Abstract
Carbon, the most important element in the periodic table, has various structures, such as carbon black, graphite, graphene, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, etc. These possess an excellent physical and chemical properties. As a result, they can be used in numerous applications directly or using as a filler in the polymer composite. In this chapter, the application of different carbon materials as specialized fillers in the polymer composites has been discussed. This chapter includes the discussion on various types of carbon fillers, their basic features, their composites with polymers, percolation phenomena for electrically conductive composites and finally electrical and electronic applications of polymer/carbon composites. Applications of polymer/carbon composites in microelectronics, transparent conductive coating and flexible conductors, displays, organic light-emitting diode (OLED), electroluminescent device, photovoltaic device, sensor, actuator, electrode, battery, capacitor, supercapacitor or ultra-capacitor, ESD and EMI shielding, memory devices, field-effect transistor are discussed in details.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Scharff P (1998) New carbon materials for research and technology. Carbon 36(5–6):481–486
Dobrzaski LA (2002) Fundamentals of materials science and physical metallurgy. In: Engineering materials with elements of materials design, WNT, Warsaw
Skoczkowski K (1995) The production technology of carbon-graphite elements. Slask, Katowice, pp 20–177
Kuilla T, Bhadra S, Yao D, Kim NH, Bose S, Lee JH (2010) Recent advances in graphene based polymer composites. Prog Polym Sci 35:1350–1375
Fuente J, Graphenea. http://www.graphenea.com/pages/graphene–usesapplications#.VTnmIiGqqko
Lalwani G, Sitharaman B (2013) Multifunctional fullerene and metallofullerene based nanobiomaterials. Nano LIFE 3(3):1342003 (22 pages)
Przygocki W, Wlochowicz A (2001) Fullerenes and nanotubes: properties and applications. WNT, Warsaw
Huczko A (2004) Carbon nanotubes. Black diamonds of the twenty-first century, BEL Studio, Warsaw
Zielinski T, Kijenski J (2004) Technical-grade plasma carbon black used as an active modifier of plastics. Chem Ind 83(10):517–521
Sohi NJS, Bhadra S, Khastgir D (2011) The effect of different carbon fillers on the electrical conductivity of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer-based composites and the applicability of different conductivity models. Carbon 49:1349–1361
Endo M, Strano MS, Ajayan PM (2008) Potential applications of carbon nanotubes. In: Carbon nanotubes. Advanced topics in the synthesis, structure, properties and applications. Springer, Berlin, Germany, pp 12–61
Mighri F, Huneault MA, Champagne MG (2004) Electrically conductive thermoplastic blends for injection and compression molding of bipolar plates in fuel cell application. Polym Eng Sci 44(9):1755–1765
Njuguma J, Pielichowski K (2003) Polymer nanocomposites for aerospace applications: properties. Adv Eng Mat 5(11):769–778
Chakrapani N, Chris J, Matayabas JR, Wakharkar V (2010) Applications of smart polymer composites to integrated circuit packaging. US 20100237513 A1
Chakrapani N, Chris J, Matayabas JR, Wakharkar V (2011) Applications of smart polymer composites to integrated circuit packaging, US 7952212 B2
Lingamneni S, Marconnet AM, Goodson KE (2013) 3D Packaging materials based on graphite nanoplatelet and aluminum nitride nanocomposites. In: Proceedings of the ASME 2013 international mechanical engineering congress & exposition IMECE 2013 13–21 Nov 2013, San Diego, California, USA, Final Paper IMECE 2013-66419
Yeh TH, Chang HY, Liou ST (2012) Flexible printed circuit boards including carbon nanotubes bundle. US 8,164,000 B2
Paik KW (2014) Aligned graphene-epoxy composite B-stage films. http://www.mae.ust.hk/news_n_events/event_n_seminars_details.html?uid=69ca957c-7415-11e3-8838-001cc47a7474
Kreupl F, Graham AP, Liebau M, Duesberg GS, Seidel R, Unger E (2004) Carbon nanotubes for interconnect applications. In: Proceedings of the IEEE International Electron Devices Meeting (IEDM’04), pp. 683–686, December 2004
Suh DW (2012) Carbon nanotubes solder composite for high performance interconnect. US 8,100,314 B2
Li J, Lumpp JK (2006) Electrical and mechanical characterization of carbon nanotube filled conductive adhesive. In: Proceedings of aerospace conference. IEEE, NJ, 2006, pp 1–6
Lin XC, Lin F (2004) Improvement on the properties of silver-containing conductive adhesives by the addition of carbon nanotube. In: Proceedings of high density microsystem design and packaging. IEEE, NJ, 2004, pp 382–384
Bullock S, Vanderwlel RW (2012) Electrically conductive polymer compositions containing metal particles and a graphene and methods for production and use thereof. US 8167190 B1
Yim BS, Oh SH, Kim J, Kim J, Kim JM (2012) Characteristics of graphene-filled solderable isotropically conductive adhesive (ICA). Mater Trans 53(3):578–581
Bertram A, Beasley K, De La Torre W (1992) An overview of navy composite developments for thermal management. Naval Eng J 104:276
Fleming TF, Rwey WC, Proc. SPIE The international society for optical engineering, 1997 (1993) 136–147
Fleming TF, Levan CD, Riley WC (1995) Proceedings technical conference, international electronics packaging conference pp 493–503
Ibrahim AM (1992) SAMPEE electronics conference, pp 556–567
Spicer JWM, Wilson DW, Osinader R, Thomas J, Oni BO (1999) Proc. SPIE—the internal society for optical engineering, 3700: 40
Ebadi-Dehaghani H, Nazempour M (2012) Thermal conductivity of nanoparticles filled polymers. http://cdn.intechopen.com/pdfs-wm/35438.pdf
Yoon YS, Oh MH, Kim AY, Kim N (2012) The development of thermal conductive polymer composites for heat sink. J Chem Chem Eng 6:515–519
Chiguma J, Johnson E, Shah P, Gornopolskaya N, Jones WE Jr (2013) Thermal diffusivity and thermal conductivity of epoxy-based nanocomposites by the laser flash and differential scanning calorimetry techniques. Open J Compos Mater 3:51–62
Smaldone PL (1995) 27th international SAMPE technical conference, pp 819–829
Glatz JJ, Vrable DL, Schmedake T, Johnson C (1992) 6th international SAMPE electronics conference, pp 334–346
Berger M (2012) Graphene sets new record as the most efficient filler for thermal interface materials. http://www.nanowerk.com/spotlight/spotid=24109.php
Khan MFS, Alexander AB (2011) Graphene—based nanocomposites as highly efficient thermal interface materials. https://arxiv.org/ftp/arxiv/papers/1201/1201.0796.pdf
Yu A, Ramesh P, Sun X, Bekyarova E, Itkis ME, Haddon RC (2008) Enhanced thermal conductivity in a hybrid graphite nanoplatelet-carbon nanotubes filler for epoxy composites. Adv Mater 20:4740–4744
Yu A, Ramesh P, Itkis ME, Elena B, Haddon RC (2007) Graphite nanoplatelet-epoxy composite thermal interface materials. J Phys Chem C 111:7565–7569
Wu TY, Lin JC et al (2014) Aligned graphene sheets-polymer compositeand method for manufacturing the same. US 20140097380 A1
Balandin AA (2013) Graphene based thermal interface materials and methods of manufacturing the same. US 20140120399 A1
Nanocarbons and nanocarbon-filled polymer composites for electronic thermal management materials. School of Chemical and Process Engineering, Institute for Materials Research. http://www.engineering.leeds.ac.uk/imr/research/carbon/nanocarbons.shtml
Okoth MO (2010) Synthesis of thermal interface materials made of metal decorated carbon nanotubes and polymers. Dissertation, Texas A&M University
Arora H, Matayabas Jr JC (2014) Thermal interface material composition including polymeric matrix and carbon filler. US 8920919 B2
Heimann M, Wirts-Ruetters M, Boehme B, Wolter KJ (2008) Investigations of carbon nanotubes epoxy composites for electronics packaging. In: Proceedings of the 58th electronic components and technology conference (ECTC’08), May 2008, pp 1731–1736
Matthias H, Boehme B, Sebastian S, Wirts-Ruetters M, Wolter KJ (2009) CNTs—a comparable study of CNT-filled adhesives with common materials. In: Proceedings of the 59th electronic components and technology conference (ECTC’09), San Diego, California, USA, May 2009, pp 1871–1878
Mir IA, Kumar D (2012) Carbon nanotube-filled conductive adhesives for electronic applications. Nanosci Meth 1:183–193
Adams JT, Yost BA (1991) Matrix filled with three-dimensional arrangement of carbon fibers, thermoplastic, thermosetting or elastomeric resins; bonding electronic components US 5026748 A
Transparent conducting film From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transparent_conducting_film
Hong S, Myung S (2007) Nanotube electronics: a flexible approach to mobility. Nat Nanotech 2(4):207–208
Dettlaff-Weglikowska U, Kaempgen M, Hornbostel B, Skakalova V, Wang J, Liang J, Roth S (2006) Conducting and transparent SWNT/polymer composites. Phys Stat Sol (b) 243:3440–3444
Ferrer-Anglada N, Kaempgen M, Skakalova V, Dettlaf-Weglikowska U, Roth S (2004) Synthesis and characterization of carbon nanotube-conducting polymer thin films. Diamond Relat Mater 13:256–260
Park C, Ounaies Z, Watson KA, Crooks RE, Smith J, Lowther SE, Connell JW, Siochi EJ, Harrison JS, Clair TLS (2002) Dispersion of single wall carbon nanotubes by in situ polymerization under sonication. Chem Phys Lett 364:303–308
De S, Lyons PE, Sorel S, Doherty EM, King PJ, Blau WJ, Nirmalraj PN, Boland JJ, Scardaci V, Joimel J, Coleman JN (2009) Transparent, flexible, and highly conductive thin films based on polymer-nanotube composites. ACS Nano 3:714–720
Xu Y, Wang Y, Jiajie L, Huang Y, Ma Y, Wan X et al (2009) Ahybrid material of graphene and poly (3,4-ethyldioxythiophene) with high conductivity, flexibility, and transparency. Nano Res 2:343–348
Liuid crystal display. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display
LED display. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LED_display
John (2010) Nano C Inc., Liquid crystal display (LCD)-working. http://www.circuitstoday.com/liquid-crystal-displays-lcd-working
Eren San S, Okutan M, Köysal O, Yerli Y (2008) Carbon nanoparticles in nematic liquid crystals. Chin Phys Lett 25(1):212
Qi H, Hegmann T (2008) Impact of nanoscale particles and carbon nanotubes on current and future generations of liquid crystal displays. J Mater Chem 18:3288–3294
OLED. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OLED
Moni-X Ltd. (2005) Organic light emitting diode (OLED). http://qxwujoey.tripod.com/oled.htm
Eda G, Unalan HE, Rupesinghe NL, Amaratunga GAJ, Chhowalla M (2008) Field emission from graphene based composite thin films. Appl Phys Lett 93:233502–233503
Verma VP, Das S, Lahiri I, Choi W (2010) Large-area graphene on polymer film for flexible and transparent anode in field emission device. Appl Phys Lett 96:203108 / 1–3
Woo HS, Czerw R, Webster S, Carroll DL, Ballato J, Strevens AE, O’Brien D, Blau WJ (2000) Hole blocking in carbon nanotube-polymer composite organic light-emitting diodes based on poly (m-phenylene vinylene-co-2, 5-dioctoxy-p-phenylene vinylene). Appl Phys Lett 77(9):1393–1395
Li J, Hu L, Wang L, Zhou Y, Gruner G, Marks TJ (2006) Organic light-emitting diodes having carbon nanotube anodes. Nano Lett 6:2472–2477
Yu Z, Niu X, Liu Z, Pei J (2011) Intrinsically stretchable polymer light-emitting devices using carbon nanotube-polymer composite electrodes. Adv Mater 23:3867–3994
Ou ECW, Hu L, Raymond GCR, Soo OK, Pan J, Zheng Z, Park Y, Hecht D, Irvin G, Drzaic P et al (2009) Surface-modified nanotube anodes for high performance organic light-emitting diode. ACS Nano 3:2258–2264
Singh JP, Saha U, Jaiswal R, Anand RS, Srivastava A, Goswami TH (2014) Enhanced polymer light-emitting diode property using fluorescent conducting polymer-reduced graphene oxide nanocomposite as active emissive layer. J Nanopart Res 16:1–20
Luo W, Chen W, Leng C, Huang D, Zhang Y, Yang J, Li Z, Shi H, Du C (2014) Graphene composite anode for flexible polymer light emitting diode. In: Proceedings SPIE 9272, optical design and testing VI, 927206, November 5, 2014
Lin CH, Chen KT, Ho JR, Cheng JWJ, Tsiang RCC (2012) PEDOT:PSS/graphene nanocomposite hole-injection layer in polymer light-emitting diodes. J Nanotech 2012:1–7
Electroluminescence. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroluminescence
Xu Z, Wu Y, Hu B, Ivanov IN, Geohegan DB (2005) Carbon nanotube effects on electroluminescence and photovoltaic response in conjugated polymers. Appl Phys Lett 87:263118
Hu B, Li D, Manandharam P, Fan Q, Kasilingam D, Calvert P (2012) CNT/conducting polymer composite conductors impart high flexibility to textile electroluminescent devices. J Mater Chem 22:1598–1605
Photovoltaics. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photovoltaics
Edward LO (2008) PV cell—working principle and applications. http://cd1.edb.hkedcity.net/cd/science/physics/NSS/Energy01_Dec08/PhotoVoltaicsCells.pdf
O’Connell MJ, Boul P, Ericson LM, Huffman C, Wang Y, Haroz E, Kuper C, Tour J, Ausman KD, Smalley RE (2001) Reversible water-solubilization of single-walled carbon nanotubes by polymer wrapping. Chem Phys Lett 342(3–4):265–271
Bhattacharyya S, Kymakis E, Amaratunga GAJ (2004) Photovoltaic properties of dye functionalized single-wall carbon nanotube/conjugated polymer devices. Chem Mater 16:4819–4823
Ago H, Petritsch K, Shaffer MSP, Windle AH, Friend RH (1999) Composites of carbon nanotubes and conjugated polymers for photovoltaic devices. Adv Mater 11:1281–1285
Kazaoui S, Minami N, Nalini B, Kim Y, Hara K (2005) Near-infrared photoconductive and photovoltaic devices using single-wall carbon nanotubes in conductive polymer films. J Appl Phys 98:084314
Li C, Chen Y, Wang YIZ, Chhowalla M, Mitra S (2007) A fullerene-single wall carbon nanotube complex for polymer bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cells. J Mater Chem 17:2406–2411
Pradhan B, Batabyal SK, Pal AJ (2006) Functionalized carbon nanotubes in donor/acceptortype photovoltaic devices. Appl Phys Lett 88:093106
Kymakis E, Alexandrou I, Amaratunga GAJ (2003) High open-circuit voltage photovoltaic devices from carbon-nanotube-polymer composites. J Appl Phys 93:1764–1768
Sariciftci NS, Smilowitz L, Heeger AJ, Wudl F (1992) Photoinduced electron transfer from a conducting polymer to buckminsterfullerene. Science 258:1474–1476
Alley NJ, Liao KS, Andreoli E, Dias S, Dillon EP, Orbaek AW, Barron AR, Byrne HJ, Curran SA (2012) Effect of carbon nanotube-fullerene hybrid additive on P3HT:PCBM bulk-heterojunction organic photovoltaics. Synth Met 162(1–2):95–101
Liu Z, Liu Q, Huang Y, Ma Y, Yin S, Zhang X, Sun W, Chen Y (2008) Organic photovoltaic devices based on a novel acceptor material: graphene. Adv Mater 20:3924–3930
Hong W, Xu Y, Lu G, Li C, Shi G (2008) Transparent graphene/PEDOT-PSS composite films as counter electrodes of dye-sensitized solar cells. Electrochem Commun 10:1555–1558
Eda G, Lin YY, Miller S, Chen CW, Su WF, Chhowalla M (2008) Transparent and conducting electrodes for organic electronics from reduced graphene oxide. Appl Phys Lett 92:233305 / 1–3
Wu J, Becerril HA, Bao Z, Liu Z, Chen Y, Peumans P (2008) Organic solar cells with solution processed graphene transparent electrodes. Appl Phys Lett 92:263302 / 1–3
Lim SP, Pandikumar A, Lim YS, Huang NM, Lim HN (2014) In-situ electrochemically deposited polypyrrole nanoparticles incorporated reduced graphene oxide as an efficient counter electrode for platinum-free dye-sensitized solar cells. Sci Rep 4. https://doi.org/10.1038/srep05305
Gomez De Arco L, Zhang Y, Schlenker CW, Ryu K, Thompson ME, Zhou C (2010) Continuous, highly flexible, and transparent graphene films by chemical vapor deposition for organic photovoltaics. ACS Nano 4(5):2865–2873
Li SS, Tu KH, Lin CC, Chen CW, Chhowalla M (2010) Solution processable grapheme oxide as an efficient hole transport layer in polymer solar cells. ACS Nano 4:3169–3174
Valentini L, Cardinali M, Bon SB, Bagnis D, Verdejo R, Lopez Manchado MA, Kenny JM (2010) Use of butylamine modified graphene sheets in polymer solar cells. J Mater Chem 20:995–1000
Wang X, Zhi L, Müllen K (2008) Transparent, conductive grapheNe electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells. Nano Lett 8:323–327
Su Q (2012) Graphene based electrode materials for solar cell and electrochemical oxygen reduction. Ph.D. Dissertation, Max-Planck Institute for Polymer Research
Saranya K, Rameez Md, Subramania A (2015) Developments in conducting polymer based counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells—an overview. Eur Polym J 66:207–227
Wang J, Wang Y, He D, Wu H, Wang H, Zhou P, Fu M (2012) Influence of polymer/fullerene-graphene structure on organic polymer solar devices. Integr Ferroelect 137(1):1–9
Hsu CL, Lin CT, Huang JH, Chu CW, Wei KH, Li LJ (2012) Layer-by-layer grapheme/TCNQ stacked films as conducting anodes for organic solar cells. ACS Nano 6(6):5031–5039
Wang J, Wang Y, He D, Wu H, Wang H, Zhou P, Fu M, Jiang K, Chen W (2011) Organic photovoltaic devices based on an acceptor of solution-processable functionalized graphene. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 11(11):9432–9438
Brabec CJ, Padinger F, Hummelen JC, Janssen RAJ, Sariciftci NS (1999) Realization of large area flexible fullerene-conjugated polymer photocells: a route to plastic solar cells. Synth Met 102(1–3):861–864
Fromherz T, Padinger F, Gebeyehu D, Brabec C, Hummelen JC, Sariciftci NS (2000) Comparison of photovoltaic devices containing various blends of polymer and fullerene derivatives. Sol En Mat 63(1):61–68
Gebeyehu D, Brabec CJ, Padinger F, Fromherz T, Hummelen JC, Badt D, Schindler H, Sariciftci NS (2001) The interplay of efficiency and morphology in photovoltaic devices based on interpenetrating networks of conjugated polymers with fullerenes. Synth Met 118(1–3):1–9
Sensor. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sensor
Ansari S, Giannelis EP (2009) Functionalized graphene sheet—Poly(vinylidene fluoride) conductive nanocomposites. J Polym Sci Pt B Polym Phys 47:888–889
Shan C, Yang H, Song J, Han D, Ivaska A, Niu L (2009) Direct electrochemistry of glucose oxidase and biosensing for glucose based on graphene. Anal Chem 81(6):2378–2382
Xue R, Kang TF, Lu LP, Cheng SY (2013) Electrochemical sensor based on the graphene-nafion matrix for sensitive determination of organophosphorus pesticides. Anal Lett 46(1):131–141
Zhu J, Wei S, Ryu J, Guo Z (2011) Strain-sensing elastomer/carbon nanofiber “metacomposites”. J Phys Chem C 115:13215–13222
Li L, Li J, Lukehart CM (2008) Graphitic carbon nanofiber-poly (acrylate) polymer brushes as gas sensors. Sens Actuators B Chem 130:783–788
Jang J, Bae J (2007) Carbon nanofiber/polypyrrole nanocable as toxic gas sensor. Sens Actuators B Chem 122:7–13
Harun FKC, Jumadi AM, Mahmood NH (2011) Carbon black polymer composite gas sensor for electronic nose. Int J Sci Eng Res 2(11):1–7
Ryan MA, Shevade AV, Zhou H, Homer ML (2004) Polymer–carbon black composite sensors in an electronic nose for air-quality monitoring. MRS Bull 29(10):714–719
Wei C, Dai L, Roy A, Tolle TB (2006) Multifunctional chemical vapor sensors of aligned carbon nanotube and polymer composites. J Am Chem Soc 128(5):1412–1413
Hernández-López S, Vigueras-Santiago E, Mora MM, Mancilla JRF, Contreras EAZ (2013) Cellulose-based polymer composite with carbon black for tetrahydrofuran sensing. Int J Polym ScI 2013:1–7
Singha DK, Mahata P (2015) Luminescent coordination polymer–fullerene composite as a highly sensitive and selective optical detector for 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP). RSC Adv 5:28092–28097
Isoda T, Sato H et al (2011) Evalution of immunoglobulne sensing function using a fullerene- composite-polymer-coated sensor electrode. Sens Mater 23(4):237–249
Shih WP, Tsao LC, Lee CW, Cheng MY, Chang C, Yang YJ, Fan KC (2010) Flexible temperature sensor array based on a graphite-polydimethylsiloxane composite. Sens 10(4):3597–3610
Seah TH, Pumera M (2011) Platelet graphite nanofibers/soft polymer composites for electrochemical sensing and biosensing. Sens Actuators B: Chemical 156(1):79–83
Tadakaluru S, Thongsuwan W, Singjai P (2014) Stretchable and flexible high-strain sensors made using carbon nanotubes and graphite films on natural rubber. Sens 14:868–876
Eswaraiah V, Balasubramaniam K, Ramaprabhu S (2012) One-pot synthesis of conducting graphene-polymer composites and their strain sensing application. Nanoscale 4(4):1258–1262
Actuator. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Actuator
Mohamadi S, Sanjani NS, Mahdavi H (2011) Functionalization of graphene sheets via chemically grafting of PMMA chains through in situ polymerization. J Macromol Sci Pt A 48(8):577–582
Liang J, Huang L, Li N, Huang Y, Wu Y, Fang S, Oh J, Kozlov M, Ma Y, Li F, Baughman R, Chen Y (2012) Electromechanical actuator with controllable motion, fast response rate, and highfrequency resonance based on graphene and polydiacetylene. ACS Nano 6(5):4508–4519
Ahir SV, Terentjev EM (2006) Fast relaxation of carbon nanotubes in polymer composite actuators. Phys Rev Lett 96(13):133902
Chen L, Liu C, Liu K, Meng C, Hu C, Wang J, Fan S (2011) High-performance, low-voltage, and easy-operable bending actuator based on aligned carbon nanotube/polymer composites. ACS Nano 5(3):1588–1593
Wang XL, Oh IK (2010) Sulfonated poly(styrene-b-ethylene-co-butylene-b-styrene) and fullerene composites for ionic polymer actuators. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 10(5):3203–3206
Jung JH, Vadahanambi S, Oh IK (2010) Electro-active nano-composite actuator based on fullerene-reinforced Nafion. Compos Sci Technol 70(4):584–592
Ghaffari Zhou MY, Lin M, Koo CM, Zhang QM (2014) High electromechanical reponses of ultra-high-density aligned nano-porous microwave exfoliated graphite oxide/polymer nano-composites ionic actuators. Int J Smart Nano Mater 5(2):114–122
Muralidharan MN, Ansari S (2013) Thermally reduced graphene oxide/thermoplastic polyurethane nanocomposites as photomechanical actuators. Adv Mat Lett 4(12):927–932
Lian Y, Liu Y, Jiang T, Shu J, Lian H, Cao M (2010) Enhanced electromechanical performance of graphite oxide-nafion nanocomposite actuator. J Phys Chem 114(21):9659–9663
Sen I, Seki Y, Sarikanat M, Cetin L, Gurses BQ, Ozdemir O, Yilmaz OC, Sever K, Akar E, Mermer O (2015) Electroactive behavior of graphene nanoplatelets loaded cellulose composite actuators. Compos Part B Eng 69:369–377
Yang W, Choi H, Choi S, Jeon M, Lee SY (2012) Carbon nanotube–graphene composite for ionic polymer actuators. Smart Mater Struct 21(5):055012
Loomis J, King B, Burkhead T, Xu P, Bessler N, Terentjev E, Panchapakesan B (2012) Graphene-nanoplatelet-based photomechanical actuators. Nanotechnol 23(4):045501
Electrode. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrode
Wang DW, Li F, Zhao J, Ren W, Chen ZG, Tan J et al (2009) Fabrication of graphene / polyaniline composite paper via in situ anodic electropolymerization for high-performance flexible electrode. ACS Nano 7:1745–1752
Li H, Chen J, Han S, Niu W, Liu X, Xu G (2009) Electrochemiluminescence from tris(2,2-bipyridyl)ruthenium(II)-graphene-nafion modified electrode. Talanta 79:165–170
Kim JY, Kim M, Choi JH (2003) Characterization of light emitting devices based on a single-walled carbon nanotube–polymer composite. Synth Met 139(3):565–568
Kauffmann JM, Linders CR, Patriarche GJ, Smyth MR (1988) A comparison of glassy-carbon and carbon-polymer composite electrodes incorporated into electrochemical detection systems for high-performance liquid chromatography. Talanta 35(3):179–182
Rakhi RB, Chen W, Alshareef HN (2012) Conducting polymer/carbon nanocoil composite electrodes for efficient supercapacitors. J Mater Chem 22:5177–5183
Chang J, Najeeb CK, Lee JH, Kim JH (2011) Single-walled carbon nanotubes/polymer composite electrodes patterned directly from solution. Langmuir 27(11):7330–7336
Calixto CMF, Mendes RK, Oliveira AC, Ramos LA, Cervini P, Cavalheiro ETG (2007) Development of graphite-polymer composites as electrode materials. Mater Res 10(2):1439–1516
Perween M, Parmar DB, Bhadu GR, Srivastava DN (2014) Polymer–graphite composite: a versatile use and throw plastic chip electrode. Analyst 139:5919–5926
Coffey B, Madsen PV, Poehler TO, Searson PC (1995) High charge density conducting polymer/graphite fiber composite electrodes for battery applications. J Electrochem Soc 142(2):321–325
Gómez H, Ram MK, Alvi F, Villalba P, Stefanakos E, Kumar A (2011) Graphene-conducting polymer nanocomposite as novel electrode for supercapacitors. J Power Sources 196(8):4102–4108
Lithium ion battery. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lithium-ion_battery
Brain M, How Lithium-ion Batteries Work. http://electronics.howstuffworks.com/everyday-tech/lithium-ion-battery1.htm
Song Z, Xu T, Gordin ML, Jiang YB, Bae IT, Xiao Q, Zhan H, Liu J, Wang D (2012) Polymer—graphene nanocomposites as ultrafast-charge and discharge cathodes for rechargeable Lithium batteries. Nano Lett 12:22205–22211
Lee H, Yoo JK, Park JH, Kim JH, Kang K, Jung YS (2012) A stretchable polymer–carbon nanotube composite electrode for flexible lithium-ion batteries: porosity engineering by controlled phase separation. Adv Energ Mater 2(8):976–982
Fauteux D (1993) Carbon/polymer composite electrode for use in a lithium battery. EP0528557A1
Sivakkumar SR, Kim DW (2007) Polyaniline/carbon nanotube composite cathode for rechargeable lithium polymer batteries assembled with gel polymer electrolyte. J Electrochem Soc 154(2):A134–A139
Veeraraghavan B, Paul J, Haran B, Popov B (2002) Study of polypyrrole graphite composite as anode material for secondary lithium-ion batteries. J Power Sour 109:377–387
Li S, Shu K, Zhao C, Wang C, Guo Z, Wallace G, Liu HK (2014) One-step synthesis of graphene/polypyrrole nanofiber composites as cathode material for a biocompatible zinc/polymer battery. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 6(19):16679–16686
Chen L, Zhang M, Wei W (2013) Graphene-based composites as cathode materials for lithium ion batteries. J Nanomat 2013: Article ID 940389, 8 pages
Capacitor. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capacitor
Zhang D, Zhang X, Chen Y, Yu P, Wang C, Ma Y (2011) Enhanced capacitance and rate capability of graphene/polypyrrole composite as electrode material for supercapacitors. J Power Sour 196:5990–5996
Liao WC, Liao FS, Tsai CT, Yang YP (2012) Preparation of activated carbon for electric double layer capacitors. China Steel Tech Rep 25:36–41
Luo X, Chang DDL (2001) Carbon fiber/ polymer matrix composites as capacitor. Compos Sci Technol 61:885–888
Li S, Zhao Y, Zhang Z, Tang H (2014) Preparation and characterization of epoxy/carbon fiber composite capacitors. Polym Compos. https://doi.org/10.1002/pc.23050
Tien CP, Teng H (2010) Polymer/graphite oxide composites as high-performance materials for electric double layer capacitors. J Power Sour 195(8):2414–2418
Huang L, Li C, Shi G (2014) High-performance and flexible electrochemical capacitors based on graphene/polymer composite films. J Mater Chem A 2:968–974
Sangermano M (2014) Graphene-epoxy flexible transparent capacitor obtained by graphene-polymer transfer and uv–induced bonding. http://www.radtechreport.com/2014_1ssue4_sangermano.html
Wu Q, Xu YX, Yao ZY, Liu AR, Shi GQ (2010) Supercapacitors based on flexible grapheme/ polyaniline nanofibre composite film. ACS Nano 4:1963–1970
Wang HL, Hao QL, Yang XJ, Lu LD, Wang X (2009) Graphene oxide doped polyaniline for super capacitors. Electrochem Commun 11:1158–1161
Yan J, Wei T, Fan ZJ, Qian WZ, Zhang ML, Shen XD, Wei F (2010) Preparation of graphene nanosheets/ carbon nanotubes/ polyaniline composite as electrode material for supercapaitors. J Power Sour 195:3041–3045
Lee KYT, Naguib H, Lian K (2014) Flexible multiwall carbon nano-tubes/conductive polymer composite electrode for supercapacitor applications. ASME 2014 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems, Paper No. SMASIS2014-7735, pp. V001T01A033; 7 pages. https://doi.org/10.1115/smasis2014-7735
Zhamu A, Jang BZ (2013) Method of producing graphite-carbon composite electrodes for supercapacitors. US 8,497,225 B2
Singh A, Chandra A (2013) Graphite oxide/polypyrrole composite electrodes for achieving high energy density supercapacitors. J Appl Electrochem 43:773–782
Liu Q, Nayfeh O, Nayfeh MH, Yau ST (2013) Flexible supercapacitor sheets based on hybrid nanocomposite materials. Nano Energ 2:133–137
Electrostatic discharge. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrostatic_discharge
Electromagnetic Shielding From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_shielding
Electromagnetic Interference. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_interference
Bhadra S, Singha NK, Khastgir D (2008) Semi-conductive composites from ethylene 1-octene copolymer and polyaniline coated nylon 6: studies on mechanical, thermal, processability, electrical and EMI shielding properties. Polym Eng Sci 48:995–1006
Bhadra S, Singha NK, Khastgir D (2009) Dielectric properties and EMI shielding efficiency of polyaniline and ethylene 1-octene based semi-conducting composites. Curr Appl Phys 9:396–403
Lee J, Yang SB, Jung HT (2009) Carbon nanotubes–polypropylene nanocomposites for electrostatic discharge applications. Macromol 42(21):8328–8334
Kim S, Kim S, Lee C (2012) Electrostatic discharge polymer filler containing carbon nanotube enclosed with thermoplatic resin layer and manufacturing method thereof. US 20120298925 A1
Boday DJ, Gentrupa MH, Iben IET (2014) Low viscosity electrostatic discharge (ESD) dissipating adhesive substantially free of agglomerates. US 8673462 B2
Poosal A, Kittipong Hrimchum K, Aussawasathien D, Pentrakoon D, The Effect of oxygen-plasma treated graphene nanoplatelets upon the properties of multiwalled carbon nanotube and polycarbonate hybrid nanocomposites used for electrostatic dissipative applications. J Nanomater 2015: 1–9, Article ID 470297
Liang JJ, Wang Y, Huang Y, Ma YF, Liu ZF, Cai FM, Zhang CD, Gao HJ, Chen YS (2009) Electromagnetic interference shielding of graphene/epoxy composites. Carbon 47(3):922–925
Goyal RK, Kadam A (2010) Polyphenylene sulphide/graphite composites for EMI shielding applications. Adv Mat Lett 1(2):143–147
Yang Y, Guptal MC, Dudley KL, Lawrence RW (2007) Electromagnetic interference shielding characteristics of carbon nanofiber-polymer composites. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 7(2):549–554
Wang S, Tambraparni M, Qiu J, Tipton J, Dean D (2009) Thermal expansion of graphene composites. Macromol 42:5251–5255
Yu J, Lu K, Sourty E, Grossiord N, Koning CE, Loos J (2007) Characterization of conductive multiwall carbon nanotube/polystyrene composites prepared by latex technology. Carbon 45:2897–2903
Luo X, Chung DDL (1999) Electromagnetic interference shielding using continuous carbon-fiber carbon-matrix and polymer-matrix composites. Compos: Part B 30:227–231
Li N, Huang Y, Du F, He X, Lin X, Gao H, Ma Y, Li F, Chen Y, Eklund PC (2006) Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding of single-walled carbon nanotube epoxy composites. Nano Lett 6(6):1141–1145
Al-Saleh MH, Sundararaj U (2008) Electromagnetic interference (EMI) shielding effectiveness of PP/PS polymer blends containing high structure carbon black. Macromol Mater Eng 293(7):621–630
Morari C, Balan I, Pintea J, Chitanu E, Iordache I (2011) Electrical conductivity and electromagnetic shielding effectiveness of silicone rubber filled with ferrite and graphite powders. Prog Electromagnet Res M 21:93–104
Maiti S, Shrivastava NK, Suin S, Khatua BB (2013) Polystyrene/MWCNT/graphite nanoplate nanocomposites: efficient electromagnetic interference shielding material through graphite nanoplate–MWCNT–graphite nanoplate networking. ACS Appl Mater Interface 5(11):4712–4724
Eswaraiah V, Sankaranarayanan V, Ramaprabhu S (2011) Functionalized graphene–PVDF foam composites for EMI shielding. Macromol Mater Eng 296(10):894–898
Memory Devices. http://www.tutorialspoint.com/computer_logical_organization/memory_devices.htm
Mamo MA, Sustaita AO, Tetana ZN, Coville NJ, Hümmelgen IA (2013) Nitrogen-doped, boron-doped and undoped multiwalled carbon nanotube/polymer composites in WORM memory devices. Nanotechnol 24(12):125203
Sustaita AO, Mamo MA, Segura-Cardenas E, Reyes-Reyes M, López-Sandova R, Coville NJ, Hümmelgen IA (2013) Functionalized spherical carbon nanostructure/poly(vinylphenol) composites for application in low power consumption write-once-read-many times memories. J Nanosci Nanotechnol 13:1–7
Machado WS, Mamo MA, Coville NJ, Hümmelgen IA (2012) The OFF to ON switching time and ON state consolidation in write-once-read-many-times memory devices based on doped and undoped carbon-sphere/polymer composites. Thin Solid Films 520(13):4427–4431
Pradhan B, Batabyal SK, Pal AJ (2006) Electrical bistability and memory phenomenon in carbon nanotube-conjugated polymer matrixes. J Phys Chem B 110(16):8274–8277
Jo H, Ko J, Lim JA, Chang HJ, Kim YS (2013) Organic nonvolatile resistive switching memory based on molecularly entrapped fullerene derivative within a diblock copolymer nanostructure. Macromolecular Rapid Commun 34(4):355–361
Khan MA, Bhansali US, Cha D, Alshareef HN (2013) All-polymer bistable resistive memory device based on nanoscale phase-separated PCBM-ferroelectric blends. Adv Funct Mater 23:2145–2152
Kanwal A, Chhowalla M (2006) Stable, three layered organic memory devices from C60 molecules and insulating polymers. Appl Phys Lett 89:203103
Son DI, Shim JH, Park DH, Jung JH, Lee JM, Park WI, Kim TW, Choi WK (2011) Polymer-ultrathin graphite sheet-polymer composite structured flexible nonvolatile bistable organic memory devices. Nanotechnol 22(29):295203
Mamo MA, Sustaita AO, Coville NJ, Hümmelgen IA (2013) Polymer composite of poly(vinyl phenol)-reduced graphene oxide reduced by vitamin C in low energy consuming write-once–read-many times memory devices. Org Electron 14(1):175–181
Kafy A, Sadasivuni KK, Kim HC, Akther A, Kim J (2015) Designing flexible energy and memory storage materials using cellulose modified graphene oxide nanocomposites. Phys Chem Chem Phys 17:5923–5931
Zhuang XD, Chen Y, Liu G, Li PP, Zhu CX, Kang ET, Noeh KG, Zhang B, Zhu JH, Li YX (2010) Conjugated-polymer-functionalized graphene oxide: synthesis and nonvolatile rewritable memory effect. Appl Mater 22(15):1731–1735
Fuel Cell. From Wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fuel_cell
Fuel Cell Principle. http://www.nedstack.com/technology/fuel-cell-principle
Dweiri R, Sahari J (2007) Electrical properties of carbon-based polypropylene composites for bipolar plates in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC). J Power Sour 171(2):424–432
Xia LG, Li AJ, Wang WQ, Yin Q, Lin H, Zhao YB (2008) Effects of resin content and preparing conditions on the properties of polyphenylene sulfide resin/graphite composite for bipolar plate. J Power Sour 178(1):363–367
Cunningham BD, Baird DG (2007) Development of bipolar plates for fuel cells from graphite filled wet-lay material and a compatible thermoplastic laminate skin layer. J Power Sour 168(2):418–425
Kakati BK, Deka D (2007) Differences in physico-mechanical behaviors of resol (e) and novolac type phenolic resin based composite bipolar plate for proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell. Electrochim Acta 52:7330–7336
Lee JH, Jang YK, Hong CE, Kim NH, Li P, Lee HK (2009) Effect of carbon fillers on properties of polymer composite bipolar plates of fuel cells. J Power Sour 193(2):523–529
Liao SH, Yen CY, Weng CC, Lin YF, Ma CCM, Yang CH, Tsai MC, Yen MY, Hsiao MC, Lee SH, Xie XF, Hsiao YH (2008) Preparation and properties of carbon nanotube/polypropylene nanocomposite bipolar plates for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Power Sour 185(2):1225–1232
Mathur RB, Dhakate SR, Gupta DK, Dhami TL, Aggarwal RK (2008) Effect of different carbon fillers on the properties of graphite composite bipolar plate. J Mater Process Technol 203(1–3):184–192
Song LN, Xiao M, Meng YZ (2006) Electrically conductive nanocomposites of aromatic polydisulfide/expanded graphite. Compos Sci Technol 66(13):2156–2162
Du C, Ming P, Hou M, Fu J, Shen Q, Liang D, Fu Y, Luo X, Shao Z, Yi B (2010) Preparation and properties of thin epoxy/compressed expanded graphite composite bipolar plates for proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Power Sour 195(3):794–800
Allaoui A, Bai S, Cheng HM, Bai JB (2002) Mechanical and electrical properties of a MWNT/epoxy composite. Compos Sci Technol 62(15):1993–1998
Celzard A, McRae E, Deleuze C, Dufort M, Furdin G, Mareche JF (1996) Critical concentration in percolating systems containing a high-aspect-ratio filler. Phys Rev B 53:6209–6214
Sandler JKW, Kirk JE, Kinloch IA, Shaffer MSP, Windle AH (2003) Ultra-low electrical percolation threshold in carbon-nanotube-epoxy composites. Polymer 44(19):5893–5899
Martin CA, Sandler JKW, Shaffer MSP, Schwarz MK, Bauhofer W, Schulte K, Windle AH (2004) Formation of percolating networks in multi-wall carbon-nanotube–epoxy composites. Compos Sci Technol 64(15):2309–2316
Munson-McGee SH (1991) Estimation of the critical concentration in an anisotropic percolation network. Phys Rev B 43:3331–3336
Gojny FH, Wichmann MHG, Fiedler B, Kinloch IA, Bauhofer W, Windle AH, Schulte K (2006) Evaluation and identification of electrical and thermal conduction mechanisms in carbon nanotube/epoxy composites. Polymer 47(6):2036–2045
Shaffer MSP, Fan X, Windle AH (1998) Dispersion and packing of carbon nanotubes. Carbon 36(11):1603–1612
Sun J, Gao L (2001) Development of a dispersion process for carbon nanotubes in ceramic matrix by heterocoagulation. Carbon 41(5):1063–1068
Liu Y, Gao L (2005) A study of the electrical properties of carbon nanotube-NiFe2O4 composites: effect of the surface treatment of the carbon nanotubes. Carbon 43(1):47–52
Zhu BK, Xie SH, Xu ZK, Xu YY (2006) Preparation and properties of the polyimide/multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) nanocomposites. Compos Sci Technol 66(3–4):548–554
Lee SH, Cho E, Jeon SH, Youn JR (2007) Rheological and electrical properties of polypropylene composites containing functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes and compatibilizers. Carbon 45(14):2810–2822
Cele NP, Ray SS (2009) Recent progress on nafion-based nanocomposite membranes for fuel cell applications. Macromol Mater Eng 294(11):719–738
Liu YH, Yi B, Shao ZG, Xing D, Zhang H (2006) Carbon nanotubes reinforced nafion composite membrane for fuel cell applications. Electrochem Solid-State Lett 9(7):A356–A359
Liu YH, Yi B, Shao ZG, Wang L, Xing D, Zhang H (2007) Pt/CNTs-Nafion reinforced and self-humidifying composite membrane for PEMFC applications. J Power Sour 163(2):807–813
Thomassin JM, Kollar J, Caldarella G, Germain A, Jerome R, Detrembleur C (2007) Beneficial effect of carbon nanotubes on the performances of Nafion membranes in fuel cell applications. J Membrane Sci 303(1–2):252–257
Wang L, Xing DM, Zhang HM, Yu HM, Liu YH, Yi BL (2008) MWCNTs reinforced Nafion® membrane prepared by a novel solution-cast method for PEMFC. J Power Sour 176(1):270–275
Zhang W, Dehghani-Sanij AA, Blackburn RS (2007) Carbon based conductive polymer composite. J Mater Sci 42(10):3408–3418
Chen WF, Wu JS, Kuo PL (2008) Poly(oxyalkylene)diamine-functionalized carbon nanotube/perfluorosulfonated polymer composites: synthesis, water state, and conductivity. Chem Mater 20(18):5756–5757
Asgari MS, Nikazar M, Molla-abbasi P, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM (2013) Nafion®/histidine functionalized carbon nanotube: high-performance fuel cell membranes. Int J Hydrogen Energy 38(14):5894–5902
Kannan R, Kakade BA, Pillai VK (2008) Polymer electrolyte fuel cells using Nafion-based composite membranes with functionalied carbon nanotubes. Angew Chem Int Ed 47(14):2653–2656
Kannan R, Aher PP, Palaniselvam T, Kurungot S, Kharul UK, Pillai VK (2010) Artificially designed membranes using phosphonated multiwall carbon nanotube–polybenzimidazole composites for polymer electrolyte fuel cells. J Phys Chem Lett 1(14):2109–2113
Cele NP, Ray SS, Pillai SK, Ndwandwe Nonjola MS, Sikhwivhilu L (2009) Carbon nanotubes based nafion composite membranes for fuel cell applications. Fuel Cells 10(1):64–71
Tasaki K, DeSousa R, Wang H, Gasa J, Venkatesan A, Pugazhendhi P, Loutfy RO (2006) Fullerene composite proton conducting membranes for polymer electrolyte fuel cells operating under low humidity conditions. J Membrane Sci 281(1–2):570–580
DeSousa R, Venkatesan A, Tasaki K, Wang H, Gasa J (2006) Fullerenes and their composites for proton conducting membranes in polymer electrolyte fuel cells. ECS Trans 1(6):175–181
Kumar R, Xu C, Scott K (2012) Graphite oxide/Nafion composite membranes for polymer electrolyte fuelcells. RSC Adv 2:8777–8782
Xu C, Cao Y, Kumar R, Wu X, Wang X, Scott K (2011) A polybenzimidazole/sulfonated graphite oxide composite membrane for high temperature polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. J Mater Chem 21:11359–11364
Lee DC, Yang HN, Park SH, Kim WJ (2014) Nafion/graphene oxide composite membranes for low humidifying polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell. J Membrane Sci 452(15):20–28
Zarrin H, Higgins D, Jun Y, Chen Z, Fowler M (2011) Functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite membrane for low humidity and high temperature proton exchange membrane fuel cells. J Phys Chem C 115(42):20774–20781
Field effect transistor. From wikipedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Field-effect_transistor
Field Effect Transistors (FET). http://www9.dw–world.de/rtc/infotheque/semiconamps/semiconductor_amps4.html
Schie SP, Fröhlich N, Held M, Gannott F, Schweiger M, Forster M, Scherf U, Zaumseil J (2015) Polymer-sorted semiconducting carbon nanotube networks for high-performance ambipolar field-effect transistors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 7(1):682–689
Chua CL, Yeoh KH, Woon KL (2014) Hybrid carbon nanotube/polymer heterointerface organic field effect transistor. Thin Solid Films 556(1):495–498
Derenskyi V, Gomulya W, Rios JMS, Fritsch M, Fröhlich N, Jung S, Allard S, Bisri SZ, Gordiichuk P, Herrmann A, Scherf U, Loi MA (2014) Carbon nanotube network ambipolar field-effect transistors with 108 on/off ratio. Adv Mater 26:5969–5975
Yasin M, Tauqeer T, Rahman HU, Karimov KS, San SE, Tunc AV (2015) Polymer-fullerene bulk heterojunction-based strain-sensitive flexible organic field-effect transistor. Arabian J Sci Eng 40(1):257–262
Marjanović N, Singh TB, Dennler G, Günes S, Neugebauer H, Sariciftci NS, Schwödiauer R, Bauer S (2006) Photoresponse of organic field-effect transistors based on conjugated polymer/fullerene blends. Org Electron 7(4):188–194
Gemayel ME, Haar S, Liscio F, Schlierf A, Melinte G, Milita S, Ersen O, Ciesielski A, Palermo V, Samorì P (2014) Leveraging the ambipolar transport in polymeric field-effect transistors via blending with liquid-phase exfoliated graphene. Adv Mater 26:4814–4819
Huang J, Hines DR, Jung BJ, Bronsgeest MS, Tunnell A, Ballarotto V, Katz HE, Fuhrer MS, Williams ED, Cumings J (2011) Polymeric semiconductor/graphene hybrid field-effect transistors. Org Electron 12:1471–1476
Inagaki M, Yang Y, Kang F (2012) Carbon nano fibres prepared via electrospinning. Adv Mat 24(19):2547–2566
Carbon black properties (2010). http://www.asahicarbon.co.jp/global_site/product/cb/characteristic.html
Conductive carbon black. Turning electrically conductive plastics into products. http://www.premixgroup.com/conductive-compounds/conductive-carbon-black
Prabhu L (2014) More effective cooling with PLANSEE’s heat spreaders. http://www.plansee.com/en/Products-Heat-sinks-Heat-spreaders-495.htm
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Bhadra, S., Rahaman, M., Noorunnisa Khanam, P. (2019). Electrical and Electronic Application of Polymer–Carbon Composites. In: Rahaman, M., Khastgir, D., Aldalbahi, A. (eds) Carbon-Containing Polymer Composites. Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2688-2_12
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2688-2_12
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-2687-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-2688-2
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)