest being what it is. Is that all?” <p>

• 112 ful means - the world around us being what it is - then we will do it

• 113 surprise, the publishing world being what it is, that he had a name for

(Data from The Bank of English)

Appendix 3

An advertisement for what purports to be colligation-based priming; but effectively seems to set out to be a session on collocation (Fig. 1).

Fig. 1

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