Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Magma Transport Pathways in Large Igneous Provinces: Lessons from Combining Field Observations and Seismic Reflection Data

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Dyke Swarms of the World: A Modern Perspective

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

Large Igneous Province (LIP) formation involves the generation, intrusion, and extrusion of significant volumes (typically > 1 Mkm3) of mainly mafic magma and is commonly associated with episodes of mantle plume activity and major plate reconfiguration. Within LIPs, magma transport through Earth’s crust over significant vertical (up to tens of kilometres) and lateral (up to thousands of kilometres) distances is facilitated by dyke swarms and sill-complexes. Unravelling how these dyke swarms and sill-complexes develop is critical to: (i) evaluating the spatial and temporal distribution of contemporaneous volcanism and hydrothermal venting, which can drive climate change; (ii) determining melt source regions and volume estimates, which shed light on the mantle processes driving LIP formation; and (iii) assessing the location and form of associated economic ore deposits. Here, we review how seismic reflection data can be used to study the structure and emplacement of sill-complexes and dyke swarms. We particularly show that seismic reflection data can reveal: (i) the connectivity of and magma flow pathways within extensive sill-complexes; (ii) how sill-complexes are spatially accommodated; (iii) changes in the vertical structure of dyke swarms; and (iv) how dyke-induced normal faults and pit chain craters can be used to locate sub-vertical dykes offshore.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelmalak MM, Mourgues R, Galland O, Bureau D (2012) Fracture mode analysis and related surface deformation during dyke intrusion: results from 2D experimental modelling. Earth Planet Sci Lett 359:93–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Abdelmalak MM, Andersen TB, Planke S, Faleide JI, Corfu F, Tegner C, Shephard GE, Zastrozhnov D, Myklebust R (2015) The ocean-continent transition in the mid-Norwegian margin: insight from seismic data and an onshore Caledonian field analogue. Geology 43(11):1011–1014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Acocella V, Korme T, Salvini F (2003) Formation of normal faults along the axial zone of the Ethiopian Rift. J Struct Geol 25(4):503–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agirrezabala LM (2015) Syndepositional forced folding and related fluid plumbing above a magmatic laccolith: insights from outcrop (Lower Cretaceous, Basque-Cantabrian Basin, western Pyrenees). Geol Soc Am Bull B31192. 31191

    Google Scholar 

  • Airoldi G, Muirhead JD, White JD, Rowland J (2011) Emplacement of magma at shallow depth: insights from field relationships at Allan Hills, south Victoria Land, East Antarctica. Antarct Sci Inst Subscription 23(3):281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Airoldi G, Muirhead JD, Zanella E, White JD (2012) Emplacement process of Ferrar Dolerite sheets at Allan Hills (South Victoria Land, Antarctica) inferred from magnetic fabric. Geophys J Int 188(3):1046–1060

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Airoldi GM, Muirhead JD, Long SM, Zanella E, White JD (2016) Flow dynamics in mid-Jurassic dikes and sills of the Ferrar large igneous province and implications for long-distance magma transport. Tectonophysics 683:182–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annen C (2011) Implications of incremental emplacement of magma bodies for magma differentiation, thermal aureole dimensions and plutonism–volcanism relationships. Tectonophysics 500(1):3–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Annen C, Blundy JD, Leuthold J, Sparks RSJ (2015) Construction and evolution of igneous bodies: towards an integrated perspective of crustal magmatism. Lithos 230:206–221

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Archer SG, Bergman SC, Iliffe J, Murphy CM, Thornton M (2005) Palaeogene igneous rocks reveal new insights into the geodynamic evolution and petroleum potential of the Rockall Trough, NE Atlantic Margin. Basin Res 17(1):171–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ardakani EP, Schmitt DR, Currie CA (2017) Geophysical evidence for an igneous dike swarm, Buffalo Creek, Northeast Alberta. Geol Soc Am Bull

    Google Scholar 

  • Aspler LB, Cousens BL, Chiarenzelli JR (2002) Griffin gabbro sills (2.11 Ga), Hurwitz Basin, Nunavut, Canada: long-distance lateral transport of magmas in western Churchill Province crust. Precambr Res 117(3–4):269–294

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baer G (1991) Mechanisms of dike propagation in layered rocks and in massive, porous sedimentary rocks. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 96(B7):11911–11929

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baragar W, Ernst R, Hulbert L, Peterson T (1996) Longitudinal petrochemical variation in the Mackenzie dyke swarm, northwestern Canadian Shield. J Petrol 37(2):317–359

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bleeker W, Ernst R (2006) Short-lived mantle generated magmatic events and their dyke swarms: the key unlocking earth’s paleogeographic record back to 2.6 Ga. Dyke swarms—time markers of crustal evolution, pp 3–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Bosworth W, Stockli DF, Helgeson DE (2015) Integrated outcrop, 3D seismic, and geochronologic interpretation of Red Sea dike-related deformation in the Western Desert, Egypt-The role of the 23 Ma Cairo “mini-plume”. J Afr Earth Sci 109:107–119

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brown AR (2004) Interpretation of three-dimensional seismic data, vol 42. AAPG Memoir 42, SEG investigations in geophysics no. 9, 6th edn. AAPG and SEG, Oklahoma, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryan SE, Ernst RE (2008) Revised definition of large igneous provinces (LIPs). Earth Sci Rev 86(1–4):175–202

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan SE, Ferrari L (2013) Large igneous provinces and silicic large igneous provinces: progress in our understanding over the last 25 years. GSA Bull 125(7–8):1053–1078

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bryan SE, Peate IU, Peate DW, Self S, Jerram DA, Mawby MR, Marsh JG, Miller JA (2010) The largest volcanic eruptions on Earth. Earth Sci Rev 102(3–4):207–229

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchan KL, Ernst R (2004) Diabase dyke swarms and related unites in Canada and adjacent regions. Geol Surv Can

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchan K, Ernst R (2013) Diabase dyke swarms of Nunavut, Northwest Territories and Yukon, Canada. Geol Surv Can, Open File 7464(10.4095):293149

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchan KL, Ernst RE (2018a) A giant circumferential dyke swarm associated with the High Arctic Large Igneous Province (HALIP). Gondwana Res 58:39–57

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buchan KL, Ernst RE (2018b) Giant circumferential dyke swarms: catalogue and characteristics. In Srivastava RK, Ernst RE, Peng P (eds) Dyke swarms of the world – a modern perspective. Springer (in press)

    Google Scholar 

  • Buchan K, Mortensen J, Card K (1993) Northeast-trending early proterozoic dykes of southern superior province: multiple episodes of emplacement recognized from integrated paleomagnetism and U-Pb geochronology. Can J Earth Sci 30(6):1286–1296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bunger AP, Menand T, Cruden A, Zhang X, Halls H (2013) Analytical predictions for a natural spacing within dyke swarms. Earth Planet Sci Lett 375:270–279

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess S, Bowring S, Fleming T, Elliot D (2015) High-precision geochronology links the Ferrar large igneous province with early-Jurassic ocean anoxia and biotic crisis. Earth Planet Sci Lett 415:90–99

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burgess S, Muirhead J, Bowring S (2017) Initial pulse of Siberian Traps sills as the trigger of the end-Permian mass extinction. Nature Commun 8(1):164

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke K, Dewey J (1973) Plume-generated triple junctions: key indicators in applying plate tectonics to old rocks. J Geol 81(4):406–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cartwright J, Hansen DM (2006) Magma transport through the crust via interconnected sill complexes. Geology 34(11):929–932

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cawthorn R (2012) Multiple sills or a layered intrusion? Time to decide. S Afr J Geol 115(3):283–290

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chevallier L, Woodford A (1999) Morpho-tectonics and mechanism of emplacement of the dolerite rings and sills of the western Karoo, South Africa. S Afr J Geol 102(1):43–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffin MF, Eldholm O (1992) Volcanism and continental break-up: a global compilation of large igneous provinces. In: Storey BC, Alabaster T, Pankhurst RJ (eds) Magmatism and the causes of continental break-up, vol 68. vol 1. Geological Society of Special Publications, pp 17–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Coffin MF, Eldholm O (1994) Large igneous provinces: crustal structure, dimensions, and external consequences. Rev Geophys 32(1):1–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Coffin MF, Eldholm O (2005) Large igneous provinces. Encycl Geol 315–323

    Google Scholar 

  • Cooper M, Anderson H, Walsh J, Van Dam C, Young M, Earls G, Walker A (2012) Palaeogene alpine tectonics and Icelandic plume-related magmatism and deformation in Northern Ireland. J Geol Soc 169(1):29–36

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cruden A, McCaffrey K, Bunger A (2017) Geometric scaling of tabular igneous intrusions: implications for emplacement and growth

    Google Scholar 

  • Donnadieu F, Merle O (1998) Experiments on the indentation process during cryptodome intrusions: new insights into Mount St. Helens deformation. Geology 26(1):79–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dragoni M, Lanza R, Tallarico A (1997) Magnetic anisotropy produced by magma flow: theoretical model and experimental data from Ferrar dolerite sills (Antarctica). Geophys J Int 128(1):230–240

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • du Toit AL (1920) The Karroo dolerites of South Africa: a study in hypabyssal injection. S Afr J Geol 23(01):1–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Dumont S, Socquet A, Grandin R, Doubre C, Klinger Y (2016) Surface displacements on faults triggered by slow magma transfers between dyke injections in the 2005–2010 rifting episode at Dabbahu–Manda–Hararo rift (Afar, Ethiopia). Geophys J Int 204(1):399–417

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dumont S, Klinger Y, Socquet A, Doubre C, Jacques E (2017) Magma influence on propagation of normal faults: Evidence from cumulative slip profiles along Dabbahu-Manda-Hararo rift segment (Afar, Ethiopia). J Struct Geol 95:48–59

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ebinger CJ, Sleep N (1998) Cenozoic magmatism throughout east Africa resulting from impact of a single plume. Nature 395(6704):788

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eide CH, Schofield N, Lecomte I, Buckley SJ, Howell JA (2017) Seismic interpretation of sill-complexes in sedimentary basins: The ‘sub-sill imaging problem’. J Geol Soc 175(2):193–209

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot DH (1992) Jurassic magmatism and tectonism associated with Gondwanaland break-up: an Antarctic perspective. Geol Soc Lond Special Publications 68(1):165–184

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot DH, Fleming TH (2000) Weddell triple junction: the principal focus of Ferrar and Karoo magmatism during initial breakup of Gondwana. Geology 28(6):539–542

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot DH, Fleming TH (2004) Occurrence and dispersal of magmas in the Jurassic Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica. Gondwana Res 7(1):223–237

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot DH, Fleming TH (2017) The Ferrar Large Igneous Province: field and geochemical constraints on supra-crustal (high-level) emplacement of the magmatic system. Geol Soc Lon Special Publications 463:SP463

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Elliot DH, Fleming TH, Kyle PR, Foland KA (1999) Long-distance transport of magmas in the Jurassic Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica. Earth Planet Sci Lett 167(1):89–104

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Emeleus CH, Bell B (2005) The Palaeogene volcanic districts of Scotland, vol 3. British Geological Survey

    Google Scholar 

  • Encarnación J, Fleming TH, Elliot DH, Eales HV (1996) Synchronous emplacement of Ferrar and Karoo dolerites and the early breakup of Gondwana. Geology 24(6):535–538

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE (2014) Large igneous provinces. Cambridge University Press

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Baragar WRA (1992) Evidence from magnetic fabric for the flow pattern of magma in the Mackenzie giant radiating dyke swarm. Nature 356(6369):511–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Bleeker W (2010) Large igneous provinces (LIPs), giant dyke swarms, and mantle plumes: significance for breakup events within Canada and adjacent regions from 2.5 Ga to the Present This article is one of a selection of papers published in this Special Issue on the theme Lithoprobe—parameters, processes, and the evolution of a continent. Lithoprobe Contribution 1482. Geological Survey of Canada Contribution 20100072. Can J Earth Sci 47(5):695–739

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Buchan KL (1997a) Giant radiating dyke swarms: their use in identifying pre-Mesozoic large igneous provinces and mantle plumes. Large igneous provinces: continental, oceanic, and planetary flood volcanism, pp 297–333

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Buchan K (1997b) Layered mafic intrusions: a model for their feeder systems and relationship with giant dyke swarms and mantle plume centres. S Afr J Geol 100(4):319–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Jowitt SM (2013) Large igneous provinces (LIPs) and metallogeny. In: Colpron M, Bissig T, Rusk BG, Thompson JFH (eds) Tectonics, metallogeny, and discovery: the North American Cordillera and similar accretionary settings, vol 17. Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication, pp 17–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Youbi N (2017) How large igneous provinces affect global climate, sometimes cause mass extinctions, and represent natural markers in the geological record. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 478:30–52

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Head J, Parfitt E, Grosfils E, Wilson L (1995) Giant radiating dyke swarms on Earth and Venus. Earth Sci Rev 39(1):1–58

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Grosfils E, Mege D (2001) Giant dike swarms: earth, venus, and mars. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 29(1):489–534

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Buchan KL, Campbell IH (2005) Frontiers in large igneous province research. Lithos 79(3):271–297

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ernst RE, Bleeker W, Söderlund U, Kerr AC (2013) Large igneous provinces and supercontinents: toward completing the plate tectonic revolution. Lithos 174:1–14

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ewart A, Milner SC, Duncan AR, Bailey M (2002) The Cretaceous Messum igneous complex, S.W. Etendeka, Namibia: reinterpretation in terms of a downsag-cauldron subsidence model. J Volcanol Geoth Res 114(3–4):251–273

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fahrig WF (1987) The tectonic setting of continental mafic dyke swarms: failed arm and early passive margin. In: Halls HC, Fahrig WF (eds) Mafic dyke swarms. Geological Association of Canada Special Paper 34, pp 331–348

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferrill DA, Wyrick DY, Morris AP, Sims DW, Franklin NM (2004) Dilational fault slip and pit chain formation on Mars. GSA Today 14(10):4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ferrill DA, Wyrick DY, Smart KJ (2011) Coseismic, dilational-fault and extension-fracture related pit chain formation in Iceland: analog for pit chains on Mars. Lithosphere 3(2):133–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galerne CY, Neumann E-R, Planke S (2008) Emplacement mechanisms of sill complexes: information from the geochemical architecture of the Golden Valley Sill Complex, South Africa. J Volcanol Geoth Res 177(2):425–440

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galerne CY, Galland O, Neumann E-R, Planke S (2011) 3D relationships between sills and their feeders: evidence from the Golden Valley Sill Complex (Karoo Basin) and experimental modelling. J Volcanol Geoth Res 202(3–4):189–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Galland O (2012) Experimental modelling of ground deformation associated with shallow magma intrusions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 317:145–156

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Glazner AF, Bartley JM, Carl BS (1999) Oblique opening and noncoaxial emplacement of the Jurassic Independence dike swarm, California. J Struct Geol 21(10):1275–1283

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goulty NR, Schofield N (2008) Implications of simple flexure theory for the formation of saucer-shaped sills. J Struct Geol 30(7):812–817

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grant JV, Kattenhorn SA (2004) Evolution of vertical faults at an extensional plate boundary, southwest Iceland. J Struct Geol 26(3):537–557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Grapes R, Reid D, McPherson J (1974) Shallow dolerite intrusion and phreatic eruption in the Allan Hills region, Antarctica. NZ J Geol Geophys 17(3):563–577

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudmundsson A (2003) Surface stresses associated with arrested dykes in rift zones. Bull Volcanol 65(8):606–619

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gudmundsson A, Brenner L (2004) Local stresses, dyke arrest and surface deformation in volcanic edifices and rift zones. Ann Geophys 47(4)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guldstrand F, Burchardt S, Hallot E, Galland O (2017) Dynamics of surface deformation induced by dikes and cone sheets in a cohesive Coulomb brittle crust. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 122(10):8511–8524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gunn B, Warren G (1962) Geology of Victoria Land between the Mawson and Mulock Glaciers: New Zealand geological survey. Bulletin 71:133–135

    Google Scholar 

  • Halls H (1982) The importance and potential of mafic dyke swarms in studies of geodynamic processes. Geosci Can 9(3):145–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen DM (2006) The morphology of intrusion-related vent structures and their implications for constraining the timing of intrusive events along the NE Atlantic margin. J Geol Soc 163:789–800

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen DM, Cartwright J (2006a) Saucer-shaped sill with lobate morphology revealed by 3D seismic data: implications for resolving a shallow-level sill emplacement mechanism. J Geol Soc 163(3):509–523

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen DM, Cartwright J (2006b) The three-dimensional geometry and growth of forced folds above saucer-shaped igneous sills. J Struct Geol 28(8):1520–1535

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hansen DM, Cartwright JA, Thomas D (2004) 3D seismic analysis of the geometry of igneous sills and sill junction relationships. In: Davies RJ, Cartwright J, Stewart SA, Lappin M, Underhill JR (eds) 3D seismic technology: application to the exploration of sedimentary basins, vol 29, vol 1. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp 199–208

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hastie WW, Watkeys MK, Aubourg C (2014) Magma flow in dyke swarms of the Karoo LIP: implications for the mantle plume hypothesis. Gondwana Res 25(2):736–755

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Head JW, Coffin MF (1997) Large igneous provinces: a planetary perspective. Large igneous provinces: continental, oceanic, and planetary flood Volcanism, pp 411–438

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Hjartardóttir ÁR, Einarsson P, Gudmundsson MT, Högnadóttir T (2016) Fracture movements and graben subsidence during the 2014 Bárðarbunga dike intrusion in Iceland. J Volcanol Geoth Res 310:242–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann B (2013) How do faults grow in magmatic rifts? LiDAR and InSAR observations of the Dabbahu rift segment, Afar. University of Leeds, Ethiopia

    Google Scholar 

  • Hofmann C, Courtillot V, Feraud G, Rochette P, Yirgu G, Ketefo E, Pik R (1997) Timing of the Ethiopian flood basalt event and implications for plume birth and global change. Nature 389(6653):838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Holness M, Humphreys M (2003) The Traigh Bhàn na Sgùrra sill, Isle of Mull: flow localization in a major magma conduit. J Petrol 44(11):1961–1976

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hutton DHW (2009) Insights into magmatism in volcanic margins: bridge structures and a new mechanism of basic sill emplacement—Theron Mountains, Antarctica. Petrol Geosci 15(3):269–278

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ishizuka O, Taylor RN, Geshi N, Mochizuki N (2017) Large-volume lateral magma transport from the Mull volcano: an insight to magma chamber processes. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 18(4):1618–1640

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivanic T, Korsch R, Wyche S, Jones L, Zibra I, Blewett R, Jones T, Milligan P, Costelloe R, Van Kranendonk M (2013a) Preliminary interpretation of the 2010 Youanmi deep seismic reflection lines and magnetotelluric data for the Windimurra Igneous Complex. In: Youanmi and Southern Carnarvon seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) workshop, Geological Survey of Western Australia, Record

    Google Scholar 

  • Ivanic T, Zibra I, Doublier M, Wyche S (2013b) Geological interpretation of the Youanmi and Southern Carnarvon seismic lines 10GA-YU1, 10GA-YU2, 10GA-YU3, and 11GA-SC1. Youanmi and Southern Carnarvon seismic and magnetotelluric (MT) workshop 2013. Geological Survey of Western Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson MD, Pollard DD (1988) The laccolith-stock controversy: new results from the southern Henry Mountains, Utah. Geol Soc Am Bull 100(1):117–139

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson CA-L, Schofield N, Golenkov B (2013) Geometry and controls on the development of igneous sill–related forced folds: a 2-D seismic reflection case study from offshore southern Australia. Geol Soc Am Bull 125(11–12):1874–1890

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jamtveit B, Svensen H, Podladchikov YY, Planke S (2004) Hydrothermal vent complexes associated with sill intrusions in sedimentary basins. Phys geol High-Level Mag Syst 234:233–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Jerram DA, Bryan SE (2015) Plumbing systems of shallow level intrusive complexes. In: Physical geology of shallow magmatic systems. Springer, Cham,, pp. 39–60

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson AM, Pollard DD (1973) Mechanics of growth of some laccolithic intrusions in the Henry mountains, Utah, I: field observations, Gilbert’s model, physical properties and flow of the magma. Tectonophysics 18(3):261–309

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jolly R, Sanderson DJ (1995) Variation in the form and distribution of dykes in the Mull swarm, Scotland. J Struct Geol 17(11):1543–1557

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jowitt SM, Williamson M-C, Ernst RE (2014) Geochemistry of the 130 to 80 Ma Canadian High Arctic large igneous province (HALIP) event and implications for Ni-Cu-PGE prospectivity. Econ Geol 109(2):281–307

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Karson JA, Brooks CK (1999) Structural and magmatic segmentation of the Tertiary East Greenland volcanic rifted margin. Geol Soc London Special Publications 164(1):313–338

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh JL, Boutelier D, Cruden A (2015) The mechanics of sill inception, propagation and growth: experimental evidence for rapid reduction in magmatic overpressure. Earth Planet Sci Lett 421:117–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kavanagh JL, Burns AJ, Hazim SH, Wood E, Martin SA, Hignett S, Dennis DJ (2018) Challenging dyke ascent models using novel laboratory experiments: implications for reinterpreting evidence of magma ascent and volcanism. J Volcanol Geoth Res

    Google Scholar 

  • Kendall J-M, Stuart G, Ebinger C, Bastow I, Keir D (2005) Magma-assisted rifting in Ethiopia. Nature 433(7022):146–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirton S, Donato J (1985) Some buried Tertiary dykes of Britain and surrounding waters deduced by magnetic modelling and seismic reflection methods. J Geol Soc 142(6):1047–1057

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Koch F, Johnson A, Pollard D (1981) Monoclinal bending of strata over laccolithic intrusions. Tectonophysics 74(3):T21–T31

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Le Gall B, Daoud MA, Maury RC, Rolet J, Guillou H, Sue C (2010) Magma-driven antiform structures in the Afar rift: The Ali Sabieh range, Djibouti. J Struct Geol 32(6):843–854

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Leat PT (2008) On the long-distance transport of Ferrar magmas. Geol Soc London Special Publications 302(1):45–61

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lister JR, Kerr RC (1991) Fluid-mechanical models of crack propagation and their application to magma transport in dykes. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 96(B6):10049–10077

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald R, Bagiński B, Upton BGJ, Dzierżanowski P, Marshall-Roberts W (2009) The Palaeogene Eskdalemuir dyke, Scotland: long-distance lateral transport of rhyolitic magma in a mixed-magma intrusion. Mineral Mag 73(3):285–300

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald R, Bagiński B, Upton BGJ, Pinkerton H, MacInnes DA, MacGillivray JC (2010) The Mull Palaeogene dyke swarm: insights into the evolution of the Mull igneous centre and dyke-emplacement mechanisms. Mineral Mag 74(4):601–622

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald R, Fettes D, Bagiński B (2015) The Mull Paleocene dykes: some insights into the nature of major dyke swarms. Scott J Geol 51(2):116–124

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magee C, Briggs F, Jackson CA-L (2013) Lithological controls on igneous intrusion-induced ground deformation. J Geol Soc 170(6):853–856

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magee C, Jackson CL, Schofield N (2014) Diachronous sub-volcanic intrusion along deep-water margins: insights from the Irish Rockall Basin. Basin Res 26(1):85–105

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Magee C, Maharaj SM, Wrona T, Jackson CA-L (2015) Controls on the expression of igneous intrusions in seismic reflection data. Geosphere GES01150. 01151

    Google Scholar 

  • Magee C, Muirhead JD, Karvelas A, Holford SP, Jackson CA, Bastow ID, Schofield N, Stevenson CT, McLean C, McCarthy W (2016) Lateral magma flow in mafic sill complexes. Geosphere GES01256. 01251

    Google Scholar 

  • Magee C, Bastow ID, de Vries BvW, Jackson CA-L, Hetherington R, Hagos M, Hoggett M (2017) Structure and dynamics of surface uplift induced by incremental sill emplacement. Geology 45(5):431–434

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mäkitie H, Data G, Isabirye E, Mänttäri I, Huhma H, Klausen MB, Pakkanen L, Virransalo P (2014) Petrology, geochronology and emplacement model of the giant 1.37 Ga arcuate Lake Victoria Dyke Swarm on the margin of a large igneous province in eastern Africa. J Afr Earth Sc 97:273–296

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malehmir A, Bellefleur G (2010) Reflection seismic imaging and physical properties of base-metal and associated iron deposits in the Bathurst Mining Camp, New Brunswick, Canada. Ore Geol Rev 38(4):319–333

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malthe-Sørenssen A, Planke S, Svensen H, Jamtveit B (2004) Formation of saucer-shaped sills. In: Breitkreuz C, Petford N (eds) Physical geology of high-level magmatic systems. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, vol 234. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp 215–227

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mandler HAF, Clowes RM (1997) Evidence for extensive tabular intrusions in the Precambrian shield of western Canada: a 160-km-long sequence of bright reflections. Geology 25(3):271

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Manga M, Michaut C (2017) Formation of lenticulae on Europa by saucer-shaped sills. Icarus 286:261–269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mark N, Schofield N, Pugliese S, Watson D, Holford S, Muirhead D, Brown R, Healy D (2017) Igneous intrusions in the Faroe Shetland basin and their implications for hydrocarbon exploration; new insights from well and seismic data. Marine and Petroleum Geology

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsh B (2004) A magmatic mush column rosetta stone: the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. Eos Trans Am Geophys Union 85(47):497–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mastin LG, Pollard DD (1988) Surface deformation and shallow dike intrusion processes at Inyo Craters, Long Valley, California. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 93(B11):13221–13235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McBride JH, William Keach R, Leetaru HE, Smith KM (2018) Visualizing Precambrian basement tectonics beneath a carbon capture and storage site, Illinois Basin. Interpretation 6(2):T257–T270

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mège D, Cook AC, Garel E, Lagabrielle Y, Cormier MH (2003) Volcanic rifting at Martian grabens. J Geophys Res Planets 108(E5)

    Google Scholar 

  • Menand T (2008) The mechanics and dynamics of sills in layered elastic rocks and their implications for the growth of laccoliths and other igneous complexes. Earth Planet Sci Lett 267(1–2):93–99. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2007.11.043

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan S, Stanik A, Horsman E, Tikoff B, de Saint Blanquat M, Habert G (2008) Emplacement of multiple magma sheets and wall rock deformation: Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah. J Struct Geol 30(4):491–512

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Morgan J, Warner M, Bell R, Ashley J, Barnes D, Little R, Roele K, Jones C (2013) Next-generation seismic experiments: wide-angle, multi-azimuth, three-dimensional, full-waveform inversion. Geophys J Int 195(3):1657–1678

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muirhead JD, Airoldi G, Rowland JV, White JD (2012) Interconnected sills and inclined sheet intrusions control shallow magma transport in the Ferrar large igneous province, Antarctica. Geol Soc Am Bull 124(1–2):162–180

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muirhead JD, Airoldi G, White JD, Rowland JV (2014) Cracking the lid: sill-fed dikes are the likely feeders of flood basalt eruptions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 406:187–197

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muirhead JD, Kattenhorn SA, Le Corvec N (2015) Varying styles of magmatic strain accommodation across the East African Rift. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 16(8):2775–2795

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Muirhead J, Kattenhorn S, Lee H, Mana S, Turrin B, Fischer T, Kianji G, Dindi E, Stamps D (2016) Evolution of upper crustal faulting assisted by magmatic volatile release during early-stage continental rift development in the East African Rift. Geosphere 12(6):1670–1700

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Neumann ER, Svensen H, Galerne CY, Planke S (2011) Multistage evolution of dolerites in the Karoo large igneous province, Central South Africa. J Petrol 52(5):959–984

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pagli C, Wright TJ, Ebinger CJ, Yun S-H, Cann JR, Barnie T, Ayele A (2012) Shallow axial magma chamber at the slow-spreading Erta Ale Ridge. Nature Geosci 5(4):284–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Passey S, Hitchen K (2011) Cenozoic (igneous). Geology of the Faroe-Shetland Basin and adjacent areas. British Geological Report Survey Research Report, RR/11/01; Jarofeingi Research Report RR/11/01

    Google Scholar 

  • Patterson CW, Ernst RE, Samson C (2016) Pit Chains belonging to radiating graben-fissure systems on venus: model for formation during lateral dyke injection. Acta Geol Sin (English Edition) 90(s1):143–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peron-Pinvidic G, Shillington DJ, Tucholke BE (2010) Characterization of sills associated with the U reflection on the Newfoundland margin: evidence for widespread early post-rift magmatism on a magma-poor rifted margin. Geophys J Int 182(1):113–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips TB, Magee C, Jackson CA-L, Bell RE (2017) Determining the three-dimensional geometry of a dike swarm and its impact on later rift geometry using seismic reflection data. Geology 46(2):119–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pirajno F, Hoatson DM (2012) A review of Australia’s Large Igneous Provinces and associated mineral systems: implications for mantle dynamics through geological time. Ore Geol Rev 48:2–54

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Planke S, Rasmussen T, Rey SS, Myklebust R (2005) Seismic characteristics and distribution of volcanic intrusions and hydrothermal vent complexes in the Vøring and Møre basins. In: Doré AG (ed) Petroleum geology: north-west Europe and global perspectives—proceedings of the 6th petroleum geology conference. Geological Society, London, pp 833–844

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Planke S, Svensen H, Myklebust R, Bannister S, Manton B, Lorenz L (2015) Geophysics and remote sensing. Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg, pp 1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard DD, Johnson AM (1973) Mechanics of growth of some laccolithic intrusions in the Henry Mountains, Utah, II: bending and failure of overburden layers and sill formation. Tectonophysics 18(3):311–354

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pollard DD, Delaney PT, Duffield WA, Endo ET, Okamura AT (1983) Surface deformation in volcanic rift zones. Tectonophysics 94(1–4):541–584

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Polteau S, Ferré EC, Planke S, Neumann ER, Chevallier L (2008a) How are saucer-shaped sills emplaced? Constraints from the Golden Valley Sill, South Africa. J Geophys Res 113(B12)

    Google Scholar 

  • Polteau S, Mazzini A, Galland O, Planke S, Malthe-Sørenssen A (2008b) Saucer-shaped intrusions: occurrences, emplacement and implications. Earth Planet Sci Lett 266(1):195–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Preston RJ, Bell BR, Rogers G (1998) The Loch Scridain xenolithic sill complex, Isle of Mull, Scotland: fractional crystallization, assimilation, magma-mixing and crustal anatexis in subvolcanic conduits. J Petrol 39(3):519–550

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rabbel O, Galland O, Mair K, Lecomte I, Senger K, Spacapan JB, Manceda R (2018) From field analogues to realistic seismic modelling: a case study of an oil-producing andesitic sill complex in the Neuquén Basin, Argentina. J Geol Soc jgs2017–2116

    Google Scholar 

  • Reeves C (2000) The geophysical mapping of Mesozoic dyke swarms in southern Africa and their origin in the disruption of Gondwana. J Afr Earth Sc 30(3):499–513

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reeves J, Magee C, Jackson CAL (2018) Unravelling intrusion-induced forced fold kinematics and ground deformation using 3D seismic reflection data. Volcanica 1(1):17

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds P, Holford S, Schofield N, Ross A (2017) The shallow depth emplacement of mafic intrusions on a magma-poor rifted margin: an example from the Bight Basin, Southern Australia. Mar Pet Geol 88:605–616

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rivalta E, Taisne B, Bunger A, Katz R (2015) A review of mechanical models of dike propagation: schools of thought, results and future directions. Tectonophysics 638:1–42

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rowland J, Baker E, Ebinger C, Keir D, Kidane T, Biggs J, Hayward N, Wright T (2007) Fault growth at a nascent slow-spreading ridge: 2005 Dabbahu rifting episode, Afar. Geophys J Int 171(3):1226–1246

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin AM (1992) Dike-induced faulting and graben subsidence in volcanic rift zones. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 97(B2):1839–1858

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rubin AM (1995) Propogation of magma-filled cracks. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 23:49

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schmiedel T, Kjoberg S, Planke S, Magee C, Galland O, Schofield N, Jackson CA-L, Jerram DA (2017) Mechanisms of overburden deformation associated with the emplacement of the Tulipan sill, mid-Norwegian margin. Interpretation 5(3):SK23–SK38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield N, Heaton L, Holford SP, Archer SG, Jackson CA-L, Jolley DW (2012a) Seismic imaging of ‘broken bridges’: linking seismic to outcrop-scale investigations of intrusive magma lobes. J Geol Soc 169(4):421–426

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield NJ, Brown DJ, Magee C, Stevenson CT (2012b) Sill morphology and comparison of brittle and non-brittle emplacement mechanisms. J Geol Soc 169(2):127–141

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schofield N, Alsop I, Warren J, Underhill JR, Lehné R, Beer W, Lukas V (2014) Mobilizing salt: magma-salt interactions. Geology G35406. 35401

    Google Scholar 

  • Schofield N, Holford S, Millett J, Brown D, Jolley D, Passey SR, Muirhead D, Grove C, Magee C, Murray J, Hole M, Jackson CAL, Stevenson C (2017) Regional magma plumbing and emplacement mechanisms of the Faroe-Shetland sill complex: implications for magma transport and petroleum systems within sedimentary basins. Basin Res 29(1):41–63

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Skogseid J, Pedersen T, Eldholm O, Larsen BT (1992) Tectonism and magmatism during NE Atlantic continental break-up: the Voring Margin. Geol Soc London, Special Publications 68(1):305–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Smallwood JR, Maresh J (2002) The properties, morphology and distribution of igneous sills: modelling, borehole data and 3D seismic from the Faroe-Shetland area. In: Jolley DW, Bell BR (eds) The north atlantic igneous province: stratigraphy, tectonic, volcanic and magmatic processes, vol 197, vol 1. Geological Society, London, Special Publications, pp 271–306

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Spacapan JB, Galland O, Leanza HA, Planke S (2017) Igneous sill and finger emplacement mechanism in shale-dominated formations: a field study at Cuesta del Chihuido, Neuquén Basin, Argentina. J Geol Soc 174(3):422–433

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Speight J, Skelhorn R, Sloan T, Knaap R (1982) The dyke swarms of Scotland. Igneous rocks of the British Isles 449–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Storey M, Duncan RA, Tegner C (2007) Timing and duration of volcanism in the North Atlantic Igneous Province: implications for geodynamics and links to the Iceland hotspot. Chem Geol 241(3–4):264–281

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensen H, Planke S, Malthe-Sorenssen A, Jamtveit B, Myklebust R, Rasmussen Eidem T, Rey SS (2004) Release of methane from a volcanic basin as a mechanism for initial Eocene global warming. Nature 429(6991):542–545

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensen H, Jamtveit B, Planke S, Chevallier L (2006) Structure and evolution of hydrothermal vent complexes in the Karoo Basin, South Africa. J Geol Soc 163:11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensen H, Planke S, Chevallier L, Malthe-Sørenssen A, Corfu F, Jamtveit B (2007) Hydrothermal venting of greenhouse gases triggering Early Jurassic global warming. Earth Planet Sci Lett 256(3–4):554–566

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensen H, Corfu F, Polteau S, Hammer Ø, Planke S (2012) Rapid magma emplacement in the Karoo Large Igneous Province. Earth Planet Sci Lett 325–326:1–9

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Svensen HH, Polteau S, Cawthorn G, Planke S (2015) Sub-volcanic intrusions in the Karoo basin, South Africa

    Google Scholar 

  • Tentler T (2005) Propagation of brittle failure triggered by magma in Iceland. Tectonophysics 406(1):17–38

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson K (2005) Volcanic features of the North Rockall Trough: application of visualisation techniques on 3D seismic reflection data. Bull Volcanol 67(2):116–128

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson K (2007) Determining magma flow in sills, dykes and laccoliths and their implications for sill emplacement mechanisms. Bull Volcanol 70(2):183–201

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Thomson K, Hutton D (2004) Geometry and growth of sill complexes: insights using 3D seismic from the North Rockall Trough. Bull Volcanol 66(4):364–375

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Torsvik TH, Smethurst MA, Burke K, Steinberger B (2008) Long term stability in deep mantle structure: Evidence from the ~300 Ma Skagerrak-Centered Large Igneous Province (the SCLIP). Earth Planet Sci Lett 267(3):444–452

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Townsend MR, Pollard DD, Smith RP (2017) Mechanical models for dikes: a third school of thought. Tectonophysics 703:98–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trude J, Cartwright J, Davies RJ, Smallwood JR (2003) New technique for dating igneous sills. Geology 31:4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • van Wyk de Vries B, Márquez A, Herrera R, Bruña JG, Llanes P, Delcamp A (2014) Craters of elevation revisited: forced-folds, bulging and uplift of volcanoes. Bull Volcanol 76(11):1–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Wall M, Cartwright J, Davies R, McGrandle A (2010) 3D seismic imaging of a Tertiary Dyke Swarm in the Southern North Sea, UK. Basin Res 22(2):181–194

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilson L, Head JW (2002) Tharsis-radial graben systems as the surface manifestation of plume-related dike intrusion complexes: models and implications. J Geophys Res Planets 107(E8)

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson PI, McCaffrey KJ, Wilson RW, Jarvis I, Holdsworth RE (2016) Deformation structures associated with the Trachyte Mesa intrusion, Henry Mountains, Utah: Implications for sill and laccolith emplacement mechanisms. J Struct Geol 87:30–46

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wingate MT, Pirajno F, Morris PA (2004) Warakurna large igneous province: a new Mesoproterozoic large igneous province in west-central Australia. Geology 32(2):105–108

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyche S, Pawley M, Chen S, Ivanic T, Zibra I, Van Kranendonk M, Spaggiari C, Wingate M (2013) Geology of the northern Yilgarn Craton. In: Youanmi and Southern Carnarvon Seismic and Magnetotelluric (MT) Workshop 2013: extended abstracts, Compiled by S Wyche, TJ Ivanic and I Zibra. Geological Survey of Western Australia. Record

    Google Scholar 

  • Wyrick DY, Smart KJ (2009) Dike-induced deformation and Martian graben systems. J Volcanol Geoth Res 185(1–2):1–11

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wyrick D, Ferrill DA, Morris AP, Colton SL, Sims DW (2004) Distribution, morphology, and origins of Martian pit crater chains. J Geophys Res 109(E6):E06005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zaleski E, Eaton DW, Milkereit B, Roberts B, Salisbury M, Petrie L (1997) Seismic reflections from subvertical diabase dikes in an Archean terrane. Geology 25(8):707–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

CM is funded by a Junior Research Fellowship at Imperial College London. REE was partially supported from Mega-Grant 14.Y26.31.0012 of the government of the Russian Federation. JDM is supported by National Science Foundation grant EAR-1654518. We would like to thank Rajesh Srivastava for editorial handling and an anonymous reviewer and Dougal Jerram for their comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Basins Research Group, Department of Earth Science and Engineering, Imperial College London, London, SW7 2BP, UK

    Craig Magee, Thomas Phillips & Christopher A.-L. Jackson

  2. School of Earth and Environment, University of Leeds, Leeds, LS2 9JT, UK

    Craig Magee

  3. Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Richard E. Ernst

  4. Department of Geology and Geography, Tomsk State University, 36 Lenin Ave, Tomsk, 634050, Russia

    Richard E. Ernst

  5. Department of Earth Sciences, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY, 13210, USA

    James Muirhead

  6. Department of Earth Sciences, Durham University, Durham, DH1 3LE, UK

    Thomas Phillips

Authors
  1. Craig Magee
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Richard E. Ernst
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. James Muirhead
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Thomas Phillips
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Christopher A.-L. Jackson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Craig Magee .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Geology, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India

    Rajesh K. Srivastava

  2. Department of Earth Sciences, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, Canada

    Richard E. Ernst

  3. Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

    Peng Peng

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Magee, C., Ernst, R.E., Muirhead, J., Phillips, T., Jackson, C.AL. (2019). Magma Transport Pathways in Large Igneous Provinces: Lessons from Combining Field Observations and Seismic Reflection Data. In: Srivastava, R., Ernst, R., Peng, P. (eds) Dyke Swarms of the World: A Modern Perspective. Springer Geology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1666-1_2

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation