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Acquisition of Inorganic Carbon by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria

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Microbial Photosynthesis

Abstract

Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco) and the Calvin cycle are the dominant features of inorganic carbon assimilation in all cyanobacteria and microalgae. Rubisco carboxylase shows a relatively low affinity for CO2 and also has an oxygenase activity. These features can lead to inefficiencies in carbon assimilation, involving the process of photorespiration. However, cyanobacteria and algae possess mechanisms that minimise the effects of unfavourable Rubisco kinetics and photorespiration. These involve evolution of Rubiscos with kinetics that are more favourable to carboxylase activity and/or the presence of mechanisms that increase the concentration of CO2 at the active site of Rubisco (CO2 concentrating mechanisms, CCMs). CCMs are mostly based on active transport of HCO3. In one species of marine diatom, there appears to be a biochemical CCM where single cells show a C3–C4 intermediate form of C assimilation. In cyanobacteria HCO3− accumulation involves active transport of HCO3− at the plasmalemma and/or downhill CO2 entry with energised conversion of CO2 to HCO3− at the thylakoid membrane, with CO2 accumulated within carboxysomes that contain all of the cellular Rubisco as well as carbonic anhydrase. In eukaryotic microalgae active HCO3− transport occurs at either the plasmalemma or chloroplast envelope or both. In those algae that possess them, CO2 is ultimately concentrated within Rubisco-containing pyrenoids, though it is important to note that the presence of pyrenoids is not an absolute requirement for CCMs. Algae and cyanobacteria can assimilate inorganic carbon in the dark, a process reflecting the need of cells to replenish the supply of C4 intermediates of the TCA cycle as they are removed for biosynthesis. A few can also assimilate organic carbon sources, including in some cases by phagotrophy.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Biological Sciences, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia

    John Beardall

  2. State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science & College of Ocean and Earth Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China

    John Beardall

  3. Division of Plant Sciences, University of Dundee at the James Hutton Institute, Invergowrie, Dundee, UK

    John A. Raven

  4. Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW, Australia

    John A. Raven

  5. School of Biological Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA, Australia

    John A. Raven

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Correspondence to John Beardall .

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  1. Key laboratory of Plant Stress Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cotton Biology, School of Life Sciences, Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan, China

    Qiang Wang

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Beardall, J., Raven, J.A. (2020). Acquisition of Inorganic Carbon by Microalgae and Cyanobacteria. In: Wang, Q. (eds) Microbial Photosynthesis. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3110-1_8

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