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Tuberculosis

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Chronic Lung Diseases

Abstract

Tuberculosis (TB) is one of the lethal diseases that affect millions of people around the world. The primary concern associated with this endemic ailment is an elevated level of resistance. World Health Organisation (WHO) has taken steps to reduce the incidence of TB at an accelerated rate under the purview of ending the TB epidemic by 2030. To achieve this goal, there are hurdles that need to be addressed, which are not only limited to TB diagnosis, treatment, and prevention but also linked to dealing with social and economic determinants in close collaboration with diverse sectors in the healthcare domain. In this scenario, this chapter focuses on the epidemiology of TB, primary causes and symptoms of TB, pathophysiological process of TB along with the involvement of cells and transcriptional factors, current treatment regimen with its drawbacks, and future treatment options. This chapter represents an up-to-date overview of these disease conditions and its therapy in global perspectives.

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Abbreviations

ART:

Antiretroviral therapy

ATP:

Adenosine triphosphate

BCG:

Bacillus Calmette–Guerin

DIM:

Dimycocerosate phthiocerol;

DOT:

Directly observed therapy

DOTS:

Directly observed treatment, short-course

HIV:

Human immunodeficiency virus

ILC:

Innate lymphoid cells

LAM:

Lipoarabinomannan

LTBI:

Latent tuberculosis infection

MAIT:

Mucosa-associated invariant T

Man-LAM:

Mannose capped lipoarabinomannan

MDR:

Multidrug resistance

MIC:

Minimum inhibitory concentration

Mtb :

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

NAA:

Nucleic acid amplification

PIM:

Phosphatidylinositol mannoside

PLGA:

Poly lactide-co-glycolide

RD-1:

Region of difference-1

RR:

Rifampicin resistant

SL:

Sulfated glycolipid

TB:

Tuberculosis

TDM:

Trehalose dimycolates

TST:

Tuberculosis skin test

USFDA:

United States Food and Drug Administration

WHO:

World Health Organization

XDR:

Extremely drug resistance

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. PK-PD, Toxicology and Formulation Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India

    Shipra Bhatt, Abhishek Gour, Gurdarshan Singh & Utpal Nandi

  2. Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Jammu, Jammu & Kashmir, India

    Shipra Bhatt, Abhishek Gour, Gurdarshan Singh & Utpal Nandi

Authors
  1. Shipra Bhatt
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  2. Abhishek Gour
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  3. Gurdarshan Singh
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  4. Utpal Nandi
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Corresponding author

Correspondence to Utpal Nandi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Illinois, IL, USA

    Sheikh Rayees

  2. Department of Biochemistry, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Inshah Din

  3. Toxicology, CSIR-IIM, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Gurdarshan Singh

  4. Cancer Pharmacology, CSIR-IIM, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India

    Fayaz A Malik

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Bhatt, S., Gour, A., Singh, G., Nandi, U. (2020). Tuberculosis. In: Rayees, S., Din, I., Singh, G., Malik, F. (eds) Chronic Lung Diseases. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3734-9_5

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