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The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health

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Pre-emptive Medicine: Public Health Aspects of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

Abstract

The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health is an ongoing study of two birth cohorts: the Sapporo cohort and the Hokkaido cohort. Our primary goals are (1) to examine the possible effects of low-level environmental chemical exposures, (2) to follow childhood development through a longitudinal observation study, (3) to identify a high-risk group classified by genetic susceptibility, and (4) to identify any additive effects. Maternal and cord blood were collected for an environmental chemical exposure assessment of dioxins, polychlorinated biphenyls, organochlorine pesticides, perfluoroalkyl substances, phthalates, bisphenol A, and methylmercury. Assessments of health outcomes regarding birth size, neurodevelopment, asthma, allergies and infectious diseases, and hormone levels were conducted, along with observation of the children’s growth. Both genetic and epigenetic analyses were also conducted to examine the effects of environmental chemical exposures on a genetically susceptible population and on DNA methylation. Our study suggests that prenatal environmental chemical exposure affects birth size, hormone balance, neurodevelopment, and immune function, even at relatively low levels. Furthermore, specific genotypes may modify the effects of chemical exposure on health outcomes. Epigenetics, such as DNA methylation, may explain in part the mechanism of action.

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Abbreviations

ADHD-RS:

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder-rating scale

AHR:

Aromatic hydrocarbon receptor

ASQ:

Autism screening questionnaire

ATS-DLD:

American Thoracic Society-Division of Lung Disease classifications

BiCCA:

Birth Cohort Consortium of Asia

BMI:

Body mass index

BPA:

Bisphenol A

BSID-II:

The Bayley Scales of Infant Development-Second Edition

CBCL:

Child behavior checklist

CI:

Confidence interval

Conners 3P:

Conner’s third Edition for Parents

CYP:

Cytochrome P450

DCDQ:

Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire

DDST:

The Denver Developmental Screening Test

DEHP:

Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

DHEA:

Dehydroepiandrostenedione

DL-PCBs:

Dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls

DOHaD:

Developmental Origins of Health and Disease

EES:

The Evaluation of Environmental Stimulation

FT4:

Free thyroxine

FTII:

The Fagan Test of Infant Intelligence

GC/MS:

Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry

GSTM1:

Glutathione S-transferase mu 1

IGF2:

Insulin-like growth factor 2

ISAAC:

International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood

J-PSAI:

Japanese Pre-school Activities Inventory

K-ABC:

The Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children

KIDS:

Kinder Infant Development Scale

KWCST:

Wisconsin Card Sorting Test (Keio version)

LBW:

Low birth weight

LC-MS/MS:

Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry

LINE1:

Long interspersed element 1

M-CHAT:

Modified Checklist for Autism Toddlers

MDI:

Mental Development Index

Me-Hg:

Methylmercury

MEHP:

Mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate

MTHFR:

5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase

NQO1:

Reduced nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH):quinone oxidase 1

PCDD/PCDF:

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin/polychlorinated dibenzofuran

PFASs:

Perfluoroalkyl substances

PFOA:

Perfluorooctanoate

PFOS:

Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid

PI:

Ponderal index

PRL:

Prolactin

SCQ:

Social Communication Questionnaire

SDQ:

Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire

SES:

Social economic status

SGA:

Small for gestational age

SNPs:

Single nucleotide polymorphisms

T/E2:

Testosterone/estradiol ratio

TEQ:

Toxicity equivalency quantity

TSH:

Thyroid-stimulating hormone

WAIS-R:

The Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale-Revised

WISC:

The Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Third Edition

XRCC1:

X-ray cross-complementing gene 1

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Acknowledgments

We would like to express our appreciation to all the study participants and all the personnel in hospitals and clinics that collaborated with the Hokkaido study on environment and children’s health. The Hokkaido study is supported by Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research from the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare; Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology; and Environment Research and Technology Development Fund.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Hokkaido University Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, WHO Collaborating Centre for Environmental Health and Prevention of Chemical Hazards, Sapporo, Japan

    Reiko Kishi, Atsuko Araki, Chihiro Miyashita, Sumitaka Kobayashi, Ryu Miura & Machiko Minatoya

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  1. Reiko Kishi
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  2. Atsuko Araki
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Correspondence to Reiko Kishi .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Chuo University Health Center, Tokyo, Japan

    Fumihiro Sata

  2. Waseda University, Tokyo, Japan

    Hideoki Fukuoka

  3. University of Southampton, Academic Unit of Human Development & Health, Southampton, UK

    Mark Hanson

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Kishi, R., Araki, A., Miyashita, C., Kobayashi, S., Miura, R., Minatoya, M. (2019). The Hokkaido Study on Environment and Children’s Health. In: Sata, F., Fukuoka, H., Hanson, M. (eds) Pre-emptive Medicine: Public Health Aspects of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease. Current Topics in Environmental Health and Preventive Medicine. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-2194-8_9

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