Abstract
Inherited retinal diseases (IRDs) are disorders that cause visual loss mainly due to photoreceptor degeneration. The prevalence of IRDs in the Israeli and Palestinian populations was reported to be higher compared to other studied populations. The structures of the Israeli and Palestinian populations are unique mainly because of the large number of ethnic groups. In addition, high rates of consanguinity and intra-community marriages resulted in a high proportion of families with autosomal recessive inheritance patterns. The study of Israeli and Palestinian IRD families resulted so far in the identification of mutations in 74 IRD genes, including 23 novel genes that were identified mainly using the homozygosity mapping and whole exome sequencing techniques. The history and tradition of these populations led to common founder mutations that are usually subpopulation-specific. Such mutations allow a more efficient genetic analysis in searching for the causative gene. However, some founder mutations are shared among different ethnicities and are likely to be the result of a common origin of these ethnic groups, which may have an estimated divergence time of a few thousand years. There is a large variability of retinal phenotypes among patients, while mutations in the same gene can result either in the same phenotype or variable phenotypes that are usually mutation-dependent. There is currently no cure for the vast majority of IRD types; however recent advances bring new hope for curing or at least delaying the degeneration process in the near future.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ducroq D. mfl. Three different ABCA4 mutations in the same large family with several consanguineous loops affected with autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy. Eur J Hum Genet. 2006;14:1269–73.
Beit-Ya’acov A. mfl. Homozygosity for a novel ABCA4 founder splicing mutation is associated with progressive and severe Stargardt-like disease. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:4308–14.
Spiegel R. mfl. Infantile cerebellar-retinal degeneration associated with a mutation in mitochondrial aconitase, ACO2. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:518–23.
Parry DA. mfl. Loss of the metalloprotease ADAM9 leads to cone-rod dystrophy in humans and retinal degeneration in mice. Am J Hum Genet. 2009;84:683–91.
Beryozkin A. mfl. Whole exome sequencing reveals mutations in known retinal disease genes in 33 out of 68 Israeli families with inherited retinopathies. Sci Rep. 2015;5:13187.
Banin E. mfl. Molecular anthropology meets genetic medicine to treat blindness in the North African Jewish population: human gene therapy initiated in Israel. Hum Gene Ther. 2010;21:1749–57.
Lazar CH. mfl. Nonsyndromic early-onset cone-rod dystrophy and limb-girdle muscular dystrophy in a consanguineous Israeli family are caused by two independent yet linked mutations in ALMS1 and DYSF. Hum Mutat. 2015;36:836–41.
Davidson AE. mfl. Mutations in ARL2BP, encoding ADP-ribosylation-factor-like 2 binding protein, cause autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93:321–9.
Chiang AP. mfl. Comparative genomic analysis identifies an ADP-ribosylation factor-like gene as the cause of Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS3). Am J Hum Genet. 2004;75:475–84.
Van De Weghe JC. mfl. Mutations in ARMC9, which encodes a basal body protein, cause Joubert syndrome in humans and ciliopathy phenotypes in zebrafish. Am J Hum Genet. 2017. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajhg.2017.05.010.
Shevach E. mfl. Association between missense mutations in the BBS2 gene and nonsyndromic retinitis Pigmentosa. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2015;133:312.
Lindstrand A. mfl. Copy-number variation contributes to the mutational load of Bardet-Biedl syndrome. Am J Hum Genet. 2016;99:318–36.
Bitner H. mfl. A homozygous frameshift mutation in BEST1 causes the classical form of Best disease in an autosomal recessive mode. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2011;52:5332–8.
Duncan JL. mfl. Identification of a novel mutation in the CDHR1 gene in a family with recessive retinal degeneration. Arch Ophthalmol. 2012;130:1301.
Lazar CH. mfl. Whole exome sequencing reveals GUCY2D as a major gene associated with cone and cone-rod dystrophy in Israel. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;47:3523–30. https://doi.org/10.1167/iovs.14-15647.
Cohen B. mfl. A novel splice site mutation of CDHR1 in a consanguineous Israeli Christian Arab family segregating autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy. Mol Vis. 2012;18:2915–21.
Sprecher E. mfl. Hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy is caused by a mutation in CDH3, encoding P-cadherin. Nat Genet. 2001;29:134–6.
Indelman M. mfl. A missense mutation in CDH3, encoding P-cadherin, causes hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy. J Invest Dermatol. 2002;119:1210–3.
Indelman M. mfl. Phenotypic diversity and mutation spectrum in hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy. J Invest Dermatol. 2003;121:1217–20.
Indelman M, Leibu R, Jammal A, Bergman R, Sprecher E. Molecular basis of hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy in two siblings. Br J Dermatol. 2005;153:635–8.
Indelman M. mfl. Novel CDH3 mutations in hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy. Clin Exp Dermatol. 2007;32:191–6.
Avitan-Hersh E, Indelman M, Khamaysi Z, Leibu R, Bergman R. A novel nonsense CDH3 mutation in hypotrichosis with juvenile macular dystrophy. Int J Dermatol. 2012;51:325–7.
Basel-Vanagaite L, Pasmanik-Chor M, Lurie R, Yeheskel A, Kjaer KW. CDH3-related syndromes: report on a new mutation and overview of the genotype-phenotype correlations. Mol Syndromol. 2011;1:223–30.
Namburi P. mfl. Bi-allelic truncating mutations in CEP78, encoding centrosomal protein 78, cause cone-rod degeneration with sensorineural hearing loss. Am J Hum Genet. 2016;99:777–84.
Khateb S. mfl. A homozygous nonsense CEP250 mutation combined with a heterozygous nonsense C2orf71 mutation is associated with atypical Usher syndrome. J Med Genet. 2014;51:460–9.
Beryozkin A. mfl. Identification of mutations causing inherited retinal degenerations in the israeli and palestinian populations using homozygosity mapping. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2014;55:1149–60.
Auslender N. mfl. A common founder mutation of CERKL underlies autosomal recessive retinal degeneration with early macular involvement among Yemenite Jews. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2007;48:5431–8.
Khateb S. mfl. Identification of genomic deletions causing inherited retinal degenerations by coverage analysis of whole exome sequencing data. J Med Genet. 2016;53:600–7.
Zelinger L, Greenberg A, Kohl S, Banin E, Sharon D. An ancient autosomal haplotype bearing a rare achromatopsia-causing founder mutation is shared among Arab Muslims and Oriental Jews. Hum Genet. 2010;128:261–7.
Zelinger L. mfl. Genetics and disease expression in the CNGA3 form of achromatopsia: steps on the path to gene therapy. Ophthalmology. 2015;122:997–1007.
Sharon D, Banin E. Nonsyndromic retinitis pigmentosa is highly prevalent in the Jerusalem region with a high frequency of founder mutations. Mol Vis. 2015;21:783–92.
Parry DA. mfl. Mutations in CNNM4 cause Jalili syndrome, consisting of autosomal-recessive cone-rod dystrophy and amelogenesis imperfecta. Am J Hum Genet. 2008;84:266–73.
Gerber S. mfl. A novel mutation disrupting the cytoplasmic domain of CRB1 in a large consanguineous family of Palestinian origin affected with Leber congenital amaurosis. Ophthalmic Genet. 2002;23:225–35.
Beryozkin A. mfl. Mutations in CRB1 are a relatively common cause of autosomal recessive early-onset retinal degeneration in the Israeli and Palestinian populations. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2013;54:2068–75.
Benayoun L. mfl. Genetic heterogeneity in two consanguineous families segregating early onset retinal degeneration: the pitfalls of homozygosity mapping. Am J Med Genet A. 2009;15:650–6.
Collin RW. mfl. Mutations in C2ORF71 cause autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;86:783–8.
Estrada-Cuzcano A. mfl. Mutations in C8orf37, encoding a ciliary protein, are associated with autosomal-recessive retinal dystrophies with early macular involvement. Am J Hum Genet. 2012;90:102–9.
Zelinger L. mfl. A missense mutation in DHDDS, encoding dehydrodolichyl diphosphate synthase, is associated with autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa in Ashkenazi Jews. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88:207–15.
Bandah-Rozenfeld D. mfl. Novel null mutations in the EYS gene are a frequent cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in the Israeli population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:4387–94.
Bandah-Rozenfeld D. mfl. Homozygosity mapping reveals null mutations in FAM161A as a cause of autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;87:382–91.
Zobor D, Balousha G, Baumann B, Wissinger B. Homozygosity mapping reveals new nonsense mutation in the FAM161A gene causing autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa in a Palestinian family. Mol Vis. 2014;20:178–82.
Gradstein L. mfl. Novel GUCY2D mutation causes phenotypic variability of Leber congenital amaurosis in a large kindred. BMC Med Genet. 2016;17:52.
Haer-Wigman L. mfl. Non-syndromic retinitis pigmentosa due to mutations in the mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIC gene, heparan-alpha-glucosaminide N-acetyltransferase (HGSNAT). Hum Mol Genet. 2015;24:3742–51.
Pierrache LHM. mfl. Whole-exome sequencing identifies biallelic IDH3A variants as a cause of retinitis pigmentosa accompanied by pseudocoloboma. Ophthalmology. 2017;124:992–1003.
Bandah-Rozenfeld D. mfl. Mutations in IMPG2, encoding Interphotoreceptor matrix proteoglycan 2, cause autosomal-recessive retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;87:199–208.
Zelinger L. mfl. Cone dystrophy with supernormal rod response: novel KCNV2 mutations in an underdiagnosed phenotype. Ophthalmology. 2013;120:2338–43.
Ozgul RK. mfl. Exome sequencing and cis-regulatory mapping identify mutations in MAK, a gene encoding a regulator of ciliary length, as a cause of retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;89:253–64.
Benayoun L. mfl. Abetalipoproteinemia in Israel: evidence for a founder mutation in the Ashkenazi Jewish population and a contiguous gene deletion in an Arab patient. Mol Genet Metab. 2007;90:453–7.
Adato A. mfl. Mutation profile of all 49 exons of the human myosin VIIA gene, and haplotype analysis, in Usher 1B families from diverse origins. Am J Hum Genet. 1997;61:813–21.
Rizel L. mfl. Novel mutations of MYO7A and USH1G in Israeli Arab families with Usher syndrome type 1. Mol Vis. 2011;17:3548–55.
Goldenberg-Cohen N. mfl. Genetic heterogeneity and consanguinity lead to a «double hit»: homozygous mutations of MYO7A and PDE6B in a patient with retinitis pigmentosa. Mol Vis. 2013;19:1565–71.
Newman H. mfl. Homozygosity for a recessive loss-of-function mutation of the NRL gene is associated with a variant of enhanced S-cone syndrome. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:5361–71.
Bandah D, Merin S, Ashhab M, Banin E, Sharon D. The spectrum of retinal diseases caused by NR2E3 mutations in Israeli and Palestinian patients. Arch Ophthalmol. 2009;127:297–302.
Bandah D. mfl. A novel de novo PAX6 mutation in an Ashkenazi-Jewish family with aniridia. Mol Vis. 2008;14:142–5.
Yahalom C. mfl. Combined occurrence of autosomal dominant Aniridia and autosomal recessive albinism in several members of a family. Ophthalmic Genet. 2015;36:175–9.
Ben-Yosef T. mfl. A mutation of PCDH15 among Ashkenazi Jews with the type 1 Usher syndrome. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:1664–70.
Brownstein Z. mfl. The R245X mutation of PCDH15 in Ashkenazi Jewish children diagnosed with nonsyndromic hearing loss foreshadows retinitis pigmentosa. Pediatr Res. 2004;55:995–1000.
Dvir L. mfl. Autosomal-recessive early-onset retinitis pigmentosa caused by a mutation in PDE6G, the gene encoding the gamma subunit of rod cGMP phosphodiesterase. Am J Hum Genet. 2010;87:258–64.
Raas-Rothschild A. mfl. A PEX6-defective peroxisomal biogenesis disorder with severe phenotype in an infant, versus mild phenotype resembling Usher syndrome in the affected parents. Am J Hum Genet. 2002;70:1062–8.
Smith CEL. mfl. Spectrum of PEX1 and PEX6 variants in Heimler syndrome. Eur J Hum Genet. 2016;24:1565–71.
Nevet MJ, Shalev SA, Zlotogora J, Mazzawi N, Ben-Yosef T. Identification of a prevalent founder mutation in an Israeli Muslim Arab village confirms the role of PRCD in the aetiology of retinitis pigmentosa in humans. J Med Genet. 2010;47:533–7.
Pras E. mfl. Cone-rod dystrophy and a frameshift mutation in the PROM1 gene. Mol Vis. 2009;15:1709–16.
Eidinger O. mfl. An intronic deletion in the PROM1 gene leads to autosomal recessive cone-rod dystrophy. Mol Vis. 2015;21:1295–306.
Roosing S. mfl. Mutations in RAB28, encoding a farnesylated small GTPase, are associated with autosomal-recessive cone-rod dystrophy. Am J Hum Genet. 2013;93:110–7.
Pras E. mfl. Fundus albipunctatus: novel mutations and phenotypic description of Israeli patients. Mol Vis. 2012;18:1712–8.
Beryozkin A. mfl. Genetic analysis of the rhodopsin gene identifies a mosaic dominant retinitis pigmentosa mutation in a healthy individual. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2016;57:940–7.
Mizrahi-Meissonnier L, Merin S, Banin E, Sharon D. Variable retinal phenotypes caused by mutations in the X-linked photopigment gene array. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2010;51:3884–92.
Banin E, Sharon D. A non-ancestral missense mutation in families with either recessive or semi-dominant X-linked retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Med Genet A. 2007;143A:1150–8.
Tatour Y mfl. Mutations in SCAPER cause autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with intellectual disability. J Med Genet. In press. 2017.
Perez Y. mfl. Isolated foveal hypoplasia with secondary nystagmus and low vision is associated with a homozygous SLC38A8 mutation. Eur J Hum Genet. 2014;22:703–6.
Mayer A-K. mfl. Novel homozygous large deletion including the 5′ part of the SPATA7 gene in a consanguineous Israeli Muslim Arab family. Mol Vis. 2015;21:306–15.
Chiang AP. mfl. Homozygosity mapping with SNP arrays identifies TRIM32, an E3 ubiquitin ligase, as a Bardet-Biedl syndrome gene (BBS11). Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2006;103:6287–92.
Gal M. mfl. Novel mutation in TSPAN12 leads to autosomal recessive inheritance of congenital vitreoretinal disease with intra-familial phenotypic variability. Am J Med Genet A. 2014;164:2996–3002.
Abbasi AH, Garzozi HJ, Ben-Yosef T. A novel splice-site mutation of TULP1 underlies severe early-onset retinitis pigmentosa in a consanguineous Israeli Muslim Arab family. Mol Vis. 2008;14:675–82.
Khateb S. mfl. Exome sequencing identifies a founder frameshift mutation in an alternative exon of USH1C as the cause of autosomal recessive retinitis pigmentosa with late-onset hearing loss. PLoS One. 2012;7:e51566.
Adato A, Weston MD, Berry A, Kimberling WJ, Bonne-Tamir A. Three novel mutations and twelve polymorphisms identified in the USH2A gene in Israeli USH2 families. Hum Mutat. 2000;15:388.
Kaiserman N, Obolensky A, Banin E, Sharon D. Novel USH2A mutations in Israeli patients with retinitis pigmentosa and Usher syndrome type 2. Arch Ophthalmol. 2007;125:219–24.
Auslender N. mfl. Four USH2A founder mutations underlie the majority of usher syndrome type 2 cases among non-Ashkenazi Jews. Genet Test. 2008;12:289–94.
Behar DM. mfl. The many faces of sensorineural hearing loss: one founder and two novel mutations affecting one family of mixed Jewish ancestry. Genet Test Mol Biomarkers. 2013;18:123–6.
Adato A. mfl. USH3A transcripts encode clarin-1, a four-transmembrane-domain protein with a possible role in sensory synapses. Eur J Hum Genet. 2002;10:339–50.
Ness SL. mfl. Genetic homogeneity and phenotypic variability among Ashkenazi Jews with Usher syndrome type III. J Med Genet. 2003;40:767–72.
Herrera W. mfl. Retinal disease in Usher syndrome III caused by mutations in the clarin-1 gene. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2008;49:2651–60.
Zlotogora J. The molecular basis of autosomal recessive diseases among the Arabs and Druze in Israel. Hum Genet. 2010;128:473–9.
Hartong DT, Berson EL, Dryja TP. Retinitis pigmentosa. Lancet. 2006;368:1795–809.
Brody JA, Hussels I, Brink E, Torres J. Hereditary blindness among Pingelapese people of Eastern Caroline Islands. Lancet. 1970;1:1253–7.
Zuchner S. mfl. Whole-exome sequencing links a variant in DHDDS to retinitis pigmentosa. Am J Hum Genet. 2011;88:201–6.
Zlotogora J, Bach G, Munnich A. Molecular basis of mendelian disorders among Jews. Mol Genet Metab. 2000;69:169–80.
Banin E. mfl. Gene augmentation therapy restores retinal function and visual behavior in a sheep model of CNGA3 achromatopsia. Mol Ther. 2015;23:1423–33.
Berson EL. mfl. Vitamin A supplementation for retinitis pigmentosa. Arch Ophthalmol. 1993;111:1456–9.
Rotenstreich Y. mfl. Treatment with 9-cis β-carotene-rich powder in patients with retinitis pigmentosa: a randomized crossover trial. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2013;131:985–92.
Compliance with Ethical Requirements
Mor Hanany and Dror Sharon declare that they have no conflict of interest.
No human or animal studies were performed by the authors for this article.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Hanany, M., Sharon, D. (2019). The Genetics of Inherited Retinal Diseases in the Israeli and Palestinian Populations: A Lesson from Populations with High Rates of Consanguinity. In: Prakash, G., Iwata, T. (eds) Advances in Vision Research, Volume II. Essentials in Ophthalmology. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0884-0_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0884-0_19
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0883-3
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0884-0
eBook Packages: MedicineMedicine (R0)