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Himalayan Biodiversity in the Face of Climate Change

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Tropical Ecosystems: Structure, Functions and Challenges in the Face of Global Change

Abstract

The Himalayan mountains have emerged among the most sensitive ecosystems under the global climate change (CC) scenario. Impacts of CC are realized all across the physical, biological and socio-economic components of the ecosystems. Particularly, community distribution range of plant species and their phenologies are predicted to experience varying level of shifts across these gradients and, thus, act as potential indicators of CC. It has been anticipated that the richness of endemic species with restricted distribution and life support values (goods and services) of this global biodiversity hotspot is highly vulnerable under the changing climate. Unfortunately, poor availability of systematic long-term data sets from the region has severely limited our capability to objectively define the intensity of impacts on biodiversity and develop suitable conservation strategies to respond to the emerging challenges of climate change. This chapter provides an overview of research-based evidence of the impacts of CC on flora and fauna of the Himalayan region and provides some mitigation measures for biodiversity conservation.

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Acknowledgements

Authors thank Dr. P.P. Dhyani, Director, GBPNIHESD, Almora, for providing necessary facilities to write this manuscript.

Box 14.1: Shifting Apple Cultivation to Higher Altitudes in HP

In Himachal Pradesh as an adaptive measure to global warming, people are now planting new apple orchards towards higher altitudes due to inadequate chilling at lower altitudes. Early snow (December to early January) is preferred for its favourable effect in apples as it provides a chilling period of about 10 weeks below 5 °C, which is necessary for bud break in springtime (Abbott 1984). In the Kullu Valley (HP), rainfall decreased by about 7 cm and snowfall by about 12 cm, and the mean minimum and maximum temperatures increased by 0.25–1 °C, respectively, in the 1990s as compared to the 1880s that has reduced apple production (Fig. 14.2; Vishvakarma et al. 2003; Vedwan and Rhoades 2001).

Fig. 14.2
figure 2

(a) Changes in temperature and precipitation in the 1990s as compared to the 1980s in Kullu Valley (HP). (b) Reduced apple yield. (Adapted from Vishvakarma et al. 2003)

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Box 14.2: Threats to Himalayan Biodiversity

  • Global climate change.

  • Alteration of habitats and land use change.

  • Land fragmentation due to road construction and infrastructure.

  • Human-induced changes such as biomass harvesting, deforestation, forest fire, livestock grazing and agricultural expansion into forest lands.

  • Illegal trade of timber and medicinal and aromatic plants.

  • Indiscriminate use of chemicals and fertilizers.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. G.B. Pant National Institute of Himalayan Environment & Sustainable Development, Almora, Uttarakhand, India

    G. C. S. Negi & Ranbeer S. Rawal

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  1. G. C. S. Negi
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  2. Ranbeer S. Rawal
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Correspondence to G. C. S. Negi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Satish Chandra Garkoti

  2. Baruch Inst. of Coastal Ecology & Forest Science, Clemson University, Georgetown, SC, USA

    Skip J. Van Bloem

  3. School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University, Flagstaff, AZ, USA

    Peter Z. Fulé

  4. School of Environmental Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, Delhi, India

    Rajeev L. Semwal

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Negi, G.C.S., Rawal, R.S. (2019). Himalayan Biodiversity in the Face of Climate Change. In: Garkoti, S., Van Bloem, S., Fulé, P., Semwal, R. (eds) Tropical Ecosystems: Structure, Functions and Challenges in the Face of Global Change. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-8249-9_14

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