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Brain’s Networks and Their Functional Significance in Cognition

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Handbook of Neuroengineering

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Abstract

Understanding the brain’s cognitive function depends on the knowledge of how neural units interconnect both locally, within distinct brain regions, and at the large scale of the whole brain. Balance between localized processing and global integration provides support for the complex processing patterns, underlying high-order cognitive function, while at the same time ensuring flexibility, robustness, and functional diversification in the brain. In this context, the network paradigm enables a theoretical framework for investigating interactions between brain regions as well as the use of powerful computational tools for interpreting the complex topology of functional networks. In this chapter we review current state of the art in studying brain functional networks and summarize methodological advances used to quantify the networks characteristics. We also overview the main neuroimaging techniques, whose data give rise to network interpretations. Further, we discuss the current knowledge on core large-scale networks involved in cognitive function and dysfunction. Overall, this chapter promotes a systematic exploration of how cognition emerges as a network phenomenon.

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Abbreviations

ACC:

Anterior cingulate cortex

AIC:

Anterior insular cortex

aIPL:

Anterior inferior parietal lobe

aPFC:

Anterior prefrontal cortex

CEN:

Central executive network

dACC:

Dorsal anterior cingulate cortex

DAN:

Dorsal attention network

dFC:

Dorsal frontal cortex

dlPFC:

Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex

DMN:

Default mode network

DMPFC:

Dorsal medial prefrontal cortex

ECoG:

Electrocorticography

EEG:

Electroencephalography

FEF:

Frontal eye fields

fMRI:

Functional magnetic resonance imaging

fNIRS:

Functional near-infrared spectroscopy

fO:

Frontal operculum

ICA:

Independent component analysis

IPS:

Intraparietal sulcus

IPS:

Intraparietal sulcus

LPC:

Lateral parietal cortex

lPPC:

Lateral posterior parietal cortex

mCC:

Medial cingulate cortex

MEG:

Magnetoencephalography

MPC:

Medial precuneus

MTL:

Medial temporal lobe

OFC:

Orbitofrontal cortex

PCC:

Posterior cingulate cortex

PET:

Magnetoencephalography

ROI:

Region of interest

SN:

Salience network

sPL:

Superior parietal lobe

SuN:

Substantia nigra

TPJ:

Temporoparietal junction

VAN:

Ventral attention network

vFC:

Ventral frontal cortex

vlPFC/rlPFC:

Ventral lateral and rostral lateral prefrontal cortex

vmPFC:

Ventral-medial prefrontal cortex;

VTA:

Ventral tegmental area

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Engineering, Nottingham Trent University, Nottingham, UK

    Ahmet Omurtag

  2. N.1. Institute for Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Andrei Dragomir

  3. Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

    Andrei Dragomir

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  1. Andrei Dragomir
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  2. Ahmet Omurtag
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  1. Singapore Institute for Neurotechnology, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Nitish V. Thakor

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  1. National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore

    Andrei Dragomir

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Dragomir, A., Omurtag, A. (2021). Brain’s Networks and Their Functional Significance in Cognition. In: Thakor, N.V. (eds) Handbook of Neuroengineering. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_76-2

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    Brain’s Networks and Their Functional Significance in Cognition
    Published:
    24 December 2021

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_76-2

  2. Original

    Brain’s Networks and Their Functional Significance in Cognition
    Published:
    17 June 2021

    DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2848-4_76-1

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