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SETting up Methylation in Mammalian Cells: Role of Histone Methyltransferases in Disease and Development

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Gene and Cell Therapy: Biology and Applications

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Abstract

Epigenetics is now being heralded as a science that can bring change with momentous potential. The development and maintenance of any organism is formulated by certain chemical reactions that modulate parts of the genome at specific intervals involving the remodeling of chromatin. Understanding how chromatin remodeling can selectively activate or inactivate genes and subsequently influence pathogenesis and the outcome of many diseases becomes critical. Epigenetics provides us with the perception to look into the genetic process, the biological role of chromatin-associated proteins, and how alterations in epigenetic factors have majorly impacted human disease and development.

Modern views on epigenetic regulation driving the current attention of researchers in academia and industry are focused toward understanding epigenetic alterations implicated in maintenance of diverse biological processes such as DNA methylation, posttranslational histone tail modifications (PTMs), noncoding RNA control of chromatin structure, and nucleosome remodeling. Methylation of histones has associated with chromatin since long, and the histone methyltransferases since their discovery have been tied solely to chromatin structure and function by influencing transcriptional activation and repression in mammalian cells. Targeting these enzymes tied to histone methylation involved in many debilitating diseases like cancer by designing small-molecule inhibitors against them has shown potential as promising modes of therapy and treatment. This chapter will highlight the central roles of histone methyltransferases as potent epigenetic regulators modulating transcription and how their perturbations have severe repercussions in human disease and development particularly affecting cellular pluripotency and differentiation.

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  1. Centre for Inflammation and Tissue Homeostasis, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine (inStem), Bangalore, India

    Abhishek Mohanty & Shravanti Rampalli

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    Giridhara R. Jayandharan

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Mohanty, A., Rampalli, S. (2018). SETting up Methylation in Mammalian Cells: Role of Histone Methyltransferases in Disease and Development. In: Jayandharan, G. (eds) Gene and Cell Therapy: Biology and Applications. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0481-1_7

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