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On the Origin of Legal Diversity by Means of Comparative Law, or the Role of Legal Education in the Solution of Legal Conflicts

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The Indian Yearbook of Comparative Law 2018

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Abstract

Internationally, different legal conflicts in the sense of antinomies between the obligations arising from two treaties or laws are often attributed to global legal diversity. These conflicts are increasingly posing problems given the increasing levels of complexity and rapid pace of change in the world today. To successfully tackle the challenges resulting from these conditions, it is necessary to search for the underlying causes of international legal conflicts. Particularly, trying to avoid or dissolve such conflicts requires knowing their origins. First, this question demands the clarification of whether the global diversity of legal systems is caused by legal education or by other factors within the context, such as history, culture or language. In short, it asks whether legal diversity is inherited (nature) or acquired (nurture), which is an important step in the avoidance or solution of legal conflicts altogether. To this end, the present chapter relies on so-called essentially oxymoronic concepts to enquire more closely into the origin of legal diversity by means of comparative law. In trying to ascertain some requirements for the solution and avoidance of legal conflicts, the chapter further examines the requisites of legal education in the training of the future global lawyer.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Glenn 2017.

  2. 2.

    See also de Cruz 1999.

  3. 3.

    See, e.g. Reimann 1996; see also Lepaulle 1922.

  4. 4.

    Cf. the taxonomies of legal families in David and Brierley 1985 and Glenn 2007b.

  5. 5.

    See Kiekbaev 2003.

  6. 6.

    See, e.g. Menski 2006.

  7. 7.

    See, e.g. Nielsen 2015.

  8. 8.

    On “national comparative law”, see Zweigert and Kötz 1998.

  9. 9.

    Cf. Zweigert and Kotz 1987, von Bar 2013 and Vadi 2010.

  10. 10.

    See, e.g. Adams and Bomhoff 2012.

  11. 11.

    See, e.g. Markesinis 2003.

  12. 12.

    Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Silveira v. Ontario (Minister of Transportation), [2011] O.J. No. 3157 at 22.

  13. 13.

    See Neuwirth 2018.

  14. 14.

    Handy 1995.

  15. 15.

    See Vendler 1988.

  16. 16.

    See Neuwirth 2013.

  17. 17.

    See Soanes and Stevenson 2008.

  18. 18.

    See Gallie 1956.

  19. 19.

    See, e.g. Urry 2002.

  20. 20.

    See, e.g. Rowntree et al. 2008.

  21. 21.

    See, e.g. Gleick 2000.

  22. 22.

    See also Kapur et al. 2011.

  23. 23.

    See, e.g. Brannen 2017.

  24. 24.

    Steffen et al. 2007.

  25. 25.

    The so-called lawyer paradox or case between Protagoras and Euathlus has been reported in different versions, see, e.g. Gellius 1795, Laertius 1853 and Sainsbury 2009.

  26. 26.

    See Teubner 1988.

  27. 27.

    See Cardozo 1928.

  28. 28.

    See also Neuwirth and Svetlicinii 2015.

  29. 29.

    See, e.g. Beausang 2012, Brütsch and Papa 2013 and Pant 2013.

  30. 30.

    See de Sá E Silva 2017.

  31. 31.

    See, e.g. Lawrence 2006, Deakin 2006 and Shenoy 1987.

  32. 32.

    See, e.g. Young 2016; see also Bull et al. 2015.

  33. 33.

    See, e.g. Read 2012.

  34. 34.

    See e.g. Zajda et al. 2006.

  35. 35.

    See e.g. Reid et al. 2008 and Venkataraman 2009.

  36. 36.

    Negoita 1982.

  37. 37.

    United Nations 2015.

  38. 38.

    See, e.g. Kahn-Freund 1974-III calling the matrimonium claudicans the “ultimate shame of private international law”.

  39. 39.

    See, e.g. Stewart and Matthews 2002 (where laws of the consumer's nation and the business's nation conflict, and where there is difficulty enforcing laws designed to protect consumers, there will continue to be a lack of predictability in determining which law will govern the transaction […]).

  40. 40.

    See, e.g. Passas 2002.

  41. 41.

    See also Wilfred Jenks 1953.

  42. 42.

    Jessup 1956 at 1–34.

  43. 43.

    See, e.g. Pauwelyn 2003 and Whytock 2016.

  44. 44.

    See also at Perelman 1964.

  45. 45.

    See also Koskenniemi and Leino 2002.

  46. 46.

    See, e.g. Mills 2011, Neuwirth 2000.

  47. 47.

    See Jessup 1956 at 1–34 and 106.

  48. 48.

    See e.g. Berger 1999.

  49. 49.

    See, e.g. United Nations High Level Panel on Coherence 2006, Sutherland et al. 2004 and Pauwelyn 2005.

  50. 50.

    See Perelman 1964 (translation from French by author).

  51. 51.

    See Örücü 2004.

  52. 52.

    See Glenn 2007a [footnote omitted].

  53. 53.

    Ibid.

  54. 54.

    See, e.g. Marceau 2015; see generally Rubin and Bailey 1994.

  55. 55.

    See Clark 2016.

  56. 56.

    Tagore 1925.

  57. 57.

    See, e.g. Frank 2009.

  58. 58.

    Darwin 1869.

  59. 59.

    See, e.g. Kronfeldner 2007 and Jablonka and Lamb 2008.

  60. 60.

    See Coll et al. 2004.

  61. 61.

    See also Bauman 2011 and Pribán 2007.

  62. 62.

    See also Pinker 2007.

  63. 63.

    Ouspensky 1922.

  64. 64.

    Segal 2008.

  65. 65.

    See Winch 2006 and Peters 1979.

  66. 66.

    See Pinto 2016.

  67. 67.

    See, e.g. Susskind 2017 at 5–10.

  68. 68.

    See Jamin and van Caenegem 2016.

  69. 69.

    See, e.g. Susskind 1996, Lee and Olson 2010.

  70. 70.

    See also Neuwirth 2011.

  71. 71.

    See also Castellucci 2012.

  72. 72.

    Article 136 of the Basic Law of the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region of the People’s Republic of China (HKBL), http://www.basiclaw.gov.hk/en/basiclawtext/ (date accessed: 28 December 2017).

  73. 73.

    See, e.g. Donlan 2015.

  74. 74.

    Cf. Article 37 IC; see also Singh and Deva 2005.

  75. 75.

    Grundgesetz für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland [GG] [Basic Law] May 23, 1949, Article 5 III.

  76. 76.

    See Heymann et al. 2014.

  77. 77.

    Education Law of the People’s Republic of China, People’s Republic of China, Order No. 39 of the President of the People's Republic of China (27 December 2015) and the Law of the People's Republic of China on Higher Education, Order No. 40 of the President of the People's Republic of China (27 December 2015).

  78. 78.

    Região Administrativa Especial de Macau, Regime do ensino superior, Lei n.º 10/2017, published on: 7 August 2017; available at: http://bo.io.gov.mo/bo/i/2017/32/lei10.asp (date accessed: 2 January 2018).

  79. 79.

    The German Judiciary Act, in the version promulgated on 19 April 1972 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 713), as last amended by Article 9 of the Act of 8 June 2017 (Federal Law Gazette I p. 1570), available at: http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/englisch_drig/englisch_drig.pdf (date accessed: 2 January 2018).

  80. 80.

    See the Government of India Ministry of Human Resource Development: Department of Higher Education, “University and Higher Education: Overview”, available at: http://mhrd.gov.in/university-and-higher-education (date accessed: 2 January 2018).

  81. 81.

    For the curriculum of the Law Degree in Chinese Law (In Chinese), see http://www.lawschoolchina.com/programs/degree-in-chinese-law/ (date accessed: 2 January 2018).

  82. 82.

    See Bachelor’s Degree Programmes (in Chinese language), http://www.umac.mo/fll/doc/BLD17_study%20plan_fll%20web_daytime.pdf (date accessed: 2 January 2018).

  83. 83.

    See Master of Law (LL.M.)-Regulations (Revised vide 25th Academic Council Meeting dated 17 August 2015), available at: http://www.nujs.edu/downloads/rules/nujs-regulations-llm-2013.pdf (date accessed: 2 January 2018).

  84. 84.

    See the HKU Regulations for the Degree of Bachelor of Laws (LLB) http://www.law.hku.hk/syllabuses/LLB_2017-18.pdf (accessed 29 December 2017) and the HKU Regulations for the Degree of Master of Laws (LLM), available at: http://www.law.hku.hk/syllabuses/LLM_2017-18.pdf.

  85. 85.

    See, e.g. Ji 2016, Zuo 2009, Tong 2011, Raj Kumar 2013, Sengupta and Rakshit 2015, Buchbinder 2017 and Korioth 2006.

  86. 86.

    See, e.g. McKamey 2017, Susskind 2017 at 43–55 and Haeri 2017.

  87. 87.

    See e.g. McWhinney 1953 and Anand 1965.

  88. 88.

    See also Glenn 1987.

  89. 89.

    See also Talbot 2005.

  90. 90.

    See Neuwirth 2018 and Handy 1995.

  91. 91.

    Cook 1933 [footnote omitted].

  92. 92.

    See Cover 1983.

  93. 93.

    See Gellius 1795.

  94. 94.

    See Sainsbury 2009.

  95. 95.

    See Gellius 1795.

  96. 96.

    See Gellius 1795.

  97. 97.

    See Footnote 2, Gellius 1795.

  98. 98.

    Fletcher 1985.

  99. 99.

    Perez 2006.

  100. 100.

    Dewey 1924.

  101. 101.

    See Zadeh 1996.

  102. 102.

    Lepaulle 1922.

  103. 103.

    See Chap. V in Neuwirth 2018.

  104. 104.

    See Johnson 2007.

  105. 105.

    See Halpin and Roeben 2009.

  106. 106.

    An adage attributed to George Bernard Shaw; see Davies 2005.

  107. 107.

    See Brandenburger and Nalebuff 1996.

  108. 108.

    See Negoita 1982.

  109. 109.

    See Glenn 2007b at 359.

  110. 110.

    See Schermers and Blokker 2003.

  111. 111.

    See also Goldsmith 2007.

  112. 112.

    WTO Council for Trade in Services, “Legal Services”, S/C/W/43 (6 July 1998) at 1 (Italics added).

  113. 113.

    See generally International Bar Association (IBA) 2014.

  114. 114.

    de Chardin 1978.

  115. 115.

    The evolutionary nature of law is reflected in the many instruments that lawyers have created to adapt to the constant change, such as the method of evolutionary treaty (or statutory) interpretation; see, e.g. Pierre-Marie Dupuy, “Evolutionary Interpretation of Treaties: Between Memory and Prophecy” in Cannizzaro 2011.

  116. 116.

    See also Steiner 2002 (“Is this a paradox or have we entered a world order in which Western dualistic thinking has somewhat lost its validity?”).

  117. 117.

    See Neuwirth 2018.

  118. 118.

    See Ontario Superior Court of Justice, Silveira v. Ontario (Minister of Transportation), [2011] O.J. No. 3157 at 22.

  119. 119.

    See, e.g. Murphy 2010.

  120. 120.

    See, e.g. Czarniawska 1998.

  121. 121.

    See, e.g. Esty and Geradin 2000.

  122. 122.

    Ellis v. Hamilton, 669 F.2d 510, 512 (7th Cir. 1982).

  123. 123.

    See Dewey, supra note 100 at 27.

  124. 124.

    See Scott 1962.

  125. 125.

    Kluger 2008.

  126. 126.

    See also Kosko 1993.

  127. 127.

    See also Priest 1990.

  128. 128.

    See Lehrer 2009.

  129. 129.

    See Glenn, “Com-paring”, supra note 52 at 92.

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Acknowledgements

The author expresses his gratitude to Mahendra P. Singh for the initial inspiration of this paper and acknowledges the valuable research assistance received from He Qi and Leander Peter Waack.

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  1. University of Macau, Taipa, China

    Rostam J. Neuwirth

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  1. Centre for Comparative Law, National Law University, Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Mahendra Pal Singh

  2. Centre for Comparative Law, National Law University, Delhi, New Delhi, India

    Niraj Kumar

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Neuwirth, R.J. (2019). On the Origin of Legal Diversity by Means of Comparative Law, or the Role of Legal Education in the Solution of Legal Conflicts. In: Singh, M., Kumar, N. (eds) The Indian Yearbook of Comparative Law 2018. The Indian Yearbook of Comparative Law. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7052-6_2

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