Abstract
Cellulose is commonly known for its uses in the production of products and materials due to its fascinating structure and properties, and it is also an almost unlimited organic polymeric raw material. In this research, cellulose nanofibers (CNF) from cocoa pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.) CPH is extracted using alkaline and minimal concentration of sulfuric acid and further disintegrated with ultrasonication. The FESEM result proved that fibers with nano-dimension; diameter of 20–30 nm were observed. Based on FTIR spectrum result, it is shown that the presence of peaks of around 1170–1046 and 890–670 cm−1 is associated with the C–O stretching and C–H bend vibrations of the cellulose pyranose ring skeletal. The range of size distribution of CNF–CPH is within 200–400 nm as shown in the particle size analysis.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Z. Daud, A.S.M. Kassim, A.M. Aripin, H. Awang, M.Z.M. Hatta, Chemical composition and morphological of cocoa pod husks and cassava peels for pulp and paper production. Aust. J. Basic Appl. Sci. 7(9), 406–411 (2013)
G.J.F. Cruz, M. Huuhtanen, E. Alvarenga, Production of activated carbon from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk civil and environmental engineering production of activated carbon from cocoa (Theobroma cacao) pod husk. Civ. Environ. Eng. 2(2) 2012
L. Cristina, R. Dias, D.M. Castanho, C. Lúcia, D.O. Petkowicz, Cacao pod husks (Theobroma cacao L.): composition and hot-water-soluble pectins. Ind. Crop. Prod. 34, 1173–1181 (2011)
J. Kim, B.S. Shim, H.S. Kim, Y. Lee, S. Min, Review of nanocellulose for sustainable future materials. Int. J. Presicion Eng. Manuf. Green Technol. 2(2), 197–213 (2015)
C. Salas, T. Nypelö, C. Rodriguez-abreu, C. Carrillo, O.J. Rojas, Current opinion in colloid and interface science nanocellulose properties and applications in colloids and interfaces ☆ fiber deconstruction. Curr. Opin. Colloid Interface Sci. 19(5), 383–396 (2014)
E. Abraham et al., Extraction of nanocellulose fibrils from lignocellulosic fibres: a novel approach. Carbohydr. Polym. 86(4), 1468–1475 (2011)
S.I. Mussatto, J.A. Teixeira, Lignocellulose as raw material in fermentation processes, in Current Research, Technology and Education. Topics in Applied Microbiology and Microbial Biotechnology, A. M.-Vilas, Ed. 2014, pp. 897–907 (January, 2010)
M. Paakko et al., Enzymatic hydrolysis combined with mechanical shearing and high-pressure homogenization for nanoscale cellulose fibrils and strong gels. Biomacromol 8, 1934–1941 (2007)
W. Chen, H. Yu, Y. Liu, P. Chen, M. Zhang, Y. Hai, Individualization of cellulose nanofibers from wood using high-intensity ultrasonication combined with chemical pretreatments. Carbohydr. Polym. 83(4), 1804–1811 (2011)
M. Achor, Y.J. Oyeniyi, A. Yahaya, Extraction and characterization of microcrystalline cellulose obtained from the back of the fruit of Lageriana siceraria (water gourd). J. Appl. Pharm. Sci. 4(1), 57–60 (2014)
M. Asem, W.M.F.W. Nawawi, D.N. Jimat, Evaluation of water absorption of polyvinyl alcohol-starch biocomposite reinforced with sugarcane bagasse nanofibre: optimization using two-level factorial design, in IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, vol. 368, no. 1 (2018)
D.N. Jimat, Isolation of microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) via fungal cellulases hydrolysis combined with ultrasonication, in Multifaceted Protocol in Biotechnology, A. Azura, Ed. Singapore, pp. 109–118 (2018)
A. Mandal, D. Chakrabarty, Isolation of nanocellulose from waste sugarcane bagasse (SCB) and its characterization. Carbohydr. Polym. 86(9), 1291–1299 (2011)
A. Alemdar, M. Sain, Isolation and characterization of nanofibers from agricultural residues—wheat straw and soy hulls. Bioresour. Technol. 99(6), 1664–1671 (2008)
G.H.D. Tonoli et al., Cellulose micro/nanofibres from Eucalyptus kraft pulp: preparation and properties. Carbohydr. Polym. 89(1), 80–88 (2012)
D.N. Jimat, S. Sulaiman, A.N. Yusilawati, M.A. Nor Fadhillah, S.P.S. Shahira, Physicochemical characteristics of bionanocomposites, polycaprolactone/starch/cocoa pod husk microfibrillated cellulose. J. Adv. Res. Fluid Mech. Thermal Sci 55(2), 199–208, ISSN 2289–7879 s (2019)
G. Mondragon et al., A common strategy to extracting cellulose nanoentities from different plants. Ind. Crops Prod. 55, 140–148 (2014)
Acknowledgements
We acknowledge the financial support provided by the Ministry of Education of Malaysia under grant FRGS 16-044-0543.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Jimat, D.N., Putra, S.S.S., Jamal, P., Nawawi, W.M.F.W. (2020). Isolation of Nanocellulose Fibers (NCF) from Cocoa Pod (Theobroma cacao L.) via Chemical Treatment Combined with Ultrasonication. In: Jameel, A., Yaser, A. (eds) Advances in Nanotechnology and Its Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4742-3_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4742-3_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-4741-6
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-4742-3
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)