Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Inclusion: Moving Beyond Resilience in the Pursuit of Transformative and Just DRR Practices for Persons with Disabilities

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Natural Hazards and Disaster Justice

Abstract

International frameworks (e.g. the United Nations (UN) Convention on the Rights of People with Disabilities and Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030) recognise that inclusion in disaster risk reduction (DRR) processes is a human right and is imperative for achieving greater levels of disaster justice. Yet pathways to achieving inclusion for people with disabilities are unclear and fragmented. Using disability and disability-inclusive DRR (DiDRR) as a lens, this chapter provides an overview of the barriers to inclusion and explores a series of grounded solutions that facilitate greater inclusion of people with disabilities at all stages of DRR from inception to delivery to ensure that DRR plans and practice are tailored to specific requirements and honour the principles of universal design.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 119.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 159.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Notes

  1. 1.

    The term ‘disability’ is a contested term and there is no one agreed definition. Here, we define disability as “…those who have long-term physical, mental, intellectual or sensory impairments which in interaction with various [attitudinal, environmental and institutional ] barriers [that] may hinder their full and effective participation in society on an equal basis with others” (UNCRPD, 2006, p. 4). This definition aligns most closely with interactional models of disability that see disability as an outcome of their impairments and the socially constructed environment (see World Health Organisation & World Bank, 2011, p. 4).

  2. 2.

    Accessed on YouTube via https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qCWUEiAVii8&t=2s

References

  • Adger, W. N. (2006). Vulnerability. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 268–281.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anam, N., Khan, A. N., Bari, N., & Alam, K. J. (2002). Unveiling Darkness: The Situation Analysis on Disaster and Disability Issues in the Coastal Belt of Bangladesh. Dhakar. Retrieved from http://www.csid-bd.com/research/research01.pdf

  • ASB, & Handicap International. (2011). Mainstreaming Disability in Disaster Risk Reduction: A Training Manual and Facilitation Guide. Manilla. Retrieved from http://masbatepdrrmo.com/wpcontent/uploads/2015/11/Mainstreaming-Disability-in-Disaster-Risk-Reduction-A-Training-Manual-and-Facilitation-Guide.pdf

  • Belser, J. W. (2015). Disability and the Social Politics of ‘Natural’ Disaster: Toward a Jewish Feminist Ethics of Disaster Tales. Worldviews: Environment, Culture, Religion, 19(1), 51–68.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boon, H. J., Pagliano, P., Brown, L., & Tsey, K. (2012). An Assessment of Policies Guiding School Emergency Disaster Management for Students with Disabilities in Australia. Journal of Policy and Practice in Intellectual Disabilities, 9(1), 17–26.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, L. M., Haun, J. N., & Peterson, L. (2014). A Proposed Disaster Literacy Model. Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness, 8(3), 267–275.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Busapathumrong, P. (2013). Disaster Management: Vulnerability and Resilience in Disaster Recovery in Thailand. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 12(1–2), 67–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/1536710X.2013.784176

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calgaro, E., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2013). Final Project Report (Milestone 7)—Increasing the Resilience of the Deaf Community in NSW to Natural Hazards. Retrieved from http://deafsocietynsw.org.au/news/entry/resilience_natural_hazards

  • Calgaro, E., Allen, J., Craig, N., Craig, L., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2013). Deaf Community Experience, Knowledge & Needs Assessment—Final Results Report (Milestone 2 & 3). Increasing the Resilience of the Deaf Community in NSW to Natural Hazards—Project Reports. Retrieved from http://deafsocietynsw.org.au/news/entry/resilience_natural_hazards

  • Calgaro, E., Craig, L., Johnson, K., Krongkant, P., Craig, N., Zayas, J., … Dominey-Howes, D. (2015). Disability and Disasters: Empowering People and Building Resilience to Risk. Global Resilience Challenge: Solution Statement. Retrieved from http://www.globalresiliencepartnership.org/teams/disability-and-disasters/

  • Calgaro, E., Dominey-Howes, D., & Lloyd, K. (2014). Application of the Destination Sustainability Framework (DSF) to Explore the Drivers of Vulnerability in Thailand Following the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3), 361–383. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calgaro, E., Lloyd, K., & Dominey-Howes, D. (2014). From Vulnerability to Transformation: A Framework for Assessing the Vulnerability and Resilience of Tourism Destinations in a World of Uncertainty. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 22(3), 341–360. https://doi.org/10.1080/09669582.2013.826229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Centre for Disability Research and Policy and Natural Hazards Research Group. (2017). Local Emergency Management Guidelines for Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction in NSW. Sydney, NSW. Retrieved from Sydney: http://sydney.edu.au/healthsciences/cdrp/projects/Emergency%20Preparedness_brochure_August2017_WEB_ACCESS.pdf

  • Chou, Y., Huang, N., Lee, C., Tsai, S., Chen, L., & Chang, H. (2004). Who Is at Risk of Death in an Earthquake? American Journal of Epidemiology, 160(7), 688–695.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • COAG. (2011). National Strategy for Disaster Resilience: Building Our Nation’s Resilience to Disasters. Retrieved from https://www.ag.gov.au/EmergencyManagement/Documents/NationalStrategyforDisasterResilience.PDF

  • Cooperrider, D. L., & Whitney, D. (2005). Appreciative Inquiry: A Positive Revolution in Change. San Fransisco: Berret-Koehler Publishers Incorporated.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, L., Craig, N., Calgaro, E., Dominey-Howes, D., & Johnson, K. (2019). People with Disabilities: Becoming Agents of Change in DRR. In F. I. Rivera (Ed.), Emerging Voices in Natural Hazards Research (pp. 323–353). Cambridge, MA: Elsevier.

    Google Scholar 

  • Engelman, A., & Deardorff, J. (2016). Cultural Competence Training for Law Enforcement Responding to Domestic Violence Emergencies with the Deaf and Hard of Hearing: A Mixed-Methods Evaluation. Health Promotion Practice, 17(2), 177–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Engelman, A., Ivey, S. L., Tseng, W., Dahrouge, D., Brune, J., & Neuhauser, L. (2013). Responding to the Deaf in Disasters: Establishing the Need for Systematic Training for State-Level Emergency Management Agencies and Community Organizations. BMC Health Services Research, 13(84). https://doi.org/10.1186/1472-6963-1113-1184.

  • Engeström, Y. (2008). From Teams to Knots: Activity-Theoretical Studies of Collaboration and Learning at Work. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • EU Humanitarian Aid and Civil Protection, ActionAid International, Handicap International, & Oxfam. (2014). Briefing Paper: Making Disaster Risk Management Inclusive. Johannesburg. Retrieved from http://www.actionaid.org/sites/files/actionaid/actionaid:inclusion_paper_final_170614_low.pdf

  • Folke, C. (2006). Resilience: The Emergence of a Perspective for Social-Ecological Systems Analyses. Global Environmental Change, 16(3), 253–267. Retrieved from http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/B6VFV-4KFV39T-1/2/21ccf91cced363dbd098af70b8eb525d

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartrell, A., & Hoban, E. (2013). Structural Vulnerability, Disability and Access to Non-governmental Organization Services in Rural Cambodia. Journal of Social Work in Disability and Rehabilitation, 12(3), 194–212.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gartrell, A., Calgaro, E., Goddard, G., & Saorath, N. (2017). Women with Disabilities Experience of Disasters in Rural Cambodia. Disability and Disasters: Empowering People & Building Resilience to Risk – Internal Project Report. Monash University, Melbourne & University of Sydney, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaskin, C. J., Taylor, D., Kinnear, S., Mann, J., Hillman, W., & Moran, M. (2017). Factors Associated with the Climate Change Vulnerability and the Adaptive Capacity of People with Disability: A Systematic Review. Weather Climate and Society, 9(4), 801–814.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Good, G. A., Phibbs, S., & Williamson, K. (2016). Disoriented and Immobile: The Experiences of People with Visual Impairments during and after the Christchurch, New Zealand, 2010 and 2011 Earthquakes. Journal of Visual Impairment & Blindness, 110(6), 425–435.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ha, K.-M. (2016). Inclusion of People with Disabilities, their Needs and Participation, into Disaster Management: A Comparative Perspective. Environmental Hazards-Human and Policy Dimensions, 15(1), 1–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunt, M. R., Chung, R., Durocher, E., & Henrys, J. H. (2015). Haitian and International Responders’ and Decision-Makers’ Perspectives Regarding Disability and the Response to the 2010 Haiti Earthquake. Global Health Action, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.3402/gha.v8.27969

  • IFRC. (2007a). World Disaster Report: Focus on Discrimination. Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • IFRC. (2007b). World Disasters Report 2007: Focus on Discrimination. Geneva, Switzerland. Retrieved from https://www.ifrc.org/PageFiles/99876/WDR2007-English.pdf

  • IFRC. (2018). World Disasters Report: Leaving No One Behind. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.ifrc.org/Global/Documents/Secretariat/201610/WDR%202016-FINAL_web.pdf

  • IPCC. (2014). Summary for Policymakers. In C. B. Field, V. R. Barros, D. J. Dokken, K. J. Mach, M. D. Mastrandrea, T. E. Bilir, et al. (Eds.), Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. Part A: Global and Sectoral Aspects. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (p. 32). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kelman, I., & Stough, L. (Eds.). (2015). Disability and Disaster: Explorations and Exchanges. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan US.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall-Tackett, K., & Mona, L. (2005, August 18–21). The Impact on 9/11 of People with Disabilities: Committee on Disability Issues in Psychology. Paper Presented at the Proceedings of the American Psychological Association Conference, Washington, DC, USA.

    Google Scholar 

  • King, J., Edwards, N., Watling, H., & Hair, S. (2019). Barriers to Disability-Inclusive Disaster Management in the Solomon Islands: Perspectives of People with Disability. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 34, 459–466.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Larsen, R. K., Calgaro, E., & Thomalla, F. (2011). Governing Resilience Building in Thailand’s Tourism-Dependent Coastal Communities: Conceptualising Stakeholder Agency in Social–Ecological Systems. Global Environmental Change, 21(2), 481–491.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunga, W., Pathias Bongo, P., van Niekerk, D., & Musarurwa, C. (2019). Disability and Disaster Risk Reduction as an Incongruent Matrix: Lessons from Rural Zimbabwe. Jamba (Potchefstroom, South Africa), 11(1), 648–648.

    Google Scholar 

  • Matin, N., Forrester, J., & Ensor, J. (2018). What Is Equitable Resilience? World Development, 109, 197–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2018.04.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Murray, J. S. (2011). Disaster Preparedness for Children with Special Healthcare Needs and Disabilities. Journal for Specialists in Pediatric Nursing, 16(3), 226–232.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • National Council on Disability. (2005). Saving Lives: Including People with Disabilities in Emergency Planning. Washington, DC. Retrieved from hpod.pmhclients.com/pdf/saving-lives.pdf

  • National Council on Disability. (2006). The Impact of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita on People with Disabilities: A Look Back and Remaining Challenges. Washington, DC, USA. Retrieved from http://www.ncd.gov/publications/2006/Aug072006

  • National Council on Disability Affairs. (2009). National Disability Summit—Documentation Report. Manilla, Philippines.

    Google Scholar 

  • Neuhauser, L., Ivey, S. L., Huang, D., Engelman, A., Tseng, W., Dahrouge, D., … Kealey, M. (2013). Availability and Readability of Emergency Preparedness Materials for Deaf and Hard-of-Hearing and Older Adult Populations: Issues and Assessments. PLoS One, 8(2), e55614.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nick, G. A., Savoia, E., Elqura, L., Crowther, M. S., Cohen, B., Leary, M., … Koh, H. K. (2009). Emergency Preparedness for Vulnerable Populations: People with Special Health-Care Needs. Public Health Reports, 124(2), 338.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Osaki, Y., & Minowa, M. (2001). Factors Associated with Earthquake Deaths in the Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, 1995. American Journal of Epidemiology, 153(2), 153–156. https://doi.org/10.1093/aje/153.2.153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Patton, M. (2010). Developmental Evaluation: Applying Complexity Concepts to Enhance Innovation and Use. New York, NY: Guilford Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Paudel, Y. R., Dariang, M., Keeling, S. J., & Mehata, S. (2016). Addressing the Needs of People with Disability in Nepal: The Urgent Need. Disability and Health Journal, 9(2), 186–188.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peek, L., & Stough, L. M. (2010). Children with Disabilities in the Context of Disaster: A Social Vulnerability Perspective. Child Development, 81(4), 1260–1270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Priestley, M., & Hemingway, L. (2007). Disability and Disaster Recovery: A Tale of Two Cities? Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 5(3–4), 23–42.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronoh, S. (2017). Disability through an Inclusive Lens: Disaster Risk Reduction in Schools. Disaster Prevention and Management, 26(1), 105–119. https://doi.org/10.1108/dpm-08-2016-0170

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ronoh, S., Gaillard, J. C., & Marlowe, J. (2017). Children with Disabilities in Disability-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction: Focussing on School Settings. Policy Futures in Education, 15(3), 380–388.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rooney, C., & White, G. (2007). Narrative Analysis of a Disaster Preparedness and Emergency Response Survey from Persons with Mobility Impairments. Journal of Disability Policy Studies, 17, 206–215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shakespeare, T. (2013). Disability Rights and Wrongs Revisited. Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sheppard, P. S., & Landry, M. D. (2016). Lessons from the 2015 Earthquake(s) in Nepal: Implication for Rehabilitation. Disability and Rehabilitation, 38(9), 910–913.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, F., Jolley, E., & Schmidt, E. (2012). Disability and disasters: The importance of an inclusive approach to vulnerability and social capital. Melksham, UK. Retrieved from https://www.preventionweb.net/publications/view/34933.

  • Sonpal, D. (2017). Disability, Disaster and the Law: Developing a Mandate for Disability Inclusive Law Making Process for Disaster Risk Reduction. Taylor and Francis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stough, L. M., & Kang, D. (2015). The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction and Persons with Disabilities. International Journal of Disaster Risk Science, 6(2), 140–149.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Subramaniam, P., & Villeneuve, M. (2019). Advancing Emergency Preparedness for People with Disability and Chronic Health Conditions: A Scoping Review. Disability & Rehabilitation. https://doi.org/10.1080/09638288.2019.1583781

  • Takahashi, A., Watanabe, K., Oshima, M., Shimada, H., & Ozawa, A. (1997). The Effect of the Disaster Cause by the Great Hanshin Earthquake on People with Intellectual Disability. Journal of Intellectual Disability Research, 41, 193–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takayama, K. (2017). Disaster Relief and Crisis Intervention with Deaf Communities: Lessons Learned from the Japanese Deaf Community. Journal of Social Work in Disability & Rehabilitation, 16(3–4), 247–260.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tannenbaum-Baruchi, C., Feder-Bubis, P., Adini, B., & Aharonson-Daniel, L. (2014). Emergency Situations and Deaf People in Israel: Communication Obstacles and Recommendations. Disaster Health, 2(2), 106–111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Turner, B. L., Kasperson, R. E., Matson, P. A., McCarthy, J. J., Corell, R., Christensen, L., … Schiller, A. (2003). A Framework for Vulnerability Analysis in Sustainability Science. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States, 100(4), 8074–8079.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, J., Kett, M., Bottomley, H., Tan, L. T., & Nasreddin, H. (2011). Disability and Public Shelter in Emergencies. Environmental Hazards, 10(3–4), 248–261. https://doi.org/10.1080/17477891.2011.594492

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Twigg, J., Kett, M., & Lovell, E. (2018). Disability Inclusion and Disaster Risk Reduction: Overcoming Barriers to Progress. London. Retrieved from https://www.odi.org/sites/odi.org.uk/files/resourcedocuments/12324.pdf

  • UNESCAP. (2012). Incheon Strategy to ‘Make the Right Real’ for Persons with Disabilities in Asia and the Pacific. Bangkok. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Incheon%20Strategy%20%28English%29.pdf

  • UNESCAP. (2014a). Asia-Pacific Meeting on Disability-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction: Changing Mindsets through Knowledge. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/events/asia-pacific-meeting-disability-inclusive-disaster-risk-reduction-changing-mindsets-through

  • UNESCAP. (2014b). Message on Disability-Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction Delivered at the 6th AMCDRR. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/announcement/message-disability-inclusive-disaster-risk-reduction-delivered-6th-amcdrr

  • UNESCAP. (2017). Disability in Asia and the Pacific: The Facts—2017 Midpoint Review Edition. Retrieved from http://www.unescap.org/sites/default/files/Disability_The_Facts_2.pdf

  • UNESCAP & UNISDR. (2012). The Asia-Pacific Disaster Report 2012: Reducing Vulnerability and Exposure to Disasters. Bangkok, Thailand.

    Google Scholar 

  • UNISDR. (2015a). Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.preventionweb.net/files/43291_sendaiframeworkfordrren.pdf

  • UNISDR. (2015b). UN World Conference on Disaster Risk Reduction, Issue Brief: Inclusive Disaster Risk Management—Governments, Communities and Groups Acting Together. Geneva. Retrieved from http://www.wcdrr.org/uploads/Inclusive-Disaster-Risk-Management-2.pdf

  • Villeneuve, M. (2018). Emergency Preparedness Pathways to Disability Inclusive Disaster Risk Reduction. Australian Journal of Emergency Management, Diversity in Disaster (Monograph No. 3), 44–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Villeneuve, M., Robinson, A., Pertiwi, P. P., Kilham, S., & Llewellyn, G. (2017). The Role and Capacity of Disabled People’s Organisations (DPOs) as Policy Advocates for Disability Inclusive DRR in Indonesia. In R. Djalante, F. Thomalla, M. Garschagen, & R. Shaw (Eds.), Disaster Risk Reduction in Indonesia: Progress, Challenges, & Issues (pp. 335–356). Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Weibgen, A. A. (2015). The Right to Be Rescued: Disability Justice in an Age of Disaster. Yale Law Journal, 124(7), 2406–2469.

    Google Scholar 

  • White, G. W., Fox, M. H., Rooney, C., & Cahill, A. (2007). Assessing the Impact of Hurricane Katrina on Persons with Disabilities. Lawrence. Retrieved from http://rtcil.org/sites/rtcil.drupal.ku.edu/files/images/galleries/NIDRR_FinalKatrinaReport.pdf

  • Wisner, B. (2003). Disability and Disaster: Victimhood and Agency in Earthquake Risk Reduction. In C. Rodrigue & E. Rovai (Eds.), Earthquake. London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wisner, B., Blaikie, P., Cannon, T., & Davis, I. (2004). At Risk: Natural Hazards, Peoples, Vulnerability and Disasters (2nd ed.). London: Routledge.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. (2011). Disaster Risk Management for Health: People with Disabilities and Older People [Press Release]. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/hac/events/drm_fact_sheet_disabilities.pdf

  • World Health Organization & The World Bank. (2011). World Report on Disability, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. University of Sydney, School of Geosciences and Sydney South East Asia Centre (SSEAC), Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Emma Calgaro

  2. The University of Sydney, Centre for Disability Research and Policy, Sydney, NSW, Australia

    Michelle Villeneuve

  3. The Deaf Society, Parramatta, NSW, Australia

    Genevieve Roberts

Authors
  1. Emma Calgaro
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Michelle Villeneuve
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Genevieve Roberts
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Emma Calgaro .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Fenner School of Environment and Society and Institute for Integrated Research on Disaster Risk Science, Australian National University, Canberra, ACT, Australia

    Anna Lukasiewicz

  2. Urban Design and Town Planning and Sustainability Research Centre, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD, Australia

    Claudia Baldwin

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2020 The Author(s)

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Calgaro, E., Villeneuve, M., Roberts, G. (2020). Inclusion: Moving Beyond Resilience in the Pursuit of Transformative and Just DRR Practices for Persons with Disabilities. In: Lukasiewicz, A., Baldwin, C. (eds) Natural Hazards and Disaster Justice. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0466-2_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0466-2_17

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-15-0465-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-15-0466-2

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation