Abstract
In a compartmentalized cell, correct protein localization is crucial for function of virtually all cellular processes. From the cytoplasm as a starting point, proteins are imported into organelles by specific targeting signals. Many proteins, however, act in more than one cellular compartment. In this chapter, we discuss mechanisms by which proteins can be targeted to multiple organelles with a focus on a novel gene regulatory mechanism, functional translational readthrough, that permits multiple targeting of proteins to the peroxisome and other organelles. In mammals, lactate and malate dehydrogenase are the best-characterized enzymes whose targeting is controlled by functional translational readthrough.
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Abbreviations
- AQP4:
-
Aquaporin 4
- cAMP:
-
Cyclic adenosine monophosphate
- Drp1:
-
Dynamin-related protein 1
- eRF1:
-
Eukaryotic release factor 1
- EST:
-
Expressed sequence tag
- Fis1:
-
Mitochondrial fission 1 protein
- GAPDH:
-
Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase
- Gpd1:
-
Glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (in yeast)
- KANL:
-
Lysine—alanine—asparagine—leucine
- LDH:
-
Lactate dehydrogenase
- LDHBx:
-
Readthrough-extended form of the B subunit of LDH
- MAS:
-
Malate-aspartate shuttle
- MDH:
-
Malate dehydrogenase
- MDH1x:
-
Readthrough-extended form of MDH1
- Mff:
-
Mitochondrial fission factor
- Mo-MuLV:
-
Moloney murine leukemia virus
- NAD:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+ and NADH)
- ORF:
-
Open reading frame
- PDE2:
-
Phosphodiesterase 2
- PGK:
-
3-Phosphoglycerate kinase
- PTS1:
-
Peroxisome targeting signal type 1
- SCC:
-
Stop codon context
- SKL:
-
Serine—lysine—leucine
- TMV:
-
Tobacco mosaic virus
- UTR:
-
Untranslated region
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Acknowledgements
We thank Annika Wolf and Noa Lipstein for comments on the manuscript. Work on the functional implications of multiple localization by functional translational readthrough is funded by SFB 1002/TP A10 (S.T.).
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Bersch, K., Lobos Matthei, I., Thoms, S. (2018). Multiple Localization by Functional Translational Readthrough. In: del Río, L., Schrader, M. (eds) Proteomics of Peroxisomes. Subcellular Biochemistry, vol 89. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_8
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