Abstract
The major function of brain glial cells is to maintain a homeostatic milieu for neurons to work properly in response to a variety of environmental alterations. Recent studies have shown that glial cells in the hypothalamus, a brain center controlling homeostatic physiological functions, are essential for regulating energy metabolism in both physiological and pathological conditions. Astrocytes, tanycytes, and NG2-glia shuttle and/or sense key metabolic factors presented to the hypothalamus either directly, by glial metabolic enzymes, receptors, and transporters, or indirectly, by modulating the sensing ability of other types of hypothalamic cells. Astrocytes, tanycytes, and microglia are critically important in the development and maintenance of hypothalamic circuits regulating energy balance. Hypothalamic inflammation commonly associated with diet-induced obesity is manifested via hypothalamic reactive gliosis involving microglia and astrocytes, contributing to the correlated abnormal energy metabolism. Although many glial functions in energy metabolism remain to be fully elucidated, we are at the dawn of targeting glia-neuron interactions in the hypothalamus for therapeutic applications in metabolic disorders.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Abbott NJ, Ronnback L, Hansson E (2006) Astrocyte-endothelial interactions at the blood-brain barrier. Nat Rev Neurosci 7:41–53
Alvarez-Bolado G, Paul FA, Blaess S (2012) Sonic hedgehog lineage in the mouse hypothalamus: from progenitor domains to hypothalamic regions. Neural Dev 7:4
Alvarez JI, Katayama T, Prat A (2013) Glial influence on the blood brain barrier. Glia 61:1939–1958
Andermann ML, Lowell BB (2017) Toward a wiring diagram understanding of appetite control. Neuron 95:757–778
Andre C, Guzman-Quevedo O, Rey C, Remus-Borel J, Clark S, Castellanos-Jankiewicz A, Ladeveze E, Leste-Lasserre T, Nadjar A, Abrous DN et al (2017) Inhibiting microglia expansion prevents diet-induced hypothalamic and peripheral inflammation. Diabetes 66:908–919
Azevedo FA, Carvalho LR, Grinberg LT, Farfel JM, Ferretti RE, Leite RE, Jacob Filho W, Lent R, Herculano-Houzel S (2009) Equal numbers of neuronal and nonneuronal cells make the human brain an isometrically scaled-up primate brain. J Comp Neurol 513:532–541
Baldwin KT, Eroglu C (2017) Molecular mechanisms of astrocyte-induced synaptogenesis. Curr Opin Neurobiol 45:113–120
Balland E, Dam J, Langlet F, Caron E, Steculorum S, Messina A, Rasika S, Falluel-Morel A, Anouar Y, Dehouck B et al (2014) Hypothalamic tanycytes are an ERK-gated conduit for leptin into the brain. Cell Metab 19:293–301
Barahona MJ, Llanos P, Recabal A, Escobar-Acuna K, Elizondo-Vega R, Salgado M, Ordenes P, Uribe E, Sepulveda FJ, Araneda RC et al (2018) Glial hypothalamic inhibition of GLUT2 expression alters satiety, impacting eating behavior. Glia 66:592–605
Barrett P, Ebling FJ, Schuhler S, Wilson D, Ross AW, Warner A, Jethwa P, Boelen A, Visser TJ, Ozanne DM et al (2007) Hypothalamic thyroid hormone catabolism acts as a gatekeeper for the seasonal control of body weight and reproduction. Endocrinology 148:3608–3617
Begega A, Cuesta M, Santin LJ, Rubio S, Astudillo A, Arias JL (1999) Unbiased estimation of the total number of nervous cells and volume of medial mammillary nucleus in humans. Exp Gerontol 34:771–782
Beggs S, Salter MW (2016) SnapShot: microglia in disease. Cell 165(5):1294–1294 e1291
Bergles DE, Roberts JD, Somogyi P, Jahr CE (2000) Glutamatergic synapses on oligodendrocyte precursor cells in the hippocampus. Nature 405:187–191
Birey F, Kloc M, Chavali M, Hussein I, Wilson M, Christoffel DJ, Chen T, Frohman MA, Robinson JK, Russo SJ et al (2015) Genetic and stress-induced loss of NG2 Glia triggers emergence of depressive-like behaviors through reduced secretion of FGF2. Neuron 88:941–956
Blazquez C, Woods A, de Ceballos ML, Carling D, Guzman M (1999) The AMP-activated protein kinase is involved in the regulation of ketone body production by astrocytes. J Neurochem 73:1674–1682
Bolborea M, Dale N (2013) Hypothalamic tanycytes: potential roles in the control of feeding and energy balance. Trends Neurosci 36:91–100
Buckman LB, Thompson MM, Lippert RN, Blackwell TS, Yull FE, Ellacott KL (2015) Evidence for a novel functional role of astrocytes in the acute homeostatic response to high-fat diet intake in mice. Mol Metab 4:58–63
Campbell JN, Macosko EZ, Fenselau H, Pers TH, Lyubetskaya A, Tenen D, Goldman M, Verstegen AM, Resch JM, McCarroll SA et al (2017) A molecular census of arcuate hypothalamus and median eminence cell types. Nat Neurosci 20:484–496
Chang Y, She ZG, Sakimura K, Roberts A, Kucharova K, Rowitch DH, Stallcup WB (2012) Ablation of NG2 proteoglycan leads to deficits in brown fat function and to adult onset obesity. PLoS One 7:e30637
Chen R, Wu X, Jiang L, Zhang Y (2017) Single-cell RNA-seq reveals hypothalamic cell diversity. Cell Rep 18:3227–3241
Cheng L, Yu Y, Szabo A, Wu Y, Wang H, Camer D, Huang XF (2015) Palmitic acid induces central leptin resistance and impairs hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism in male mice. J Nutr Biochem 26:541–548
Choi SJ, Kim F, Schwartz MW, Wisse BE (2010) Cultured hypothalamic neurons are resistant to inflammation and insulin resistance induced by saturated fatty acids. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 298:E1122–E1130
Clasadonte J, Prevot V (2018) The special relationship: glia-neuron interactions in the neuroendocrine hypothalamus. Nat Rev Endocrinol 14:25–44
Collden G, Balland E, Parkash J, Caron E, Langlet F, Prevot V, Bouret SG (2015) Neonatal overnutrition causes early alterations in the central response to peripheral ghrelin. Mol Metab 4:15–24
Cowley MA, Smart JL, Rubinstein M, Cerdan MG, Diano S, Horvath TL, Cone RD, Low MJ (2001) Leptin activates anorexigenic POMC neurons through a neural network in the arcuate nucleus. Nature 411:480–484
Czupryn A, Zhou YD, Chen X, McNay D, Anderson MP, Flier JS, Macklis JD (2011) Transplanted hypothalamic neurons restore leptin signaling and ameliorate obesity in db/db mice. Science 334:1133–1137
Delgado R, Carlin A, Airaghi L, Demitri MT, Meda L, Galimberti D, Baron P, Lipton JM, Catania A (1998) Melanocortin peptides inhibit production of proinflammatory cytokines and nitric oxide by activated microglia. J Leukoc Biol 63:740–745
Dimou L, Gotz M (2014) Glial cells as progenitors and stem cells: new roles in the healthy and diseased brain. Physiol Rev 94:709–737
Djogo T, Robins SC, Schneider S, Kryzskaya D, Liu X, Mingay A, Gillon CJ, Kim JH, Storch KF, Boehm U et al (2016) Adult NG2-glia are required for median eminence-mediated leptin sensing and body weight control. Cell Metab 23:797–810
Douglass JD, Dorfman MD, Fasnacht R, Shaffer LD, Thaler JP (2017) Astrocyte IKKbeta/NF-kappaB signaling is required for diet-induced obesity and hypothalamic inflammation. Mol Metab 6:366–373
Ebling FJP, Lewis JE (2018) Tanycytes and hypothalamic control of energy metabolism. Glia 66:1176–1184
Elizondo-Vega R, Cortes-Campos C, Barahona MJ, Oyarce KA, Carril CA, Garcia-Robles MA (2015) The role of tanycytes in hypothalamic glucosensing. J Cell Mol Med 19:1471–1482
Ferreira R, Santos T, Viegas M, Cortes L, Bernardino L, Vieira OV, Malva JO (2011) Neuropeptide Y inhibits interleukin-1beta-induced phagocytosis by microglial cells. J Neuroinflammation 8:169
Frayling C, Britton R, Dale N (2011) ATP-mediated glucosensing by hypothalamic tanycytes. J Physiol 589:2275–2286
Freeman MR (2005) Glial control of synaptogenesis. Cell 120:292–293
Fu T, Towers M, Placzek MA (2017) Fgf10(+) progenitors give rise to the chick hypothalamus by rostral and caudal growth and differentiation. Development 144:3278–3288
Fuente-Martin E, Garcia-Caceres C, Granado M, de Ceballos ML, Sanchez-Garrido MA, Sarman B, Liu ZW, Dietrich MO, Tena-Sempere M, Argente-Arizon P et al (2012) Leptin regulates glutamate and glucose transporters in hypothalamic astrocytes. J Clin Invest 122:3900–3913
Gao Y, Layritz C, Legutko B, Eichmann TO, Laperrousaz E, Moulle VS, Cruciani-Guglielmacci C, Magnan C, Luquet S, Woods SC et al (2017) Disruption of lipid uptake in astroglia exacerbates diet-induced obesity. Diabetes 66:2555–2563
Gao Y, Ottaway N, Schriever SC, Legutko B, Garcia-Caceres C, de la Fuente E, Mergen C, Bour S, Thaler JP, Seeley RJ et al (2014) Hormones and diet, but not body weight, control hypothalamic microglial activity. Glia 62:17–25
Garcia-Caceres C, Fuente-Martin E, Burgos-Ramos E, Granado M, Frago LM, Barrios V, Horvath T, Argente J, Chowen JA (2011) Differential acute and chronic effects of leptin on hypothalamic astrocyte morphology and synaptic protein levels. Endocrinology 152:1809–1818
Garcia-Caceres C, Quarta C, Varela L, Gao Y, Gruber T, Legutko B, Jastroch M, Johansson P, Ninkovic J, Yi CX et al (2016) Astrocytic insulin signaling couples brain glucose uptake with nutrient availability. Cell 166:867–880
Gautron L, Elmquist JK, Williams KW (2015) Neural control of energy balance: translating circuits to therapies. Cell 161:133–145
Gibson EM, Purger D, Mount CW, Goldstein AK, Lin GL, Wood LS, Inema I, Miller SE, Bieri G, Zuchero JB et al (2014) Neuronal activity promotes oligodendrogenesis and adaptive myelination in the mammalian brain. Science 344:1252304
Gupta S, Knight AG, Gupta S, Keller JN, Bruce-Keller AJ (2012) Saturated long-chain fatty acids activate inflammatory signaling in astrocytes. J Neurochem 120:1060–1071
Haan N, Goodman T, Najdi-Samiei A, Stratford CM, Rice R, El Agha E, Bellusci S, Hajihosseini MK (2013) Fgf10-expressing tanycytes add new neurons to the appetite/energy-balance regulating centers of the postnatal and adult hypothalamus. J Neurosci 33:6170–6180
Haddad-Tovolli R, Dragano NRV, Ramalho AFS, Velloso LA (2017) Development and function of the blood-brain barrier in the context of metabolic control. Front Neurosci 11:224
Harry GJ, Kraft AD (2012) Microglia in the developing brain: a potential target with lifetime effects. Neurotoxicology 33:191–206
Haydon PG, Carmignoto G (2006) Astrocyte control of synaptic transmission and neurovascular coupling. Physiol Rev 86:1009–1031
Hofmann K, Lamberz C, Piotrowitz K, Offermann N, But D, Scheller A, Al-Amoudi A, Kuerschner L (2017) Tanycytes and a differential fatty acid metabolism in the hypothalamus. Glia 65:231–249
Jais A, Bruning JC (2017) Hypothalamic inflammation in obesity and metabolic disease. J Clin Invest 127:24–32
Jais A, Solas M, Backes H, Chaurasia B, Kleinridders A, Theurich S, Mauer J, Steculorum SM, Hampel B, Goldau J et al (2016) Myeloid-cell-derived VEGF maintains brain glucose uptake and limits cognitive impairment in obesity. Cell 165:882–895
Karadottir R, Hamilton NB, Bakiri Y, Attwell D (2008) Spiking and nonspiking classes of oligodendrocyte precursor glia in CNS white matter. Nat Neurosci 11:450–456
Kettenmann H, Hanisch UK, Noda M, Verkhratsky A (2011) Physiology of microglia. Physiol Rev 91:461–553
Kim JG, Suyama S, Koch M, Jin S, Argente-Arizon P, Argente J, Liu ZW, Zimmer MR, Jeong JK, Szigeti-Buck K et al (2014) Leptin signaling in astrocytes regulates hypothalamic neuronal circuits and feeding. Nat Neurosci 17:908–910
Kimelberg HK, Nedergaard M (2010) Functions of astrocytes and their potential as therapeutic targets. Neurotherapeutics 7:338–353
Kleinridders A, Schenten D, Konner AC, Belgardt BF, Mauer J, Okamura T, Wunderlich FT, Medzhitov R, Bruning JC (2009) MyD88 signaling in the CNS is required for development of fatty acid-induced leptin resistance and diet-induced obesity. Cell Metab 10:249–259
Kokoeva MV, Yin H, Flier JS (2005) Neurogenesis in the hypothalamus of adult mice: potential role in energy balance. Science 310:679–683
Lambertsen KL, Clausen BH, Babcock AA, Gregersen R, Fenger C, Nielsen HH, Haugaard LS, Wirenfeldt M, Nielsen M, Dagnaes-Hansen F et al (2009) Microglia protect neurons against ischemia by synthesis of tumor necrosis factor. J Neurosci 29:1319–1330
Langlet F, Levin BE, Luquet S, Mazzone M, Messina A, Dunn-Meynell AA, Balland E, Lacombe A, Mazur D, Carmeliet P et al (2013) Tanycytic VEGF-A boosts blood-hypothalamus barrier plasticity and access of metabolic signals to the arcuate nucleus in response to fasting. Cell Metab 17:607–617
Le Foll C, Dunn-Meynell A, Musatov S, Magnan C, Levin BE (2013) FAT/CD36: a major regulator of neuronal fatty acid sensing and energy homeostasis in rats and mice. Diabetes 62:2709–2716
Le Foll C, Dunn-Meynell AA, Miziorko HM, Levin BE (2014) Regulation of hypothalamic neuronal sensing and food intake by ketone bodies and fatty acids. Diabetes 63:1259–1269
Lee DA, Bedont JL, Pak T, Wang H, Song J, Miranda-Angulo A, Takiar V, Charubhumi V, Balordi F, Takebayashi H et al (2012) Tanycytes of the hypothalamic median eminence form a diet-responsive neurogenic niche. Nat Neurosci 15:700–702
Lee JY, Ye J, Gao Z, Youn HS, Lee WH, Zhao L, Sizemore N, Hwang DH (2003) Reciprocal modulation of Toll-like receptor-4 signaling pathways involving MyD88 and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/AKT by saturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. J Biol Chem 278:37041–37051
Leloup C, Allard C, Carneiro L, Fioramonti X, Collins S, Penicaud L (2016) Glucose and hypothalamic astrocytes: more than a fueling role? Neuroscience 323:110–120
Levin BE, Magnan C, Dunn-Meynell A, Le Foll C (2011) Metabolic sensing and the brain: who, what, where, and how? Endocrinology 152:2552–2557
Li J, Tang Y, Cai D (2012) IKKbeta/NF-kappaB disrupts adult hypothalamic neural stem cells to mediate a neurodegenerative mechanism of dietary obesity and pre-diabetes. Nat Cell Biol 14:999–1012
Liddelow S, Barres B (2015) SnapShot: astrocytes in health and disease. Cell 162:1170–1170 e1171
Marina N, Turovsky E, Christie IN, Hosford PS, Hadjihambi A, Korsak A, Ang R, Mastitskaya S, Sheikhbahaei S, Theparambil SM et al (2018) Brain metabolic sensing and metabolic signaling at the level of an astrocyte. Glia 66:1185–1199
Marino JS, Xu Y, Hill JW (2011) Central insulin and leptin-mediated autonomic control of glucose homeostasis. Trends Endocrinol Metab 22:275–285
Marsters CM, Rosin JM, Thornton HF, Aslanpour S, Klenin N, Wilkinson G, Schuurmans C, Pittman QJ, Kurrasch DM (2016) Oligodendrocyte development in the embryonic tuberal hypothalamus and the influence of Ascl1. Neural Dev 11:20
McNay DE, Briancon N, Kokoeva MV, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS (2012) Remodeling of the arcuate nucleus energy-balance circuit is inhibited in obese mice. J Clin Invest 122:142–152
Milanski M, Degasperi G, Coope A, Morari J, Denis R, Cintra DE, Tsukumo DM, Anhe G, Amaral ME, Takahashi HK et al (2009) Saturated fatty acids produce an inflammatory response predominantly through the activation of TLR4 signaling in hypothalamus: implications for the pathogenesis of obesity. J Neurosci 29:359–370
Morari J, Anhe GF, Nascimento LF, de Moura RF, Razolli D, Solon C, Guadagnini D, Souza G, Mattos AH, Tobar N et al (2014) Fractalkine (CX3CL1) is involved in the early activation of hypothalamic inflammation in experimental obesity. Diabetes 63:3770–3784
Myers MG Jr, Olson DP (2012) Central nervous system control of metabolism. Nature 491:357–363
Orellana JA, Saez PJ, Cortes-Campos C, Elizondo RJ, Shoji KF, Contreras-Duarte S, Figueroa V, Velarde V, Jiang JX, Nualart F et al (2012) Glucose increases intracellular free Ca(2+) in tanycytes via ATP released through connexin 43 hemichannels. Glia 60:53–68
Parsons MP, Hirasawa M (2010) ATP-sensitive potassium channel-mediated lactate effect on orexin neurons: implications for brain energetics during arousal. J Neurosci 30:8061–8070
Pellerin L, Magistretti PJ (1994) Glutamate uptake into astrocytes stimulates aerobic glycolysis: a mechanism coupling neuronal activity to glucose utilization. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 91:10625–10629
Pierce AA, Xu AW (2010) De novo neurogenesis in adult hypothalamus as a compensatory mechanism to regulate energy balance. J Neurosci 30:723–730
Prinz M, Priller J (2014) Microglia and brain macrophages in the molecular age: from origin to neuropsychiatric disease. Nat Rev Neurosci 15:300–312
Rahman MH, Bhusal A, Lee WH, Lee IK, Suk K (2018) Hypothalamic inflammation and malfunctioning glia in the pathophysiology of obesity and diabetes: translational significance. Biochem Pharmacol 153:123–133
Ransohoff RM, Brown MA (2012) Innate immunity in the central nervous system. J Clin Invest 122:1164–1171
Reis WL, Yi CX, Gao Y, Tschop MH, Stern JE (2015) Brain innate immunity regulates hypothalamic arcuate neuronal activity and feeding behavior. Endocrinology 156:1303–1315
Rivera-Aponte DE, Mendez-Gonzalez MP, Rivera-Pagan AF, Kucheryavykh YV, Kucheryavykh LY, Skatchkov SN, Eaton MJ (2015) Hyperglycemia reduces functional expression of astrocytic Kir4.1 channels and glial glutamate uptake. Neuroscience 310:216–223
Rivers LE, Young KM, Rizzi M, Jamen F, Psachoulia K, Wade A, Kessaris N, Richardson WD (2008) PDGFRA/NG2 glia generate myelinating oligodendrocytes and piriform projection neurons in adult mice. Nat Neurosci 11:1392–1401
Roberts DE, Killiany RJ, Rosene DL (2012) Neuron numbers in the hypothalamus of the normal aging rhesus monkey: stability across the adult lifespan and between the sexes. J Comp Neurol 520:1181–1197
Robins S, Kokoeva M (2018) Ng2-Glia, a new player in energy balance. Neuroendocrinology. https://doi.org/10.1159/000488111
Robins SC, Stewart I, McNay DE, Taylor V, Giachino C, Goetz M, Ninkovic J, Briancon N, Maratos-Flier E, Flier JS et al (2013a) alpha-Tanycytes of the adult hypothalamic third ventricle include distinct populations of FGF-responsive neural progenitors. Nat Commun 4:2049
Robins SC, Villemain A, Liu X, Djogo T, Kryzskaya D, Storch KF, Kokoeva MV (2013b) Extensive regenerative plasticity among adult NG2-glia populations is exclusively based on self-renewal. Glia 61:1735–1747
Rodriguez EM, Blazquez JL, Pastor FE, Pelaez B, Pena P, Peruzzo B, Amat P (2005) Hypothalamic tanycytes: a key component of brain-endocrine interaction. Int Rev Cytol 247:89–164
Sahara S, O’Leary DD (2009) Fgf10 regulates transition period of cortical stem cell differentiation to radial glia controlling generation of neurons and basal progenitors. Neuron 63:48–62
Sakry D, Neitz A, Singh J, Frischknecht R, Marongiu D, Biname F, Perera SS, Endres K, Lutz B, Radyushkin K et al (2014) Oligodendrocyte precursor cells modulate the neuronal network by activity-dependent ectodomain cleavage of glial NG2. PLoS Biol 12:e1001993
Salter MW, Beggs S (2014) Sublime microglia: expanding roles for the guardians of the CNS. Cell 158:15–24
Schafer DP, Lehrman EK, Kautzman AG, Koyama R, Mardinly AR, Yamasaki R, Ransohoff RM, Greenberg ME, Barres BA, Stevens B (2012) Microglia sculpt postnatal neural circuits in an activity and complement-dependent manner. Neuron 74:691–705
Shen L, Tso P, Wang DQ, Woods SC, Davidson WS, Sakai R, Liu M (2009) Up-regulation of apolipoprotein E by leptin in the hypothalamus of mice and rats. Physiol Behav 98:223–228
Shen L, Tso P, Woods SC, Clegg DJ, Barber KL, Carey K, Liu M (2008) Brain apolipoprotein E: an important regulator of food intake in rats. Diabetes 57:2092–2098
Shen Y, Qin H, Chen J, Mou L, He Y, Yan Y, Zhou H, Lv Y, Chen Z, Wang J et al (2016) Postnatal activation of TLR4 in astrocytes promotes excitatory synaptogenesis in hippocampal neurons. J Cell Biol 215:719–734
Sierra A, Abiega O, Shahraz A, Neumann H (2013) Janus-faced microglia: beneficial and detrimental consequences of microglial phagocytosis. Front Cell Neurosci 7:6
Simpson IA, Appel NM, Hokari M, Oki J, Holman GD, Maher F, Koehler-Stec EM, Vannucci SJ, Smith QR (1999) Blood-brain barrier glucose transporter: effects of hypo- and hyperglycemia revisited. J Neurochem 72:238–247
Song BJ, Elbert A, Rahman T, Orr SK, Chen CT, Febbraio M, Bazinet RP (2010) Genetic ablation of CD36 does not alter mouse brain polyunsaturated fatty acid concentrations. Lipids 45:291–299
Steinbusch L, Labouebe G, Thorens B (2015) Brain glucose sensing in homeostatic and hedonic regulation. Trends Endocrinol Metab 26:455–466
Steinmetz CC, Turrigiano GG (2010) Tumor necrosis factor-alpha signaling maintains the ability of cortical synapses to express synaptic scaling. J Neurosci 30:14685–14690
Sternson SM (2013) Hypothalamic survival circuits: blueprints for purposive behaviors. Neuron 77:810–824
Sternson SM, Eiselt AK (2017) Three pillars for the neural control of appetite. Annu Rev Physiol 79:401–423
Thaler JP, Yi CX, Schur EA, Guyenet SJ, Hwang BH, Dietrich MO, Zhao X, Sarruf DA, Izgur V, Maravilla KR et al (2012) Obesity is associated with hypothalamic injury in rodents and humans. J Clin Invest 122:153–162
Theodosis DT, Poulain DA, Oliet SH (2008) Activity-dependent structural and functional plasticity of astrocyte-neuron interactions. Physiol Rev 88:983–1008
Valdearcos M, Douglass JD, Robblee MM, Dorfman MD, Stifler DR, Bennett ML, Gerritse I, Fasnacht R, Barres BA, Thaler JP et al (2017) Microglial inflammatory signaling orchestrates the hypothalamic immune response to dietary excess and mediates obesity susceptibility. Cell Metab 26:185–197 e183
Valdearcos M, Robblee MM, Benjamin DI, Nomura DK, Xu AW, Koliwad SK (2014) Microglia dictate the impact of saturated fat consumption on hypothalamic inflammation and neuronal function. Cell Rep 9:2124–2138
Valdearcos M, Xu AW, Koliwad SK (2015) Hypothalamic inflammation in the control of metabolic function. Annu Rev Physiol 77:131–160
Vannucci SJ, Simpson IA (2003) Developmental switch in brain nutrient transporter expression in the rat. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 285:E1127–E1134
VerkhratskiÄ AN, Butt A (2013) Glial physiology and pathophysiology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester/Hoboken
Wake H, Lee PR, Fields RD (2011) Control of local protein synthesis and initial events in myelination by action potentials. Science 333:1647–1651
Xu Y, Tamamaki N, Noda T, Kimura K, Itokazu Y, Matsumoto N, Dezawa M, Ide C (2005) Neurogenesis in the ependymal layer of the adult rat 3rd ventricle. Exp Neurol 192:251–264
Yamauchi T, Tatsumi K, Makinodan M, Kimoto S, Toritsuka M, Okuda H, Kishimoto T, Wanaka A (2010) Olanzapine increases cell mitotic activity and oligodendrocyte-lineage cells in the hypothalamus. Neurochem Int 57:565–571
Yan J, Zhang H, Yin Y, Li J, Tang Y, Purkayastha S, Li L, Cai D (2014) Obesity- and aging-induced excess of central transforming growth factor-beta potentiates diabetic development via an RNA stress response. Nat Med 20:1001–1008
Yang L, Qi Y, Yang Y (2015) Astrocytes control food intake by inhibiting AGRP neuron activity via adenosine A1 receptors. Cell Rep 11:798–807
Young KM, Psachoulia K, Tripathi RB, Dunn SJ, Cossell L, Attwell D, Tohyama K, Richardson WD (2013) Oligodendrocyte dynamics in the healthy adult CNS: evidence for myelin remodeling. Neuron 77:873–885
Zawadzka M, Rivers LE, Fancy SP, Zhao C, Tripathi R, Jamen F, Young K, Goncharevich A, Pohl H, Rizzi M et al (2010) CNS-resident glial progenitor/stem cells produce Schwann cells as well as oligodendrocytes during repair of CNS demyelination. Cell Stem Cell 6:578–590
Zhang Y, Reichel JM, Han C, Zuniga-Hertz JP, Cai D (2017) Astrocytic process plasticity and IKKbeta/NF-kappaB in central control of blood glucose, blood pressure, and body weight. Cell Metab 25:1091–1102 e1094
Zhang Y, Sloan SA, Clarke LE, Caneda C, Plaza CA, Blumenthal PD, Vogel H, Steinberg GK, Edwards MS, Li G et al (2016) Purification and characterization of progenitor and mature human astrocytes reveals transcriptional and functional differences with mouse. Neuron 89:37–53
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Zhou, YD. (2018). Glial Regulation of Energy Metabolism. In: Wu, Q., Zheng, R. (eds) Neural Regulation of Metabolism. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol 1090. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_6
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1286-1_6
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-1285-4
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-1286-1
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)