Abstract
Global demand for conventional petroleum fuels for powering transport vehicles is enormous and is increasing sharply with time. However, depleting petroleum reserves, and negative impacts of vehicular emissions on human health remain the most important concerns, which motivate researchers to look for alternative and eco-friendly fuels for the transport sector. On the other hand, emerging stringent regulations are forcing engine researchers and manufacturers to develop appropriate and newer engine technologies to comply with these emissions regulations in addition to improving the fuel economy. Among different alternative fuel options, biogas certainly can be regarded as one of the most attractive options since it is mainly produced from waste materials such as agricultural wastes, municipal solid wastes, food wastes and vegetable market waste, in addition to human and animal excreta, which are unlimited resources. Though biogas technology is considered as a matured technology, its full potential is yet to be explored globally. Raw biogas contains some impurities hence it cannot be used directly in engines/vehicles, therefore it must be upgraded for these applications. This chapter explores the state-of-the-art technologies associated with the biogas generation, biogas upgradation, storage, and utilization. Biogas-to-useable fuel conversion techniques are also discussed. An estimate of biogas generation potential worldwide is explored, and techno-economic feasibility is addressed. Recent case studies on assessing performance of biogas operated vehicles are reviewed. Finally, the main barriers in biogas adaptation for vehicular applications are identified, and necessary recommendations are made.
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Abbreviations
- AD:
-
Anaerobic digester
- AM:
-
Accumulation mode
- BGV:
-
Biogas vehicles
- CBG:
-
Compressed biogas
- CBM:
-
Compressed bio-methane
- CHP:
-
Combined heat and power
- CSTR:
-
Completely stirred tank reactor
- ETC:
-
European transient cycle
- FM:
-
Fresh matter
- GHGs:
-
Greenhouse gases
- GoI:
-
Government of India
- GST:
-
Goods and services tax
- HRT:
-
Hydraulic retention time
- LBM:
-
Liquefied bio-methane
- LIP:
-
Local Investment Program
- LNG:
-
Liquefied natural gas
- MIDC:
-
Modified Indian driving cycle
- MMT:
-
Million metric tons
- MSW:
-
Municipal solid waste
- Mtoe:
-
Million ton oil equivalent
- NIER:
-
National Institute of Environmental Research
- NM:
-
Nucleation mode
- NMHC:
-
Non-methane hydrocarbons
- O&M:
-
Operations-and-maintenance
- PAHs:
-
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
- PM:
-
Particulate matter
- PSA:
-
Pressure swing adsorption
- PWS:
-
Pressurized water scrubbing
- R&D:
-
Research and development
- RNG:
-
Renewable natural gas
- SATAT:
-
Sustainable alternative towards affordable transportation
- STP:
-
Standard temperature and pressure
- TFC:
-
Total final energy consumption
- THC:
-
Total hydrocarbons
- TS:
-
Total solid
- VOC:
-
Volatile organic compounds
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Mustafi, N.N., Agarwal, A.K. (2020). Biogas for Transport Sector: Current Status, Barriers, and Path Forward for Large-Scale Adaptation. In: Singh, A., Sharma, Y., Mustafi , N., Agarwal , A. (eds) Alternative Fuels and Their Utilization Strategies in Internal Combustion Engines. Energy, Environment, and Sustainability. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-0418-1_13
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