Abstract
A highly specialized connective tissue, bone, possesses inherent regenerative capacity. However, substantial degeneration and loss of bone due to bone tumour resections or traumatic injuries delay its healing, thereby suggesting alternate treatment options. Currently available treatments may offer repair to some extent; however, they are associated with certain disadvantages. Autografts fail under circumstances such as large bone loss and are associated with limited availability and donor site morbidity. Alternatives such as allografts are further associated with risk of immune rejection. Even if all of this pass, the limited availability of donors is unable to cover the associated clinical demands. In the search for bone repair and regeneration protocols, emergence of tissue engineering has greatly contributed to repair and regeneration of bone and bone-like complex tissues. Therefore, this chapter will uncover recent trends in bone tissue engineering with a focus on scaffolds, cells, growth factors and dynamic environments.
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Abbreviations
- ECM:
-
Extracellular matrix
- 3-D:
-
Three dimension
- HAp:
-
Hydroxyapatite
- Ti:
-
Titanium
- PLA:
-
Polylactic acid
- PGA:
-
Polyglycolic acid
- PLGA:
-
Poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid)
- PCL:
-
Polycaprolactone
- PLCL:
-
Poly(lactide-co-ε-caprolactone
- hADSCs:
-
Human adipose-derived stem cells
- BMSCs:
-
Bone-marrow-derived MSCs
- BSP:
-
Bone sialoprotein
- TCP:
-
Tricalcium phosphate
- ALP:
-
Alkaline phosphatase
- CPC:
-
Calcium phosphate cement
- hUCMSCs:
-
Human umblical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- PVA:
-
Polyvinyl alcohol
- PEO:
-
Polyethylene oxide
- PAA:
-
Polyacrylic acid
- pDNA-NELL1:
-
Nel-like Type I molecular-1 DNA
- hAFSCs:
-
Human amniotic fluid-derived stem cells
- OX2:
-
Osterix
- RUNX2:
-
Runt-related transcription factor 2
- PEG:
-
Polyethylene glycol
- RGD:
-
Arg-Gly-Asp
- hESCd-MSC:
-
Human embryonic stem cell-derived mesenchymal stem cells
- PEGDA:
-
Polyethylene glycol diacrylate
- MSCs:
-
Mesenchymal stem cells
- HOB:
-
Human osteoblast cells
- ELR:
-
Elastin-like recombinamer
- hESCs:
-
Human embryonic stem cells
- iPSCs:
-
Induced pluripotent stem cells
- BMP-2:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein 2
- BMP-7:
-
Bone morphogenetic protein 7
- TPS:
-
Tubular perfusion system
- IL-1:
-
Interleukin-1
- IL-6:
-
Interleukin-6
- TNF-α:
-
Tumour necrosis factor alpha
- FGF-2:
-
Fibroblast growth factor 2
- M-CSF:
-
Macrophage colony-stimulating factor
- PDGF:
-
Platelet-derived growth factor
- BMPs:
-
Bone morphogenetic proteins
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- TGF-β:
-
Transforming growth factor beta
- IGFs:
-
Insulin-like growth factors
- bFBF:
-
Basic fibroblast growth factor
- LbL:
-
Layer by layer
- MMP:
-
Matrix metalloproteinase
- PD-MCG:
-
Polydopamine-coated multichannel biphasic calcium phosphate granule system
- BCP:
-
Biphasic calcium phosphate scaffolds
- CFD:
-
Computational fluid dynamics
- RPM:
-
Rotations per minute
- RWV:
-
Rotating wall vessel
- EMF:
-
Electromagnetic field
- PEMF:
-
Pulsed electromagnetic field
- GMP:
-
Good manufacturing practice
- Micro-CT:
-
Microcomputed tomography
- CAD:
-
Computer-aided design
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Thilakan, J., Mishra, R., Goel, S.K., Arya, N. (2019). Engineering of Bone: Uncovering Strategies of Static and Dynamic Environments. In: Bains, P., Sidhu, S., Bahraminasab, M., Prakash, C. (eds) Biomaterials in Orthopaedics and Bone Regeneration . Materials Horizons: From Nature to Nanomaterials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-9977-0_12
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