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Bacterial Transposable Elements and IS-Excision Enhancer (IEE)

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DNA Traffic in the Environment

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Abstract

Insertion sequence (IS) elements are the simplest transposable elements (or mobile genetic elements) and are widely distributed in bacteria. The transposition and proliferation of IS elements induce not only insertional gene inactivation and modification of gene expression but also a wide range of genomic rearrangements, such as deletions, inversions, and duplications. IS-mediated bacterial genome diversification has been extensively studied in enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli (EHEC). Excision of IS elements occurs frequently in O157, the major serogroup of EHEC isolated from humans, and IS-excision enhancer (IEE) promotes IS excision from the O157 genome in a transposase-dependent manner. IEE promotes the excision of IS elements belonging to several IS families, and various types of genomic deletions are also generated via IEE-promoted IS excision in O157. In addition, IEE has been found in specific lineages of enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) strains isolated from swine, in which the iee genes are located on integrative elements that are similar to SpLE1 of EHEC O157. iee-positive ETEC lineages also contain multiple copies of IS elements at genomic locations that exhibit significant variations between strains, as observed in O157. These data and the phylogeny of IEE homologs found in a broad range of bacteria suggest that IEE has coevolved with IS elements and plays pivotal roles in bacterial genome evolution by inducing IS removal and genomic deletion.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported in part by the Research Project for Improving Animal Disease Prevention Technologies to Combat Antimicrobial Resistance 2017-2021 FY of the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry, and Fisheries, Japan and by a Grant-in-Aid from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) under grant number 15K08484 to M.K. This work was also supported in part by a Grant-in-Aid from Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare, Japan (H29-shokuhin-ippan-001) to T.H. and by the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development (AMED) under grant number JP17fk0108308j0003 to T.H.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Institute of Animal Health, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan

    Masahiro Kusumoto

  2. Department of Bacteriology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan

    Tetsuya Hayashi

Authors
  1. Masahiro Kusumoto
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  2. Tetsuya Hayashi
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Correspondence to Masahiro Kusumoto .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Biotechnology Research Center & Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan

    Hiromi Nishida

  2. Biotechnology Research Center & Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Toyama, Japan

    Taku Oshima

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Kusumoto, M., Hayashi, T. (2019). Bacterial Transposable Elements and IS-Excision Enhancer (IEE). In: Nishida, H., Oshima, T. (eds) DNA Traffic in the Environment. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3411-5_8

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