Skip to main content

Underachievement and the Quest for Dignity: Contemporary Perspectives on a Timeless Issue

  • Living reference work entry
  • First Online:
Handbook of Giftedness and Talent Development in the Asia-Pacific

Abstract

Since the 1930s, the topic of underachievement has been studied by educators and psychologists with hopes of finding a ‘cure’ for this condition. Dozens of books and hundreds of research studies have been completed, yet there continues to be no consensus on the aetiology or successful treatment of gifted students who perform far below their measured academic aptitude. In this chapter, we explore underachievement as the complex phenomenon that is involving not just curriculum, instruction and cognition but also the lack of autonomy the underachieving student feels in having diminished control over his/her education. Following an overview of the scholarly research on underachievement, a theory-based approach based on current and historic psychological efforts to best understand and address concerns of underachieving students will be addressed. The chapter concludes with specific suggestions for addressing the individual and multi-faceted needs of underachieving students, with the ultimate goal of guiding these students to develop a strong sense of self and a desire to succeed academically while preserving their personal integrity and dignity.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Asbury, C. (1974). Selected factors influencing over and underachievement in young school-age children. Review of Educational Research, 44, 401–428.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Banerjee, P. A. (2016). A systematic review of factors linked to poor academic performance of disadvantaged students in science and maths in schools. Cogent Education, 3(1), 20–32. https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186X.2016.1178441

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bennett-Rappell, H., & Northcote, M. (2016). Underachieving gifted students: Two case studies. Educational Research, 26(3), 407–430. Retrieved from http://www.iier.org.au/iier26/bennett-rappell.pdf

    Google Scholar 

  • Berger, C. (2013). Bring out the brilliance: A counseling intervention for underachieving students. Professional School Counseling Journal, 17(1), 86–96. https://doi.org/10.1177/2156759X0001700102

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Betts, G. T. & Neihart, M. (1988). Profiles of the gifted and talented. Gifted Child Quarterly, 32(2), 248–253. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.1177/001698628803200202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brinckerhoff, L. (1994). Developing effective self-advocacy skills in college-bound students with learning disabilities. Intervention in School and Clinic, 29(4), 229–238.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1943). A constant frame of reference for sociometric research. Sociometry, 6, 363–397.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1977). Toward an experimental ecology of human development. American Psychologist, 32(7), 513–531.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: Experiments by nature and design. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986a). Recent advances in research on the ecology of human development. In R. K. Silbereisen, K. Eyferth, & G. Rudinger (Eds.), Development as action in context: Problem behavior and normal youth development (pp. 287–309). New York, NY: Springer.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U. (1986b). Ecology of the family as a context for human development: Research perspectives. Developmental Psychology, 22(6), 723–742.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bronfenbrenner, U., & Crouter, A. C. (1983). The evolution of environmental models in developmental research. In W. Kessen (Ed.), History, theory, and methods. Volume 1 of P. H. Mussen (Ed.), Handbook of child psychology (4th ed., pp. 357–414). New York, NY: Wiley.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cavilla, D. (2017). Observation and analysis of three gifted underachievers in an underserved, urban high school setting. Gifted Education International, 33(1), 62–75. https://doi.org/10.1177/0261429414568181

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K. (1964). Positive disintegration. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K. (1967). Personality-shaping through positive disintegration. Boston, MA: Little Brown & Co.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K. (1976). On the philosophy of development through positive disintegration and secondary integration. Dialectics and Humanism, 3–4, 131–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K., Kawczak, A., & Piechowski, M. M. (1970). Mental growth through positive disintegration. London, England: Gryf Publications LTD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K., & Piechowski, M. M. (1977a). Theory of levels of emotional development: Volume 1—Multilevelness and positive disintegration. Oceanside, NY: Dabor Science Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dabrowski, K., & Piechowski, M. M. (1977b). Theory of levels of emotional development: Volume II—From primary integration to self-actualization. Oceanside, NY: Dabor Science Publications.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delisle, J. R. (2018). Doing poorly on purpose: Strategies to reverse underachievement and respect student dignity. Alexandria, VA: ASCD.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon, R. M., Craven, R., & Martin, A. (2006). Underachievement in a whole city cohort of academically gifted children: What does it look like? Australasian Journal of Gifted Education, 15(2), 9–15. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?referer=https://www.google.com/&httpsredir=1&article=1260&context=edupapers

    Google Scholar 

  • Douglas, D. (2018). The power of self-advocacy for gifted learners. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dowdall, C. B., & Colangelo, N. (1982). Underachieving gifted students: Reviews and implications. Gifted Child Quarterly, 26(4), 179–184.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fine, R. (1967). Underachievers: How they can be helped. New York, NY: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gibbons, M. M., Pelchar, T. K., & Cochran, J. L. (2012). Gifted students from low-education backgrounds. Roeper Review, 34(1), 114–122. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2012.660685

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hebert, T. P., & Schreiber, C. A. (2010). An examination of selective achievement in gifted males. Journal for the Education of the Gifted, 33(4), 570–605. https://doi.org/10.1177/016235321003300406

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hildreth, G. (1966). Introduction to the gifted child. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kim, K. H. (2008). Underachievement and creativity: Are gifted underachievers highly creative? Creativity Research Journal, 20(2), 234–242. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802060232

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morisano, D., & Shore, B. M. (2010). Can personal goal setting tap the potential of the gifted underachiever? Roeper Review, 32, 249–258. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2010.508156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • New Zealand Principals’ Federation. (n.d.). What to do about underachieving gifted children. Retrieved from NZPfcnz2.digiwebhosting.com//?q=list//What%20to%20do%20about%20New%20Zealand's%20nderachieving%20children

  • Obergriesser, S., & Stoeger, H. (2015). The role of emotions, motivation, and learning behavior in underachievement and results of an intervention. High Ability Studies, 26(1), 167–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598139.2015.1043003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paunesku, D., Walton, G. M., Romero, C., Smith, E. N., Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2015). Mind-set interventions are a scalable treatment for academic underachievement. Psychological Science, 26(6), 784–793. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797615571017

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. S. (1993). Talk with teens about self and stress. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, J. S. (2008). The essential guide to talking with gifted teens: Ready-to-use discussions about identity, stress, relationships and more. Minneapolis, MN: Free Spirit Publishing.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, R. (2017). Identification of gifted students at risk of underachievement using ROC curve analysis; using an understanding of the relationships and patterns of social coping, attitude toward school, and self-efficacy to underachieving gifted students: An Australian sample. Doctoral thesis, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW. Retrieved from https://ro.uow.edu.au/theses1/96/

  • Phillipson, N. S., Shi, J., Zhang, G., Tsai, D., Quak, C. G., Matsumurn, N., & Cho, S. (2009). Recent developments in gifted education in East Asia. In L. Shavinina (Ed.), International handbook on giftedness (pp. 1427–1461). Berlin: Springer Science.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Phillipson, N. S., & Tse, K.-o. (2007). Discovering patterns of achievement in Hong Kong students: An application of the Rasch measurement model. High Ability Studies, 18(2), 173–190. https://doi.org/10.1080/13598130701709640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Plowman, P. (1971). What can be done for rural gifted children and youth? In J. P. Gowan & E. P. Torrance (Eds.), Educating the ablest: A book of readings on the education of gifted children (pp. 54–60). Itasca, IL: F. E. Peacock.

    Google Scholar 

  • Preckel, F., & Brunner, M. (2015). Academic self-concept, achievement goals, and achievement: Is there relation the same for academic achievers and underachievers? Gifted and Talented International, 30(1–2), 68–84. https://doi.org/10.1080/15332276.2015.1137458

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pringle, M. L. (1970). Able misfits: A study of educational and behavior difficulties of 103 very intelligent children (IQs 120–200). London, England: Longman.

    Google Scholar 

  • Raph, J. B., & Tannenbaum, A. J. (1961). Underachievement: Review of literature. New York, NY: Teachers College Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reis, S. M., & McCoach, D. B. (2000). The underachievement of gifted students: What do we know and where do we go? Gifted Child Quarterly, 44(3), 152–170. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698620004400302

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ritchotte, J. A., & Graefe, A. K. (2017). An alternate path: The experience of high-potential individuals who left school. Gifted Child Quarterly, 61(4), 275–289. https://doi.org/10.1177/0016986217722615

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubenstein, L. D., Siegle, D., Reis, S. M., McCoach, D. B., & Burton, M. G. (2012). A complex quest: The development and research of underachievement interventions for gifted students. Psychology in the Schools, 49(7), 678–694. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21620

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schultz, R. A. (2002). Understanding giftedness and underachievement: At the edge of possibility. Gifted Child Quarterly, 46(3), 193–208. https://doi.org/10.1177/001698620204600304

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, K. E., & Adelson, J. L. (2017). The development and validation of the perceived academic underachievement scale. The Journal of Experimental Education, 85(4), 614–628. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2016.1268087

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Snyder, K. E., & Linnenbrink-Garcia, L. (2013). A developmental, person-cantered approach to exploring multiple motivational pathways in gifted underachievement. Educational Psychologist, 48(4), 209–228. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2013.835597

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stojnov, D., Dzinivic, V., & Pavlovic, J. (2008). Kelly meets Foucault: Understanding school underachievement. Journal of Constructivist Psychology, 21(1), 43–59. https://doi.org/10.1080/10720530701503876

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Strang, R. (1960). Helping your gifted child. New York, NY: Dutton.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tillier, W. (1998). The basic concepts of Dabrowski’s theory of positive disintegration. The Dabrowski Newsletter, 5, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tsai, K.-F., & Fu, G. (2016). Underachievement in gifted students: A case study of three college physics students in Taiwan. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 4(4), 688–695. https://doi.org/10.13189/ujer.2016.040405

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Whitmore, J. R. (1980). Giftedness, conflict and underachievement. Boston, MA: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ziegler, A., Ziegler, A., & Stoeger, H. (2012). Shortcomings of the IQ-based construct of underachievement. Roeper Review, 34(2), 123–132. https://doi.org/10.1080/02783193.2012.660726

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ziv, A. (1977). Counseling the intellectually gifted child. Toronto, ON: The Governing Council of the University of Toronto.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to James R. Delisle or Robert Arthur Schultz .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Section Editor information

Analytic chart of article data set (2007–2017)

Analytic chart of article data set (2007–2017)

figure a
figure b

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this entry

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this entry

Delisle, J.R., Schultz, R.A. (2019). Underachievement and the Quest for Dignity: Contemporary Perspectives on a Timeless Issue. In: Smith, S. (eds) Handbook of Giftedness and Talent Development in the Asia-Pacific. Springer International Handbooks of Education. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3021-6_28-1

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-3021-6_28-1

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-13-3021-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-13-3021-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Reference EducationReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Education

Publish with us

Policies and ethics