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Sustainability Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)

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Sustainability Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa I

Part of the book series: Science for Sustainable Societies ((SFSS))

Abstract

Despite significant progress over the past decades, Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) remains the poorest and least developed region in the world. High levels of poverty, food insecurity and environmental degradation, as well as low access to infrastructure and low institutional capacity characterize many areas across the continent. There is a consensus among many international organizations, national governments, civil society organizations and academics that SSA lags so far behind other regions of the world that multiple development priorities must be tackled across the continent to ensure sustainable development. The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) provide a golden opportunity to spur sustainable development and meet the Agenda 2063 of the African Union. However, this is a very challenging endeavour considering the low starting point, rapid demographic, socio-economic and environmental change, and the prevailing lack of resources and low capacity. This chapter outlines the current status and the main challenges associated with meeting the different SDGs across the continent. Considering the many different countries, local contexts and sustainability challenges across the region, this chapter does not seek to be comprehensive but to highlight some of the most important trends and prevailing challenges in the context of the SDGs. The chapter concludes by briefly introducing the overall aims, themes and structure of the two edited volumes, as well as the contents of each individual chapter.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Health literacy refers to an individual’s knowledge and competence to understand and use modern health care services (Sørensen et al., 2012).

  2. 2.

    For example, the prevalence of hypertension is likely to increase in SSA by 89% between 2000 and 2025, which is much higher than the 24% projected increase for the developed world in the same time period (WHO 2018a).

  3. 3.

    There are large disparities between countries. For example, there is low enrolment in countries such as Eritrea, Djibouti, Burkina Faso, Mali and Niger (less than 70%), and very high in countries such as Malawi, Ghana and Sierra Leone (close to 100%) (SDG Centre for Africa 2019).

  4. 4.

    Rwanda has by far the greatest female representation in the parliament (61.3%), with Senegal and Mozambique having more than 40%. Still, there are several countries where women hold fewer than 10% of parliamentary seats (e.g. Congo, Central African Republic, Swaziland, Nigeria).

  5. 5.

    Electrification rates vary significantly between sub-regions, ranging from 20% in central Africa, to 37% in eastern Africa, 48% in southern Africa, and 56% in western Africa (UNECA 2018).

  6. 6.

    South Africa is the innovation leader in the continent, but only ranks 63 out of 129 countries globally (WIPO, 2019).

  7. 7.

    Estimates suggest that only 52% of municipal waste in terms of mass has been collected in SSA between 2010–2018 (up from 32% in 2001–2010) (UNECA 2018). Although this signifies a huge increase, it still remains the lowest in the world.

  8. 8.

    For example, the biggest waste to energy power plant in SSA is built in Addis Ababa (National Planning Commission of Ethiopia 2017). This facility is expected to generate 50 MW of electricity (30% of the city’s energy need) by incinerating 140 tons of dry waste per day (80% of Addis Ababa’s dry waste). Even though this project would help upon completion address, multiple problems like waste disposal, power shortages, and job creation (contributing to multiple SDGs), it experiences substantial delays mainly due to financial constraints and technical issues.

  9. 9.

    Except for Angola, Eritrea, Liberia, Guinea-Bissau, Equatorial Guinea and South Sudan.

  10. 10.

    Some island nations and countries with major coastlines such as Angola, Comoros, Mauritius, Nigeria, Seychelles and Sao Tome and Principe do not have any designated marine protected areas (SDG Centre for Africa 2019).

  11. 11.

    This includes 10 out of 13 East African countries, 6 out of 15 West African countries and 9 out of 12 Southern African countries (SDG Centre for Africa 2019).

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Acknowledgements

We acknowledge the support of the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) for project FICESSA, the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) for project USiA and the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) for the Grant-in-Aid for Young Scientists A (Project 17H05037) and the Core-to-core project ‘Establishment and Advancement of a Global Meta-Network on Sustainability Science’ (Project 23001). Merle Naidoo, Alice Karanja and Abubakari Ahmed received Monbukagakusho PhD scholarships offered by the Japanese Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) through the Graduate Program in Sustainability Science – Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI). Jie Su assisted with the formatting of the chapter.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hawassa University, Hawassa, Ethiopia

    Denabo Juju

  2. University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK

    Gideon Baffoe

  3. University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Rodolfo Dam Lam & Marcin Pawel Jarzebski

  4. Graduate Programme in Sustainability Science – Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Merle Naidoo

  5. Department of Planning, University for Development Studies, Wa, Ghana

    Abubakari Ahmed

  6. Institute for Global Environmental Studies (IGES), Hayama, Japan

    Osamu Saito & Kazuhiko Takeuchi

  7. Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Alice Karanja, Osamu Saito, Kensuke Fukushi, Kazuhiko Takeuchi & Alexandros Gasparatos

  8. Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan

    Kensuke Fukushi

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Alexandros Gasparatos

  2. Department of Planning, University for Development Studies, Wa, Ghana

    Abubakari Ahmed

  3. Graduate Programme in Sustainability Science – Global Leadership Initiative (GPSS-GLI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Merle Naidoo

  4. Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Alice Karanja

  5. Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan, Institute for the Advanced Study of Sustainability (UNU-IAS), United Nations University, Tokyo, Japan

    Kensuke Fukushi

  6. Institute for Global Environmental Studies (IGES), Hayama, Japan, Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Osamu Saito

  7. Institute for Global Environmental Studies (IGES), Hayama, Japan, Institute for Future Initiatives (IFI), The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan

    Kazuhiko Takeuchi

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Juju, D. et al. (2020). Sustainability Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa in the Context of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). In: Gasparatos, A., et al. Sustainability Challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa I. Science for Sustainable Societies. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4458-3_1

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