Abstract
Of late, a spurt in the general awareness about the biological aspects of nutrition has been witnessed. The changing trend demands for high nutritional value products that can easily and rapidly be produced at large scales in a cost-effective manner. Microalgae constitutes a distinct group of unicellular photosynthetic organisms and a broad variety of eukaryotic algae containing a plethora of beneficial compounds such as carbohydrate, proteins, fatty acids, vitamins, carotenoids, phycobiliproteins, astaxanthin, and lutein. These compounds find application in the production of high-quality nutraceuticals that provide health benefits such as controlling blood pressure, boosting immune system, reducing coronary heart diseases, serving as anticancer agents, and acting as antioxidants. Besides, the benefits of using microalgae are its high productivity on arable and nonarable land, thus posing no threat to the agricultural crop production. Although the nutritional value and its commercialization is still in nascent stage, intense efforts are underway all over the world to explore untapped potential of microalgae that could lead to the solution of several problems through green technologies and open gateway to a multibillion dollar industry. This chapter gives an overview of microalgae and its diversity, nutritional value, and current challenges on its use as nutraceutical product.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abd El-Baky HH, Shallan MA, El- Baroty G, El-Baz FK (2002) Volatile compounds of the microalga Chlorella vulgaris and their phytotoxic effect. Pak J Biol Sci 5(1):61–65
Abdo SM, Mona HH, Waleed ME, Rawheya ASED, Gamila HA (2012) Antiviral activity of freshwater algae. J Appl Pharm Sci 2:21–25
Abe K, Hattori H, Hirano M (2007) Accumulation and antioxidant activity of secondary carotenoids in the aerial microalga Coelastrella striolata var. multistriata. Food Chem 100:656–661
Abidov M, Ramazanov Z, Seifulla R, Grachev S (2010) The effects of xanthigen in the weight management of obese premenopausal women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and normal liver fat. Diabetes Obes Metab 12(1):72–81
Achour HY, Doumandji A, Sadi S, Saadi S (2014) Evaluation of nutritional and sensory properties of bread enriched with Spirulina. Ann Food Sci Technol 15:270–275
Adarme-Vega TC, Thomas-Hall SR, Schenk PM (2014) Towards sustainable sources for omega-3 fatty acids production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 26:14–18
Adhikary SP (2000) A preliminary survey of algae of estuaries and coastal areas in Orissa. Seaweed Res Util 22:1–5
Afify AEMR, El Bbaroty GS, El Baz FK, Abd El Baky HH, Murad AA (2018) Scendesmus obliquus: antioxidant and antiviral activity of proteins hydrolysed by three enzymes. J Genet Eng Biotechnol 16(2):399–408
Ak B, Avsaroglu E, Isık O, Ozyurt G, Kafkas E, Etyemez M, Uslu L (2016) Nutritional and physicochemical characteristics of bread enriched with microalgae Spirulina platensis. Int J Eng Res Appl 6:30–38
Algatech (2019) Corporate Website. http://www.algatech.com/. Accessed on 30 June 2019
Alsenani F, Ahmed F, Schenk PM (2015) Nutraceuticals from microalgae. In: Bagchi D, Preuss HG, Swaroop A (eds) Nutraceuticals and functional foods in human health and disease prevention. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 673–684
Anas AR, Kisingi T, Umezawa T, Matsuda F, Campiteli MR, Quinn RJ, Okino T (2012) Thrombin inhibitors from the freshwater cyanobacterium Anabaena compacta. J Nat Prod 75:1546–1552
Arisz SA, van Himbergen JA, Musgrave A, van den Ende H, Munnik T (2000) Polar glycerolipids of Chlamydomonas moewusii. Phytochemistry 53:265–270
Armstrong AW, Voyles SV, Armstrong EJ, Fuller EN, Rutledge JC (2011) Angiogenesis and oxidative stress: common mechanisms linking psoriasis with atherosclerosis. J Dermatol Sci 63:1–9
Asthana RK, Tripathi D, Srivastava MK, Singh A, Singh AP et al (2009) Isolation and identification of a new antibacterial entity from the Antarctic cyanobacterium Nostoc CCC 537. J Appl Phycol 21:81–88
Ávila-Román J, Taleroa E, de los Reyesb C, Zubíab E, Motilvaa V, García-Mauriñoc S (2019) Cytotoxic activity of microalgal-derived oxylipins against human cancer cell lines and their impact on ATP levels. Nat Prod Commun 11:1871–1875
Aziz N, Prasad R, Ibrahim AIM, Ahmed AIS (2017) Promising applications for the production of biofuels through algae. In: Patra JK, Vishnuprasad CN, Das G (eds) Microbial biotechnology. Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd, Singapore, pp 81–103
Bafanaa A (2013) Characterization and optimization of production of exopolysaccharide from Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. Carbohydr Polym 95:746–752
Bagchi SN, Sondhi S, Agrawal KM, Banerjee S (2016) An angiotensin-converting enzyme-inhibitory metabolite with partial structure of microginin in cyanobacterium Anabaena fertilissima CCC597, producing fibrinolytic protease. J Appl Phycol 28:177–180
Banker R, Carmeli S (1998) Tenuecyclamides A-D, cyclic hexapeptides from the cyanobacterium Nostoc spongiaformae var tenue. J Nat Prod 61:1248–1251
Barbosa MJ, Zijffers JW, Nisworo A, Vaes W, van Schoonhoven J, Wijffels RH (2005) Optimization of biomass, vitamins, and carotenoid yield on light energy in a flat-panel reactor using the A-stat technique. Biotechnol Bioeng 89:233–242
Barsanti L, Gualtiery P (2006) Algae: anatomy, biochemistry and biotechnology. CRC Taylor & Francis, New York
Batista AP, Gouveia L, Nunes MC, Franco JM, Raymundo A (2008) Microalgae biomass as a novel functional ingredient in mixed gel systems. In: Williams PA, Phillips GO (eds) Gums and stabilisers for the food industry. RSC Publishing, Cambridge, p 14
Baudelet PH, Gagez AL, Berard JB, Juin C, Bridian N, Kaas R, Thiery V, Cadoret JP, Picot L (2013) Antiproliferative activity of Cyanophora paradoxa pigments in melanoma, breast and lung cancer cells. Mar Drugs 11:4390–4406
Becker W (2004) Microalgae in human and animal nutrition. In: Richmond A (ed) Microalgal culture. Handbook. Blackwell, Oxford, pp 312–351
Becker EW (2007) Micro-algae as a source of protein. Biotechnol Adv 25(2):207–210
Bhadury P, Wright PC (2004) Exploitation of marine algae: biogenic compounds for potential antifouling applications. Planta 219:561–578
Bhosale P, Bernstein PS (2005) Microbial xanthophylls. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:445–455
BioReal (2019) Corporate Website. http://www.bioreal.se/index.php?page=1&id=5. Accessed on 30 June 2019
Bishop WM, Zubeck HM (2012) Evaluation of microalgae for use as nutraceuticals and nutritional supplements. J Nutr Food Sci 2:147
Blanco AM, Moreno J, Del Campo JA, Rivas J, Guerrero MG (2007) Outdoor cultivation of lutein-rich cells of Muriellopsis sp. in open ponds. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 73:1259–1266
Bleakley S, Hayes M (2017) Algal proteins: extraction, application, and challenges concerning production. Foods 6(5):33
Blue Biotech (2019) Blue Biotech Corporate Website. http://www.bluebiotech.de/. Accessed on 02 July 2019
Bong SC, Loh SP (2013) A study of fatty acid composition and tocopherol content of lipid extracted from marine microalgae, Nannochloropsis oculata and Tetraselmis suecica, using solvent extraction and supercritical fluid extraction. Int J Food Res 20:721–729
Borowitzka MA (1988) Vitamins and fine chemicals from micro-algae. In: Borowitzka MA, Borowitzka LJ (eds) Micro-algal biotechnology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 153–196
Borowitzka MA (1997) Microalgae for aquaculture opportunities and constraints. J Appl Phycol 9:393–401
Borowitzka MA (2013) High-value products from microalgae – their development and commercialisation. J Appl Phycol 25:743–756
Boyera N, Galey I, Bernanrd BA (1998) Effect of vitamin C and its derivatives on collagen synthesis and cross-linking by normal human fibroblasts. Int J Cosmet Sci 20:151–158
Cabrita MT, Vale C, Rauter AP (2010) Halogenated compounds from marine algae. Mar Drugs 8(8):2301–2307
Caporgno MP, Mathys A (2018) Trends in microalgae incorporation into innovative food products with potential health benefits. Front Nutr 5:58. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2018.00058
Carballo-Cardenas EC, Tuan PM, Janssen M, Wijffels RH (2003) Vitamin E (alpha-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Dunaliella tertiolecta and Tetraselmis suecica in batch cultivation. Biomol Eng 20:139–147
Cardozo KH, Guaratini T, Barros MP, Falcão VR, Tonon AP, Lopes NP, Campos S, Torres MA, Souza AO, Colepicolo P, Pinto E (2007) Metabolites from algae with economical impact. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 146:60–78
Carlsson AS, van Beilen JB, Möller R, Clayton D (2007) Micro- and macro-algae: utility for industrial applications. In: Bowles D (ed) Outputs from the EPOBIO: realising the economic potential of sustainable resources – bioproducts from non-food crops project. CNAP/CPL Press/University of York, York
Carreto JI, Carignan MO, Daleo G, de Marco SG (1990) Occurrence of mycosporine-like amino acids in the red tide dinoflagellate Alexandrium excavatum: UV-protective compounds. J Plankton Res 12:909–921
Ceron MC, Campos I, Sánchez JF, Acién FG, Molina E, Fernández-Sevilla JM (2008) Recovery of lutein from microalgae biomass: development of a process for Scenedesmus almeriensis biomass. J Agric Food Chem 56:11761–11766
Cha KH, Koo SY, Lee DU (2008) Antiproliferative effects of carotenoids extracted from Chlorella ellipsoidea and Chlorella vulgaris on human colon cancer cells. J Agric Food Chem 56:10521–10526
Chacòn -Lee TL, Gonźalez-Maríno GE (2010) Microalgae for “healthy” foods—possibilities and challenges. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 9:655–675
Chattopadhyay P, Chatterjee S, Sen SK (2008) Biotechnological potential of natural food grade biocolorants. Afr J Biotechnol 7:2972–2985
Chauhan B, Gopal Kumar G, Kalam N, Ansari SH (2013) Current concepts and prospects of herbal nutraceutical: a review. J Adv Pharm Technol Res 4(1):4–8
Chen F (1998) Bioreactor technology for production of valuable algal products. Chin J Oceanol Limnol 16:84–90
Chen F, Li HB, Wong RNS, Ji B, Jiang Y (2005) Isolation and purification of the bioactive carotenoid zeaxanthin from the microalga Microcystis aeruginosa by high-speed counter-current chromatography. J Chromatogr 1064(2):183–186
Chen B, You W, Huang J, Yu Y, Chen W (2010a) Isolation and antioxidant property of the extracellular polysaccharide from Rhodella reticulata. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 26:833–840
Chen M, Schliep M, Willows RD, Cai ZL, Neilan BA, Scheer H (2010b) A red-shifted chlorophyll. Science 329:1318–1319
Chen J, Wang Y, Benemann JR, Zhang X, Hu H, Qin S (2015) Microalgal industry in China: challenges and prospects. J Appl Phycol 28(2):715–725. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10811-015-0720-4
Cherrington JM, Strawn LM, Shawver LK (2000) New paradigms for the treatment of cancer: the role of anti-angiogenesis agents. Adv Cancer Res 79:1–38
Chiang IZ, Huang WY, Wu JT (2004) Allelochemicals of Botryococcus braunii (Chlorophyceae). J Phycol 40:474–480
Chidambara-Murthy KN, Vanitha A, Rajesha J, Mahadeva-Swamy M, Sowmya PR, Ravishankar GA (2005) In vivo antioxidant activity of carotenoids from Dunaliella salina—a green microalga. Life Sci 76:1382–1390
Chisti Y (2007) Biodiesel from microalgae. Biotechnol Adv 25:294–306
Cho M, Lee H, Kang I, Won M, You S (2011) Antioxidant properties of extract and fractions from Enteromorpha prolifera, a type of green seaweed. Food Chem 27:999–1006
Chronakis IS, Madsen M (2011) Algal proteins. In: Phillips GO, Williams PA (eds) Handbook of food proteins. Woodhead Publishing Series in Food Sciences, Technology Nutrition, Sawston, pp 353–394
Chu WL (2012) Biotechnological applications of microalgae. Int e-J Sci Med Educ 6:24–37
Coesel SN, Baumgartner AC, Teles LM, Ramos AA, Henriques NM, Cancela L, Varela JC (2008) Nutrient limitation is the main regulatory factor for carotenoid accumulation and for Psy and Pds steady state transcript levels in Dunaliella salina (Chlorophyta) exposed to high light and salt stress. Mar Biotechnol 10:602–611
Cuvelier M-E (2001) Antioxidants. In: Morais R (ed) Functional foods: an introductory course. Escola Superior de Biotecnologia/UCP, Porto, pp 97–108
Cyanotech (2019) Cyanotech annual report. www.cyanotech.com. Accessed on 30 June 2019
D’Souza FML, Loneragan NR (1999) Effects of monospecific and mixed algae diets on survival, development and fatty acid composition of penaeid prawn (Penaeus spp.) larvae. Mar Biol 133:621–633
Dawczynski C, Schubert R, Jahreis G (2007) Amino acids, fatty acids, and dietary fibre in edible seaweed products. Food Chem 103:891–899
Day AG, Brinkmann D, Franklin S, Espina K, Rudenko G, Roberts A, Howse KS (2009) Safety evaluation of a high-lipid algal biomass from Chlorella protothecoides. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 55:166–180
de Jesus Raposo MF, de Morais RM, De Morais AM (2013) Health applications of bioactive compounds from marine microalgae. Life Sci 93(15):479–486
de Morais MG, da Silva Vaz B, de Morais EG, Vieira Costa JA (2015) Biologically active metabolites synthesized by microalgae. Biomed Res Int 2015:835761. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/835761
de Vries M, de Boer IJM (2010) Comparing environmental impacts for livestock products: a review of life cycle assessments. Livest Sci 128:1–11
Delattre C, Pierre G, Laroche C, Michaud P (2016) Production, extraction and characterization of microalgal and cyanobacterial exopolysaccharides. Biotechnol Adv 34:1159–1179
Demming-Adams B, Adams WW (2002) Antioxidants in photosynthesis and human nutrition. Science 298:2149–2153
Dillard CJ, German JB (2000) Phytochemicals: nutraceuticals and human health. J Sci Food Agric 80:1744–1756
Dinu M, Vlasceanu G, Dune A, Rotaru G (2012) Researches concerning the growth of nutritive value of the bread products through the Spirulina adding. J Environ Prot Ecol 13:660–665
Dionisio-Sese ML (2010) Aquatic microalgae as potential sources of UV-screening compounds. Philipp J Sci 139(1):5–16
Domínguez-Bocanegra AR, Guerrero Legarreta I, Martinez Jeronimo F, Tomasini Campocosio A (2004) Influence of environmental and nutritional factors in the production of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Bioresour Technol 92:209–214
Drag M, Salvensen GS (2010) Emerging principles in protease-based drug discovery. Nat Rev Drug Discov Perspect 9:690–701
Durmaz Y (2007) Vitamin E (α-tocopherol) production by the marine microalgae Nannochloropsis oculata (Eustigmatophyceae) in nitrogen limitation. Aquaculture 272:717–722
Duval B, Shetty K, Thomas WH (2000) Phenolic compounds and antioxidant properties in the snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis after exposure to UV light. J Appl Phycol 11:559–566
Earthrise (2019) Earthrise company website. www.earthrise.com. Accessed on 30 June 2019
Egeland ES, Eikrem W, Throndsen J, Wilhelm C, Zapata M, Liaaen-Jensen S (1995) Carotenoids from further prasinophytes. Biochem Syst Ecol 23:747–755
Egeland ES, Guillard RRL, Liaaen-Jensen S (1997) Additional carotenoid prototype representatives and a general chemosystematic evaluation of carotenoids in Prasinophyceae (Chlorophyta). Phytochemistry 44:1087–1097
EID Parry (2019) EID Parry Annual Report. www.eidparry.com. Accessed on 30 June 2019
EL-Baz FK, Aly HF, Khalil WKB, Booles H, Ali GH (2017) Antineurodegenerative activity of microalgae Dunaliella salina in rats with Alzheimer’s disease. Asian J Pharm Clin Res 10(1):134–139
Eriksen NT (2008) Production of phycocyaninda pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 80:1–14
Ersmark K, Del Valle JR, Hanessian S (2008) Chemistry and biology of the aeruginosin family of serine protease inhibitors. Angew Chem Int Ed 47:1202–1223
Fabregas J, Herrero C (1986) Marine microalgae as a potential source of minerals in fish diets. Aquaculture 51:237–243
Ferruzi MG, Blakeslee J (2007) Digestion, absorption, and cancer preventive activity of dietary chlorophyll derivatives. Nutr Res 27:1–12
Flora Health (2019) Corporate Website. http://www.florahealth.com/home_usa.cfm. Accessed on 30 June 2019
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2010) Algae-based biofuels: applications and co-products. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, Rome
Fox JM, Zimba PV (2018) Minerals and trace elements in microalgae. In: Microalgae in health and disease prevention. Academic, Cambridge, pp 177–193
Fradique M, Batista AP, Nunes MC, Gouevia L, Bandarra NM, Raymundo A (2010) Incorporation of Chlorella vulgaris and Spirulina maxima biomass in pasta products. Part 1. Preparation and evaluation. J Sci Food Agric 90:1656–1664
Francavilla M, Colaianna M, Zotti MG, Morgese M, Trotta P, Tucci P, Schiavone S, Cuomo V, Trabace L (2012) Extraction, characterization and in vivo neuromodulatory activity of phytosterols from microalga Dunaliella tertiolecta. Curr Med Chem 19(18):3058–3067
Fried A, Tietz A, Benamotz A, Eichenberger W (1982) Lipid-composition of the halotolerant alga Dunaliella bardawil. Biochim Biophys Acta 713:419–426
Fu W, Gudmundsson O, Paglia G, Herjolfsson G, Andrésson OS, Palsson BØ, Brynjolfsson S (2013) Enhancement of carotenoid biosynthesis in the green microalga Dunaliella salina with light-emitting diodes and adaptive laboratory evolution. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:2395–2403
Fuji Chemicals (2019) Corporate website. http://www.fujichemicals.co.jp/English/life_science_/about_astareal/index.htm. Accessed on 02 July 2019
Fujii K, Nakajima H, Ann Y (2008) Potential of Monoraphidium sp. GK12 for energy-saving astaxanthin production. J Chem Technol Biotechnol 83:1578–1584
Gademann K, Portmann C (2008) Secondary metabolites from cyanobacteria: complex structures and powerful bioactivities. Curr Org Chem 12:326–341
Galasso C, Gentile A, Orefice I, Ianora A, Bruno A, Noonan DM et al (2019) Microalgal derivatives as potential nutraceutical and food supplements for human health: a focus on cancer prevention and interception. Nutrients 11:1226. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu11061226
Ganesan P, Matsubara K, Ohkubo T, Tanaka Y, Noda K, Sugawara T, Hirata T (2010) Anti-angiogenic effect of siphonaxanthin from green alga, Codium fragile. Phytomedicine 17:1140–1144
Gangl D, Zedler JAZ, Rajkumar PD, Martinez EMR, Riseley A et al (2015) Biotechnological exploitation of microalgae. J Exp Bot 66(22):6975–6990
Gantar M, Svirčev Z (2008) Microalgae and cyanobacteria: food for thought. J Phycol 44:260–268
Garcia JL, de Vicenete M, Glan B (2017) Microalgae, old sustainable food and fashion nutraceuticals. Microbial biotechnology. John Wiley & Sons Ltd and Society for Applied Microbiology, Hoboken
García-González M, Moreno J, Manzano JC, Florencio FJ, Guerrero MG (2005) Production of Dunaliella salina biomass rich in 9-cis-b-carotene and lutein in a closed tubular photobioreactor. J Biotechnol 115(1):81–90
Giammanco M, Di Majo D, La Guardia M, Aiello S, Crescimannno M, Flandina C et al (2015) Vitamin D in cancer chemoprevention. Pharm Biol 53:1399–1434
Giner JL, Zhao H, Boyer GL, Satchwell MF, Andersen RA (2009) Sterol chemotaxonomy of marine pelagophyte algae. Chem Biodivers 26(7):1111–1130
Ginsberg RH, Goebel WF, Horsfall FL (1947) Inhibition of mumps virus multiplication by a polysaccharide. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 66:99–100
Goiris K, Muylaert K, Voorspoels S, Noten B, Paepe DD et al (2014) Detection of flavonoids in microalgae from different evolutionary lineages. J Phycol 50(3):485–492
Gouveia L, Oliveira AC (2009) Microalgae as a raw material for biofuels production. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 36:269–274
Gouveia L, Raymundo A, Batista AP, Sousa I, Empis J (2006) Chlorella vulgaris and Haematococcus pluvialis biomass as colouring and antioxidant in food emulsions. Eur Food Res Technol 222:362–367
Gouveia L, Batista AP, Miranda A, Empis J, Raymundo A (2007) Chlorella vulgaris biomass used as coloring source in traditional butter cookies. Innovative Food Sci Emerg Technol 8:433–436
Gouveia L, Batista AP, Sousa I, Raymundo A, Bandarra NM (2008a) Microalgae in novel food products. In: Papadopoulos KN (ed) Food chemistry research developments. Nova Science Publishers Inc., Hauppauge, pp 75–112
Gouveia L, Coutinho C, Mendonça E, Batista AP, Sousa I, Bandarra NM et al (2008b) Functional biscuits with PUFA- ω 3 from Isochrysis galbana. J Sci Food Agric 88:891–896
Grobbelaar J (2003) Quality control and assurance: crucial for the sustainability of the applied phycology industry. J Appl Phycol 15:209–215
Gruber BM (2016) BMB-group vitamins: chemoprevention? Adv Clin Exp Med 25:561–568
Guarnieri MT, Pienkos PT (2015) Algal omics: unlocking bioproduct diversity in algae cell factories. Photosynth Res 123:255–263
Guedes AC, Amaro HM, Malcata FX (2011) Microalgae as sources of carotenoids. Mar Drugs 9(4):625–644
Hajimahmoodi M, Faramarzi MA, Mohammadi N, Soltani N, Oveisi MR, Nafissi-Varcheh N (2010) Evaluation of antioxidant properties and total phenolic contents of some strains of microalgae. J Appl Phycol 22(1):43–50
Hanessian S, Del Valle JR, Xue Y, Blomberg N (2006) Total synthesis and structural confirmation of chlorodysinosin A. J Am Chem Soc 128(32):10491–10495
Hannach G, Sigleo AC (1998) Photoinduction of UV-absorbing compounds in six species of marine phytoplankton. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 174:207–222
Hassimotto NMA, Genovese MI, Lajolo FM (2005) Antioxidant activity of dietary fruits, vegetables, and commercial frozen fruit pulps. J Agric Food Chem 53(8):2928–2935
Hayashi T, Hayashi K, Maeda M, Kojima I (1996) Calcium spirulan, an inhibitor of enveloped virus replication, from a blue-green alga Spirulina platensis. J Nat Prod 59:83–87
Hayashi K, Kanekiyo K, Ohta Y, Lee JB, Takenaka H, Hayashi T (2008) Anti influenza A virus activity of an acidic polysaccharide from a blue green alga Nostoc flagelliforme. Planta Med 74:PA34. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1084032
Hayato M, Masashi H, Tokutake S, Nobuyuk T, Teruo K, Kazuo M (2006) Fucoxanthin and its metabolite, fucoxanthinol, suppress adipocyte differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells. Int J Mol Med 18:147–152
Hayes M, Skomedal H, Skjanes K, Mazur-Marzec H, Torunska-Sitarz A, Catala M, Hosoglu MI, García-Vaquero M (2017) Microalgal proteins for feed, food and health. In: Gonzalez-Fernandez C, Munoz R (eds) Microalgae-based biofuels and bioproducts. Woodhead publishers Elsevier, Sawston, pp 348–368
He J, Yang Y, Xu H, Zhang X, Li X-M (2005) Olanzapine attenuates the okadaic acid-induced spatial memory impairment and hippocampal cell death in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 30(8):1511–1520
Hejazi MA, Wijffels RH (2003) Effect of light intensity on beta-carotene production and extraction by Dunaliella salina in two-phase bioreactors. Biomol Eng 20:171–175
Helbling EW, Chalker BE, Dunlap WC, Osmund HH, Villafane VE (1996) Photoacclimation of Antarctic diatoms to solar ultraviolet radiation. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 204:85–101
Henderson RJ, Mackinlay EE (1999) Polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in the marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. Phytochemistry 30(6):1781–1787
Heo SJ, Jeon YJ (2009) Protective effect of fucoxanthin isolated from Sargassum siliquastrum on UV-B induced cell damage. J Photochem Photobiol B 95:101–107
Herrero M, Ibáñez E, Cifuentes A, Reglero G, Santoyo S (2006) Dunaliella salina microalga pressurized extracts as potential antimicrobials. J Food Prot 69:2471–2477
Higuera-Ciapara I, Felix-Valenzuela L, Goycoolea FM (2006) Astaxanthin: a review of its chemistry and applications. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 46:185–196
Hossain AKM, Brennan MA, Mason SL, Guo X, Zeng XA, Brennan CS (2017) The effect of astaxanthin-rich microalgae Haematococcus pluvialis and wholemeal flours incorporation in improving the physical and functional properties of cookies. Foods 6(57):1–10
Hosseini Tafreshi A, Shariati M (2009) Dunaliella biotechnology: methods and applications. J Appl Microbiol 107(1):14–35
Huang J, Chen B, You W (2005) Studies on separation of extracellular polysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum and its anti-HBV activity in vitro. Chin J Mar Drugs 24:18–21
Ibañez E, Cifuentes A (2013) Benefits of using algae as natural sources of functional ingredients. J Sci Food Agric 93(4):703–709
Ibáñez E, Mendiola JA, Rodríguez-Meizoso I, Señořans FS, Reglero G, Cifuentes A (2008) Antioxidants in plant foods and microalgae extracted using compressed fluids. Elec J Env Agricult Food Chem 7(8):3301–3309
Ikeuchi M, Koyama T, Takahashi J, Yazawa K (2007) Effects of astaxanthin in obese mice fed a high-fat diet. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 71(4):893–899
Ingebrigtsen RA, Hansen E, Andersen JH, Eilertsen HC (2016) Light and temperature effects on bioactivity in diatoms. J Appl Phycol 28:939–950
Ishida K, Nakagawa H, Murakami M (2000) Microcyclamide, a cytotoxic cyclic hexapeptide from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. J Nat Prod 63(9):1315–1317
Ismail A, Marjan ZM, Foong CW (2004) Total antioxidant activity and phenolic content in selected vegetables. Food Chem 87(4):581–586
Jaime L, Mendiola JA, Ibañez E, Martin-Alvarez PJ, Cifuentes A, Reglero G, Señorans FJ (2007) β-carotene isomer composition of sub- and supercritical carbon dioxide extracts. Antioxidant activity measurement. J Agric Food Chem 55:10585–10590
Janssen MLE (2019) Cyanobacterial peptides beyond microcystins – a review on co-occurrence, toxicity, and challenges for risk assessment. Water Res 151:488–499
Jena M, Ratha SK, Adhikary SP (2005) Algal diversity changes in Kathajodi river after receiving sewage of Cuttack and its ecological implication. Indian Hydrobiol 8:67–74
Jena M, Ratha SK, Adhikary SP (2008) Algal diversity in Rushikulya river, Orissa from origin till confluence to the sea. Indian Hydrobiol 11:9–24
Jin E, Feth B, Melis A (2003) A mutant of the green alga Dunaliella salina constitutively accumulates zeaxanthin under all growth conditions. Biotechnol Bioeng 81(1):115–124
Jin E, Lee CG, Polle JEW (2006) Secondary carotenoid accumulation in Haematococcus (Chlorophyceae): biosynthesis, regulation, and biotechnology. J Microbiol Biotechnol 16:821–831
Jungblut AD, Neilan BA (2006) Molecular identification and evolution of the cyclic peptide hepatotoxins, microcystin and nodularin, synthetase genes in three orders of cyanobacteria. Arch Microbiol 185:107–114
Kamath BS, Srikanta BM, Dharmesh SM, Sarada R, Ravishankar CA (2008) Ulcer preventive and antioxidative properties of astaxanthin from Haematococcus pluvialis. Eur J Pharmacol 590:387–395
Kang CD, Lee JS, Park TH, Sim SJ (2005) Comparison of heterotrophic and photoautotrophic induction on astaxanthin production by Haematococcus pluvialis. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 68:237–241
Karsten U, Maier J, Garcia-Pichel F (1998) Seasonality in UV-absorbing compounds of cyanobacterial mat communities from an intertidal mangrove flat. Aquat Microb Ecol 16:37–44
Karsten U, Lembcke S, Schumann R (2007) The effects of ultraviolet radiation on photosynthetic performance, growth and sunscreen compounds in aeroterrestrial biofilm algae isolated from building facades. Planta 225:991–1000
Katircioglu H, Akin BS, Atici T (2004) Microalgal toxin(s): characteristics and importance. Afr J Biotechnol 3(12):667–674
Kevin A, Andrade M, Lauritano C, Romano G, Ianora A (2018) Marine microalgae with anti-cancer properties. Mar Drugs 16(5):165. https://doi.org/10.3390/md16050165
Khalid MN, Shameel M, Ahmad VU, Shahzad S, Leghari SM (2010) Studies on the bioactivity and phycochemistry of Microcystis aeruginosa (Cyanophycota) from Sindh. Pak J Bot 42:2635–2646
Khan MI, Shin JH, Kim JD (2018) The promising future of microalgae: current status, challenges, and optimization of a sustainable and renewable industry for biofuels, feed, and other products. Microb Cell Factories 17:36. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-018-0879-x
Kharkongar D, Ramanujam P (2014) Diversity and species composition of subaerial algal communities in forested area of Meghalaya, India. Int J Biodiversity 2014:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/456202
Kim SM, Jung YH, Kwon O, Cha KH, Um BH (2012) A potential commercial source of fucoxanthin extracted from the microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 166:1843–1855
Kleinegris DM, van Es MA, Janssen M, Brandenburg WA, Wijffels RH (2010) Carotenoid fluorescence in Dunaliella salina. J Appl Phycol 22(5):645–649
Kohlhase M, Pohl P (1988) Saturated and unsaturated sterols of nitrogen-fixing blue-green algae (cyanobacteria). Phytochemistry 27:1735–1740
Komaristaya VP, Gorbulin OS (2006) Sporopollenin in the composition of cell walls of Dunalliela salina Teod. (Chlorophyta) zygotes. Int J Algae 8:43–52
Koo SY, Hwang JH, Yang SH, Um JI, Hong KW, Kang K, Pan CH, Hwang KT, Kim SM (2019) Anti-obesity effect of standardized extract of microalga Phaeodactylum tricornutum containing fucoxanthin. Mar Drugs 17:311. https://doi.org/10.3390/md17050311
Kopelman PG (2000) Obesity as a medical problem. Nature 404:635–643
Kumar D, Adhikary SP (2018) Exopolysaccharides from cyanobacteria and microalgae and their commercial application. Curr Sci 115(2):234–231
Kumar M, Tripathi MK, Srivastava A, Gour JK, Singh RK, Tilak R, Asthana RK (2013a) Cyanobacteria, Lyngya aestuarii and Aphanothece bullosa as antifungal and antileishmanial drug resources. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 3:458–463
Kumar SR, Hosokawa M, Miyashita K (2013b) Fucoxanthin: a marine carotenoid exerting anti-cancer effects by affecting multiple mechanisms. Mar Drugs 11:5130–5147
Kumar D, Dhar DW, Pabbi S, Kumar N, Walia S (2014) Extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis (CCC540). Indian J Plant Physiol 19(2):184–188
La Barre S, Potin P, Leblanc C, Delage L (2010) The halogenated metabolism of brown algae (Phaeophyta), its biological importance and its environmental significance. Mar Drugs 8(4):988–1010
Lauritano C, Andersen JH, Hansen E, Albrigtsen M, Escalera L, Esposito F, Helland K, Hanssen KØ, Romano G, Ianora A (2016) Bioactivity screening of microalgae for antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, anti-diabetes and antibacterial activities. Front Mar Sci 3:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2016.00068
Leblond JD, Timofte HI, Roche SA, Porter NM (2011) Sterols of glaucocystophytes. Phycol Res 59:129–134
Lee JH, Kim HS, Seo HH, Song MY, Kulkarni A, Choi YH, Kim KW, Moh SH (2015) Antiaging effects of algae-derived mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) on skin. In: Farage M, Miller K, Maibach H (eds) Textbook of aging skin. Springer, Berlin
Lenoir-Wijnkoop I, Dapoigny M, Dubois D, van Ganse E, Gutiérrez-Ibarluzea I, Hutton J, Jones P, Mittendorf T, Poley MJ, Salminen S, Nuijten MJ (2010) Nutrition economics–characterising the economic and health impact of nutrition. Br J Nutr 105(1):157–166
Leu S, Boussiba S (2014) Advances in the production of high-value products by microalgae. Indus Biotechnol 10:169–183
Leya T, Rahn A, Lütz C, Remias D (2009) Response of arctic snow and permafrost algae to high light and nitrogen stress by changes in pigment composition and applied aspects for biotechnology. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 67:432–443
Li HB, Cheng KW, Wong CC, Fan KW, Chen F, Jiang Y (2007) Evaluation of antioxidant capacity and total phenolic content of different fractions of selected microalgae. Food Chem 102(3):771–776
Liang S, Liu X, Chen F, Chen Z (2004) Current microalgal health food R & D activities in China. In: Ang PO (ed) Asian Pacific Phycol. 21st century Prospect. Challenges. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 45–48
Lin JY, Tang CY (2007) Determination of total phenolic and flavonoid contents in selected fruits and vegetables, as well as their stimulatory effects on mouse splenocyte proliferation. Food Chem 101(1):140–147
Lin J, Huang L, Yu J, Xiang S, Wang J, Zhang J, Yan X, Cui W, He S, Wang Q (2016) Fucoxanthin, a marine carotenoid, reverses scopolamine-induced cognitive impairments in mice and inhibits acetylcholinesterase in vitro. Mar Drugs 14:67. https://doi.org/10.3390/md14040067
Liu J, Chen F (2016) Biology and industrial applications of Chlorella: advances and prospects. Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol 153:1–35
Liu BH, Lee YK (2000) Secondary carotenoids formation by the green alga Chlorococcum sp. J Appl Phycol 12:301–307
Llewellyn CA, Airs RL (2010) Distribution and abundance of MAAs in 33 species of microalgae across 13 Classes. Mar Drugs 8(4):1273–1291
Lobo V, Patil A, Phatak A, Chandra N (2010) Free radicals, antioxidants and functional foods: impact on human health. Pharmacogn Rev 4(8):118–126
Lorenz RT, Cysewski GR (2000) Commercial potential for Haematococcus microalgae as a natural source of astaxanthin. Trends Biotechnol 18:160–167
Luo X, Su P, Zhang W (2015) Advances in microalgae- derived phytosterols for functional food and pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 13:4231–4254
Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Funayama K, Miyashita K (2007a) Effect of medium-chain triacylglycerols on anti-obesity effect of fucoxanthin. J Oleo Sci 56(12):615–621
Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K (2007b) Dietary combination of fucoxanthin and fish oil attenuates the weight gain of white adipose tissue and decreases blood glucose in obese/diabetic KK-Ay mice. J Agric Food Chem 55:7701–7706
Mahendran S, Saravanan S, Vijayabaskar P, Anandapandian KTK, Shankar T (2013) Antibacterial potential of microbial exopolysaccharide from Ganoderma lucidum and Lysinibacillus fusiformis. Int J Recent Sci Res 4:501–505
Malathi T, Babu MR, Mounika T, Snehalatha D, Rao BD (2014) Screening of cyanobacterial strains for antibacterial activity. Phykos 44:6–11
Markou G, Angelidaki I, Georgakakis D (2012) Microalgal carbohydrates: an overview of the factors influencing carbohydrates production, and of main bioconversion technologies for production of biofuels. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 95:631–645. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-012-4398-0
Martinez-Fernandez E, Acosta-Salmon H, Southgate PC (2006) The nutritional value of seven species of tropical microalgae for blacklip pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera, L.) larvae. Aquaculture 257:491–503
Mathew BR, Sankaranarayanan P, Nair C, Varghese T, Smanathon B et al (1995) Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer 24:197–202
Matsukawa R, Hotta M, Masuda Y, Chihara M, Karube I (2000) Antioxidants from carbon dioxide fixing Chlorella sorokiniana. J Appl Phycol 12:263–267
Mayer AMS, Hamann MT (2005) Marine pharmacology in 2001–2002: marine compounds with anthelmintic, antibacterial, anticoagulant, antidiabetic, antifungal, anti-inflammatory, antimalarial, antiplatelet, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral activities; affecting the cardiovascular, immune and nervous systems and other miscellaneous mechanisms of action. Comp Biochem Physiol Part C Toxicol Pharmacol 140:265–286
Mazur-Marzec H, Kaczkowska MJ, Blaszczyk A, Ackaalan R, Spoof L, Meriluoto J (2013) Diversity of peptides produced by Nodularia spumigena from various geographical regions. Mar Drugs 11:1–19
Medina AR, Grima EM, Giměnez AG, González MJI (1997) Lipase-catalyzed esterification of glycerol and polyunsaturated fatty acids from fish and microalgae oils. Biotechnol Adv 16:517–580
Mendes RL, Nobre BP, Cardoso MT, Pereira AP, Palavra AF (2003) Supercritical carbon dioxide extraction of compounds with pharmaceutical importance from microalgae. Inorg Chim Acta 356:328–334
Mendiola JA, Maŕın FR, Herńandez SF, Arredondo BO, Sěnoŕans FJ, Ibánez E, Reglero G (2005) Characterization via liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detector and tandem mass spectrometry of supercritical fluid antioxidant extracts of Spirulina platensis microalga. J Sep Sci 28:1031–1038
Mendiola JA, Torres CF, Martín-Alvarez PJ, Santoyo S, Toré A, Arredondo BO, Señoráns FJ, Cifuentes A, Ibáñez E (2007) Use of supercritical CO2 to obtain extracts with antimicrobial activity from Chaetoceros muelleri microalga. A correlation with their lipidic content. Eur Food Res Technol 224:505–510
Mendiola JA, Santoyo S, Cifuentes A, Reglero G, Ibanez E, Senorans FJ (2008) Antimicrobial activity of sub- and supercritical CO2 extracts of the green alga Dunaliella salina. J Food Prot 71:2138–2143
Merapharma (2019) Corporate website. https://www.merapharma.com/about-mera.html. Accessed on 02 July 2019
Mishra VK, Bacheti RK, Husen A (2011) Medicinal uses of chlorophyll: a critical overview. In: Le H, Salcedo E (eds) Chlorophyll: structure, function and medicinal. Uses Publisher, Nova Science Publishers, Inc, Hauppauge
Mišurcová L, Buňka F, Vávra Ambrožová J, Machů L, Samek D, Kráčmar S (2014) Amino acid composition of algal products and its contribution to RDI. Food Chem 151:120–125
Mobin S, Alam F (2017) Some promising microalgal species for commercial applications: a review. Energy Procedia 110:510–517
Moore RE, Patterson GML, Carmichael WW (1988) New pharmaceuticals from cultured blue green algae. In: Fautin DG (ed) Biomedical importance of marine organisms. California Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, pp 143–150
Morinoto T, Nagatu A, Murakami N (1995) Anti-tumor promoting glyceroglycolipid from green alga Chlorella vulgaris. Phytochemistry 40:1433–1437
Mudimu O, Rybalka N, Bauersachs T, Born J, Friedl T, Schulz R (2014) Biotechnological screening of microalgal and cyanobacterial strains for biogas production and antibacterial and antifungal effects. Metabolites 4:373–393
Mukund S, Sivasubramanian V (2014) Anticancer activity of Oscillatoria terebriformis, cyanobacteria in human lung cancer cell line A549. Int J Appl Biol Pharm Technol 5:34–45
Mulders KJM, Lamers PP, Martens DE, Wijffels RH (2014) Phototropic pigment production with microalgae: biological constraints and opportunities. J Phycol 50:229–242
Murakami M, Suzuki S, Itou Y, Kodani S, Ishida K (2000) New anabaenopeptins, potent carboxypeptidase-A inhibitors from the cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. J Nat Prod 63:1280–1282
Mus F, Toussaint JP, Cooksey KE, Fields MW, Gerlach R, Peyton BM et al (2013) Physiological and molecular analysis of carbon source supplementation and pH stress- induced lipid accumulation in the marine diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 97:3625–3642
Mussgnug JH, Klassen V, Schlüter A, Kruse O (2010) Microalgae as substrates for fermentative biogas production in a combined biorefinery concept. J Biotechnol 150(1):51–56
Nakamura Y, Takahashi J, Sakurai A, Inaba Y, Suzuki E, Nihei S et al (2005) Some cyanobacteria synthesize semiamylopectin type α-Polyglucans instead of glycogen. Plant Cell Physiol 46(3):539–545
Nappo M, Berkov S, Massucco C, Di Maria V, Bastida J, Codina C et al (2012) Apoptotic activity of the marine diatom Cocconeis scutellum and eicosopentaenoic acid in BT20 cells. Pharm Biol 50:529–535
Ng DHP, Ng YK, Shen H, Lee YK (2015) Microalgal biotechnology: the way forward. In: Kim SK (ed) Handbook of marine microalgae. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 69–80
Ngo DN, Kim MM, Kim SK (2006) Chitin oligosaccharides inhibit oxidative stress in live cells. Carbohydr Polym 74:228–234
Nicoletti M (2012) Nutraceuticals and botanicals: overview and perspectives. Int J Food Sci Nutr 63:2–6
Nose T (1972) Mineral requirements. Suisan Zoshoku 20:289–300
Nunes-Alves C, Booty MG, Carpenter SM, Jayaraman P, Rothchild AC, Behar SM (2014) In search of a new paradigm for protective immunity to TB. Nat Rev Microbiol 12:289–299
Okada T, Nakai M, Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashita K (2008) Suppressive effect of neoxanthin on the differentiation of 3T3-L1 adipose cells. J Oleo Sci 57(6):345–351
Olaizola M (2005) The health benefits of Haematococcus astaxanthin: cardiovascular health. Agro Food Ind Hi-Tech 16:35–37
Ozdemir G, Karabay NU, Dalay MC, Pazarbasi B (2004) Antibacterial activity of volatile component and various extracts of Spirulina platensis. Phytother Res 18(9):754–757
Palozza P, Serini S, Maggiano N, Tringali G, Navarra P, Ranelletti FO, Calviello G (2005) Beta-carotene downregulates the steady-state and heregulin-alpha-induced COX-2 pathways in colon cancer cells. J Nutr 135:129–136
Palozza P, Torelli C, Boninsegna A, Simone R, Catalano A, Mele MC, Picci N (2009) Growth-inhibitory effects of the astaxanthin-rich alga Haematococcus pluvialis in human colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 283:108–117
Pane G, Cacciola G, Giacco E, Mariottini GL, Coppo E (2015) Assessment of the antimicrobial activity of algae extracts on bacteria responsible of external Otitis. Mar Drugs 13(10):6440–6452
Pangestuti R, Kim SK (2011) Biological activities and health benefit effects of natural pigments derived from marine algae. J Funct Foods 3(4):255–266
Parry Nutraceuticals (2019) Parry Nutraceuticals website. http://www.parrynutraceuticals.com/food-ingredients.Aspx
Pasquet V, Morisset P, Ihammouine S, Chepiedm A, Aumailley L, Berard JB et al (2011) Antiproliferative activity of violaxanthin isolated from bioguided fractionation of Dunaliella tertiolecta extracts. Mar Drugs 9:819–831
Patil V, Källqvist T, Olsen E, Vogt G, Gislerød HR (2007) Fatty acid composition of 12 microalgae for possible use in aquaculture feed. Aquac Int 15:1–9
Pattanaik A, Sukla LB, Pradhan D, Shukla V (2019) Artificial intelligence and virtual environment for microalgal source for production of nutraceuticals. Biomed J Sci Tech Res 13(5):4362–4367. https://doi.org/10.26717/BJSTR.2019.13.002459
Pelah D, Sintov A, Cohen E (2004) The effect of salt stress on the production of canthaxanthin and astaxanthin by Chlorella zofingiensis grown under limited light intensity. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 20:483–486
Pen S, Scarone L, Manta E, Stewart L, Yardley V et al (2012) Synthesis of a Microcystis aeruginosa predicted metabolite with antimalarial activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 22(15):4994–4997
Pereira H, Barreira L, Figueiredo F, Custodio L, Vizetto-Duarte C, Polo C et al (2012) Polyunsaturated fatty acids of marine macroalgae: potential for nutritional and pharmaceutical applications. Mar Drugs 10:1920–1935
Pham DNT, Leclerc D, Levesque N, Deng L, Rozen R (2013) β-Carotene 15,15′-monooxygenase and its substrate β-carotene modulate migration and invasion in colorectal carcinoma cells. Am J Clin Nutr 98:413–422
Piironen V, Lindsay DG, Miettinen TA, Toivo J, Lampi AM (2000) Plant sterols: biosynthesis, biological function and their importance to human nutrition. J Sci Food Agric 80:939–966
Piorreck M, Baasch KH, Pohl P (1984) Biomass production, total protein, chlorophylls, lipids and fatty acids of freshwater green and bluegreen algae under different nitrogen regimes. Phytochemistry 23:207–216
Plaza M, Herrero M, Cifuentes A, Ibanez E (2009) Innovative natural functional ingredients from microalgae. J Agric Food Chem 57:7159–7170
Plaza M, Santoyo S, Jaime L, Reina GG, Herrero M, Senorans FJ, Ibanez E (2010) Screening for bioactive compounds from algae. J Pharm Biomed Anal 51:450–455
Ploutno A, Carmeli S (2000) Nostocyclyne A. A novel antimicrobial cyclophane from the cyanobacterium Nostoc sp. J Nat Prod 63:1524–1526
Poerschmann J, Spijkerman E, Langer U (2004) Fatty acid patterns in Chlamydomonas sp. as a marker for nutritional regimes and temperature under extremely acidic conditions. Microb Ecol 48:78–89
Ponomarenko LP, Stonik IV, Aizdaicher NA, Orlova TY, Popovskaya GI, Pomazkina GV, Stonik VA (2004) Sterols of marine microalgae Pyramimonas cf. cordata (Prasinophyta), Attheya ussurensis sp. nov. (Bacillariophyta) and a spring diatom bloom from Lake Baikal. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 138:65–70
Portmann C, Blom JF, Gademann K, Juttner F (2008) Aerucyclamides A and B: isolation and synthesis of toxic ribosomal heterocyclic peptides from the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa PCC 7806. J Nat Prod 71(7):1193–1196
Prasanna R, Kaushik BD (2005) Algal diversity from morphology to molecules. In: Satyanarayana T, Johri BN (eds) Microbial diversity: current perspectives and potential applications. IK International, New Delhi, pp 323–344
Pratt R, Daniels TC, Eiler JJ, Gunnison JB, Kumler WD, Oneto JF et al (1944) Chlorellin, an antibacterial substance from Chlorella. Science 99:351–352
Pro Aigen Biotech (2019) https://www.indiamart.com/proalgen-biotech-limited/. Accessed on 30 June 2019
Pulz O, Gross W (2004) Valuable products from biotechnology of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 65(6):635–648
Rabbani S, Beyer P, Lintig J, Hugueney P, Kleinig H (1998) Induced beta carotene synthesis driven by triacylglycerol deposition in the unicellular alga Dunaliella bardawil. Plant Physiol 116:1239–1248
Rafika C, Lamia T, Rym BD, Omeya EA, Ali Y, Khamissa G, Jihen BA, Hela O, Ouada HB (2011) Evaluation of cytotoxicity and biological activities in extracellular polysaccharides released by cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis. Braz Arch Biol Technol 54:831–838
Rajasekaran A, Sivagnanam G, Xavier R (2008) Nutraceuticals as therapeutic agents: a review. Res J Pharm Technol 1:328–340
Ranga RA, Vijaya RD, Ravishankar GA (2017) Secondary metabolites from algae for nutraceutical application. Novel Tech Nutr Food Sci 1(1). https://doi.org/10.31031/NTNF.2017.01.000503
Rao SD, Raghuramulu N (1996) Food chain as origin of vitamin D in fish. Comp Biochem Physiol Part A Physiol 114:15–19
Raposo MFJ, Mendes-Pinto MM, Morais R (2001) Carotenoids, foodstuff and human health. In: Morais R (ed) Functional foods an introductory course. Universidade Católica Portuguesa—Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto
Raposo MFJ, de Morais RMSC, Bernardo de Morais AMM (2013) Bioactivity and applications of sulphated polysaccharides from marine microalgae. Mar Drugs 11(1):233–252
Raposo MF, de Morais AM, de Morais RM (2014) Influence of sulphate on the composition and antibacterial and antiviral properties of the exopolysaccharide from Porphyridium cruentum. Life Sci 101:56–63
Raposo MFJ, Morais AMB, Morais RMS (2015) Marine polysaccharides from algae with potential biomedical applications. Mar Drugs 13:2967–3028
Rath J, Adhikary SP (2005) A check list of algae from Chilika Lake, Orissa. Nelumbo Bull Bot Surv India 47:101–114
Rath B, Priyadarshani I (2013) Antibacterial and antifungal activity of marine cyanobacteria from Odisha coast. Int J Curr Trends Res 2:248–251
Ratha SK, Naik K, Padhi SB (2003) Epiphytic algal diversity associated with different aquatic macrophytes of freshwater ponds in and around Berhampur University campus, Orissa. Nat Environ Pollut Technol 2:205–208
Ratha SC, Prasanna R, Gupta V, Dhar DW, Saxena AK (2012) Bioprospecting and indexing the microalgal diversity of different ecological habitats of India. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 28:1657–1667
Reitan KI, Rainuzzo JR, Olsen Y (1994) Effect of nutrient limitation on fatty acid and lipid content of marine microalgae. J Phycol 30:972–979
Remias D, Lütz-Meindl U, Lütz C (2005) Photosynthesis, pigments and ultrastructure of the alpine snow alga Chlamydomonas nivalis. Eur J Phycol 40:259–268
Ribalet F, Wichard T, Pohnert G, Ianora A, Miralto A, Casotti R (2007) Age and nutrient limitation enhance polyunsaturated aldehyde production in marine diatoms. Phytochemistry 68:2059–2067
Riegger L, Robinson D (1997) Photoinduction of UV-absorbing compounds in Antarctic diatoms and Phaeocystis antarctica. Mar Ecol Prog Ser 160:13–25
Rodriguez-Garcia I, Guil-Guerrero JL (2008) Evaluation of the antioxidant activity of three microalgal species for use as dietary supplements and in the preservation of foods. Food Chem 108:1023–1026
Rodriguez-Sanchez R, Ortiz-Butron R, Blas-Valdivia V, Hernandez-Garcia A, Cano-Europa E (2012) Phycobiliproteins or C-phycocyanin of Arthrospira (Spirulina) maxima protect against HgCl2-caused oxidative stress and renal damage. Food Chem 135:2359–2365
Rosenberg JN, Oyler GA, Wilkinson L, Betenbaugh MJ (2008) A green light for engineered algae: redirecting metabolism to fuel a biotechnology revolution. Curr Opin Biotechnol 19:430–436
Roy KR, Arunasree KM, Dhoot A, Aparna R, Reddy GV, Vali S, Reddanna P (2007) C-phycocyanin inhibits 2-acetylaminofluorene-induced expression of MDR1 in mouse macrophage cells: ROS mediated pathway determined via combination of experimental and in silico analysis. Arch Biochem Biophys 459:169–177
Roy S, Llewellyn CA, Egeland ES, Johnson G (2011) Phytoplankton pigments: characterization, chemotaxonomy, and applications in oceanography. Cambridge University Press, New York
Sachindra N, Sato E, Maeda H, Hosokawa M, Niwano Y, Kohno M et al (2007) Radical scavenging and singlet oxygen quenching activity of marine carotenoid fucoxanthin and its metabolites. J Agric Food Chem 55:8516–8522
Samantraray SM, Mallick AK, Padhy SB (2002) Chilika environment and its algal vegetation. Seaweed Res Util 24:13–17
Sanchez JF, Fernández-Sevilla JM, Acién FG, Cerón MC, Pérez-Parra J, Molina-Grima E (2008) Biomass and lutein productivity of Scenedesmus almeriensis: influence of irradiance, dilution rate and temperature. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 79:719–729
Santiago-Morales IS, Trujillo-Valle L, Márquez-Rocha FJ, López Hernández JF (2018) Tocopherols, phycocyanin and superoxide dismutase from microalgae as potential food antioxidants. Appl Food Biotechnol 5:19–27
Sathasivam R, Kermanee P, Roytrakul S, Juntawong N (2012) Isolation and molecular identification of β-carotene producing strains of Dunaliella salina and Dunaliella bardawil from salt soil samples by using species-specific primers and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) primers. Afr J Biotechnol 11(34):8425–8432
Satoh A, Tsuji S, Okada Y, Murakami N, Urami M, Nakagawa K, Ishikura M, Katagiri M, Koga Y, Shirasawa T (2009) Preliminary clinical evaluation of toxicity and efficacy of a new astaxanthin-rich Haematococcus pluvialis extract. J Clin Biochem Nutr 44:280–284
Selvaraj G, Kaliamurthi S, Cakmak ZE, Cakmak T (2017) RuBisCO of microalgae as potential targets for nutraceutical peptides: a computational study. Biotechnology 16(4–6):130–144
Semary NAE, Fouda M (2015) Anticancer activity of Cyanothece sp. strain extracts from Egypt: first record. Asian Pac J Trop Biomed 5:992–995
Severes A, Nivas S, D’Souza L, Hegde S (2018) Diversity study of freshwater microalgae of some unexplored water bodies of a rapidly developing industrial region in India. J Algal Biomass Util 9(2):31–40
Shaieb FA, Issa AA, Meragaa A (2014) Antimicrobial activity of crude extracts of cyanobacteria Nostoc commune and Spirulina platensis. Arch Biomed Sci 2:34–41
Sheih IC, Fang TJ, Wu TK (2009a) Isolation and characterisation of a novel angiotensin I-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitory peptide from the algae protein waste. Food Chem 115(1):279–284
Sheih IC, Fang TJ, Wu TK, Lin PH (2009b) Anticancer and antioxidant activities of the peptide fraction from algae protein waste. J Agric Food Chem 58(2):1202–1207
Shi XM, Chen F (2002) High-yield production of lutein by the green microalga Chlorella protothecoides in heterotrophic fed-batch culture. Biotechnol Prog 18:723–727
Shi X, Wu Z, Chen F (2006) Kinetic modeling of lutein production by heterotrophic Chlorella at various pH and temperatures. Mol Nutr Food Res 50:763–768
Shimoda H, Tanaka J, Shan S, Maoka T (2010) Antipigmentary activity of fucoxanthin and its influence on skin mRNA expression of melanogenic molecules. J Pharm Pharmacol 62:1137–1145
Silvestro D, Andersen TG, Schaller H, Jensen PE (2013) Plant sterol metabolism. Δ7-sterol-C5-desaturase (STE1/DWARF7), Δ5,7-sterol-Δ7-reductase (DWARF5) and Δ24-sterol-Δ24-reductase (DIMINUTO/DWARF1) show multiple subcellular localizations in Arabidopsis thaliana (Heynh) L. PLoS One 8:e564529. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056429
Singh UB, Sharma C (2014) Microalgal diversity of Sheer Khad (stream): a tributary of Sutlej River, Himachal Pradesh, India. J Res Plant Sci 3(1):235–241
Singh P, Singh R, Jha A, Rasane P, Gautam AK (2015) Optimization of a process for high fibre and high protein biscuit. J Food Sci Technol 52:1394–1403
Sinha RP, Klisch M, Gröniger A, Häder DP (1998) Ultraviolet-absorbing/screening substances in cyanobacteria, phytoplankton and macroalgae. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 47:83–94
Smetana S, Sandmann M, Rohn S, Pleissner D, Heinz V (2017) Autotrophic and heterotrophic microalgae and cyanobacteria cultivation for food and feed: life cycle assessment. Bioresour Technol 245(Pt A):162–170. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.113
Sonani RR, Rastogi RP, Patel R, Madamwar D (2016) Recent advances in production, purification and applications of phycobiliproteins. World J Biol Chem 7:100–109
Spolaore P, Joannis-Cassan C, Duran E, Isambert A (2006) Commercial applications of microalgae. J Biosci Bioeng 101(2):87–96
Stengel DB, Connan S, Popper ZA (2011) Algal chemodiversity and bioactivity: sources of natural variability and implications for commercial application. Biotechnol Adv 29:483–501
Subudhi S (2017) Bioprospecting for algal based nutraceuticals and high value added compounds. J Pharm Pharm Sci 4(2):145–150. https://doi.org/10.15436/2377-1313.17.16511313.17.1651
Sugawara T, Matsubara K, Akagi R, Mori M, Hirata T (2006) Antiangiogenic activity of brown algae fucoxanthin and its deacetylated product, fucoxanthinol. Agric Food Chem 54:9805–9810
Suh SS, Kim SM, Kim JE, Hong JM, Lee SG, Youn UJ, Han SJ, Kim IC, Kim S (2017) Anticancer activities of ethanol extract from the Antarctic freshwater microalga, Botryidiopsidaceae sp. BMC Complement Altern Med 17:509. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12906-017-1991-x
Suresh A, Kumar RP, Dhanasekaran D, Thajuddin N (2012) Biodiversity of microalgae in Western a and Eastern Ghats, India. Pak J Biol Sci 15(19):919–928
Taira H, Aoki S, Yamanoha B, Taguchi S (2004) Daily variation in cellular content of UV-absorbing compounds mycosporine-like amino acids in the marine dinoflagellate Scrippsiella sweeneyae. J Photochem Photobiol B Biol 75:145–155
Takeuchi A, Okano T, Tanda M, Kobayashi T (1991) Possible origin of extremely high contents of vitamin D3 in some kinds of fish liver. Comp Biochem Physiol A Physiol 100:483–487
Talero E, García-Mauriño S, Ávila-Román J, Rodríguez-Luna A, Alcaide A, Motilva V (2015) Bioactive compounds isolated from microalgae in chronic inflammation and cancer. Mar Drugs 13(10):6152–6209
Taylor HR, Tikellis G, Robman LD, Mc Carty CA, Mc Neil JJ (2002) Vitamin E supplementation and macular degeneration: randomised controlled trial. BMJ 325(7354):11. https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7354.11
Thomson PG, Wright SW, Bolch CJS, Nichols PD, Skerratt JH, McMinn A (2004) Antarctic distribution, pigment and lipid composition, and molecular identification of the brine dinoflagellate Polarella glacialis (Dinophyceae). J Phycol 40:867–873
Tokuşoglu Ö, Üunal MK (2003) Biomass nutrient profiles of three microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Chlorella vulgaris, and Isochrisis galbana. J Food Sci 68:1144–1148
Tomaselli L (2003) Biodeterioration processes on inorganic substrata. Coalition 6:5–9
Tramroy P (2011) Microalgae market outlook report website. CBDM.T-Market and Business Intelligence. http://www.microalgae-market.com/
Tsukui T, Baba N, Hosokawa M, Sashima T, Miyashit K (2009) Enhancement of hepatic docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid contents in C57BL/6J mice by dietary fucoxanthin. Fish Sci 75:261–263
Tukaj Z, Matusiak-Mikulin K, Lewandowska J, Szurkowski J (2003) Changes in the pigment patterns and the photosynthetic activity during a light-induced cell cycle of the green alga Scenedesmus armatus. Plant Physiol Biochem 41:337–344
Udayan A, Arumugam M, Pandey A (2017) Nutraceuticals from algae and cyanobacteria. In: Algal green chem. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 65–89
Uhlik DJ, Gowans CS (1974) Synthesis of nicotinic acid in Chlamydomonas eugametos. Int J Biochem 5:79–84
Urzi C, Realini M (1998) Colour changes of Noto’s calcareous sandstone as related to its colonisation by microorganisms. Int Biodeterior Biodegrad 42(1):45–54
US Nutra (2019) Corporate website. http://www.usnutra.com/. Accessed on 21 July 2019
USDA (2002) USA: dietary reference intakes and recommended dietary allowances. Nat Acad of Sciences. Available at: http://arborcom.com/frame/nutrc.htm. Accessed on 21 July 2019
Uttara B, Singh AV, Zamboni P, Mahajan R (2009) Oxidative stress and neurodegenerative diseases: a review of upstream and downstream antioxidant therapeutic options. Curr Neuropharmacol 7(1):65–74. https://doi.org/10.2174/157015909787602823
Valenzuela-Espinoza E, Millan-Nuñez R, Núñez-Cebrero F (2002) Protein, carbohydrate, lipid and chlorophyll a content of Isochrysis aff. galbana (clone T-Iso) cultured with a low cost alternative to the f/2 medium. Aquac Eng 25(4):207–216
Van Krimpen M, Bikker P, Van der Meer I, Van der Peet-Schwering C, Vereijken J (2013) Cultivation, processing and nutritional aspects for pigs and poultry of European protein sources as alternatives for imported soybean products. Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Lelystad
Vilchez C, Garbayo I, Lobato MV, Vega JM (1997) Microalgae-mediated chemicals production and wastes removal. Enzyme Microb Technol 20:562–572
Volkman JK (2003) Sterols in microorganisms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 60(5):495–506
Wang L, Pan B, Sheng J, Xu J, Hu Q (2007) Antioxidant activity of Spirulina platensis extracts by supercritical carbon dioxide extraction. Food Chem 105:36–41
Wang H, Peiris TH, Mowery A, Le Lay J, Gao Y, Greenbaum LE (2008) CCAAT/enhancer binding protein-beta is a transcriptional regulator of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator-1alpha in the regenerating liver. Mol Endocrinol 22:1596–1605
Wang G, Goyal N, Hopkinson B (2009) Preparation of L-proline based aeruginosin 298-A analogs: optimisation of the P1-moiety. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 19:3798–3803
Washida K, Koyama T, Yamada K, Kitab M, Urmura D et al (2006) Karatungiols A and B two novel antimicrobial polyol compounds, from the symbiotic marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium sp. Tetrahedron Lett 47(15):2521–2525
Watanabe M, Ikeuchi M (2013) Phycobilisome: architecture of a light-harvesting supercomplex. Phytother Res 116:265–276
Waterbury JB (2006) The cyanobacteria—isolation, purification and identification. In: Dworkin M (ed) The prokaryotes—a handbook on the biology of bacteria, vol 4. Springer, New York, pp 1053–1073
Welker M, von Dohren H (2006) Cyanobacterial peptides—nature’s own combinatorial biosynthesis. FEMS Microbiol Rev 30:530–563
Wijffels RH (2019) Algae for energy, http://www.knaw.nl/agenda/pdf/wijffels.pdf. Accessed on 02 July 2019
Wu Z, Dejtisakdi W, Kermanee P, Ma C, Arirob W, Sathasivam R, Juntawong N (2016) Outdoor cultivation of Dunaliella salina KU 11 using brine and saline lake water with raceway ponds in northeastern Thailand. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 64(6):938–943
Xiao R, Zheng Y (2016) Overview of microalgal extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) and their applications. Biotechnol Adv 34:1225–1244
Xiong F, Komenda J, Kopecky J, Nedbal L (1997) Strategies of ultraviolet-B protection in microscopic algae. Physiol Plant 100:378–388
Xiong FS, Kopecky J, Nedbal L (1999) The occurrence of UV-B absorbing mycosporine-like amino acids in freshwater and terrestrial microalgae (Chlorophyta). Aquat Bot 63:37–49
Yaakob Z, Ali E, Zainal A, Mohamad M, Takriff MS (2014) An overview: biomolecules from microalgae for animal feed and aquaculture. J Biol Res (Thessaloniki) 21(1):6. http://www.jbiolres.com/content/21/1/6/6
Yabuta Y, Fujimura H, Kwak CS, Enomoto T, Wata-nabe F (2010) Antioxidant activity of the phycoeryth-robilin compound formed from a dried Korean purple laver (Porphyra sp.) during in vitro digestion. Food Sci Technol Res 16:347–351
Yook JS, Kim KA, Park JE, Lee SH, Cha YS (2015) Microalgal oil supplementation has an anti-obesity effect in c57bl/6j mice fed a high fat diet. Prev Nutr Food Sci 20(4):230–237
Yuan JP, Chen F, Liu X, Li XZ (2002) Carotenoid composition in the green microalga Chlorococcum. Food Chem 76:319–325
Yuan JP, Peng J, Yin K, Wang JH (2011) Potential health-promoting effects of astaxanthin: a high-value carotenoid mostly from microalgae. Mol Nutr Food Res 55:150–165
Zhang CW, Cohen Z, Khozin-Goldberg I, Richmond A (2002) Characterization of growth and arachidonic acid production of Parietochloris incisa comb. Nov (Trebouxiophyceae, Chlorophyta). J Appl Phycol 14:453–460
Zhang D, Wan M, del Rio-Chanona EA, Huang J, Wang W, Li Y, Vassiliadis VS (2016) Dynamic modelling of Haematococcus pluvialis photoinduction for astaxanthin production in both attached and suspended photobioreactors. Algal Res 13:69–78
Zhekisheva M, Zarka A, Khozin-Goldberg I, Cohen Z, Boussiba S (2005) Inhibition of astaxanthin synthesis under high irradiance does not abolish triacylglycerol accumulation in the green alga Haematococcus pluvialis (Chlorophyceae). J Phycol 41:819–826
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2020 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kaur, P. (2020). Microalgae as Nutraceutical for Achieving Sustainable Food Solution in Future. In: Singh, J., Vyas, A., Wang, S., Prasad, R. (eds) Microbial Biotechnology: Basic Research and Applications. Environmental and Microbial Biotechnology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-2817-0_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-15-2816-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-15-2817-0
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)