Abstract
Road tunnels, with large cross-section and long distance, brings about vital danger to occupants once in fire. The first few minutes in fire is extremely precious for escapers. Meanwhile, professional aid cannot be obtained. Therefore, it is quite necessary to improve the performance in fire to reduce injury and lost to a large extent. However, current research in evacuation behavior mostly focuses on building fires and has already gained some advanced and practical achievement while less on tunnel fires. Therefore, it is beneficial and efficient to study tunnel evacuation in fire based on buildings. The passage lists mainstream research methods in evacuation in tunnel fires distinguishing from building fires. It summaries the methods on the one hand. On the other hand, it provides reference for tunnel fires research.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Amundsen, F.H.: Studies of Driver behavior in Norwegian road tunnels. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 9, 9–17 (1994)
Amundsen, F.H., Ranes, G.: Studies on traffic accidents in Norwegian road tunnels. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Tech. 15, 3–11 (2000)
Burns, P., Stevens, G., Sandy, K., Dix, A., Raphael, B., Allen, B.: Human behaviour during an evacuation scenario in the Sydney Harbour Tunnel. Aust. J. Emerg. Manag. 28, 20 (2013)
Purser, D.A.: Assessment of hazards to occupants from smoke, toxic gases and heat. In: National Fire Protection Association (ed.) SFPE Handbook of Fire Protection Engineering. National Fire Protection Association, Quincy MA, USA, pp. 2-96–92-193 (2008)
Latane, B., Darley, J.M.: Group inhibition of bystander intervention in emergencies. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 10, 215–221 (1968)
Fischer, P., Krueger, J.I., Greitemeyer, T., Vogrincic, C., Kastenmuller, A., Frey, D., et al.: The bystander-effect: a meta-analytic review on bystander intervention in dangerous and non-dangerous emergencies. Psychol Bull. 137(4), 517–537 (2011)
Kobes, M., Helsloot, I., de Vries, B., Post, J.: Exit choice, (pre-) movement time and (pre-) evacuation behavior in hotel fire evacuation - behavioural analysis and validation of the use of serious gaming in experimental research. Procedia Eng. 3, 37–51 (2010a). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2010.07.006
Kobes, M., Helsloot, I., de Vries, B., Post, J.G., Oberije, N., Groenewegen, K.: Way finding during fire evacuation; an analysis of unannounced fire drills in a hotel at night. Build. Environ. 45, 537–548 (2010b). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.buildenv.2009.07.004
Sime, J.D.: Crowd facilities, management and communications in disasters. Facilities 17, 313–324 (1999)
Sime, J.D.: An occupant response shelter escape time (ORSET) model. Saf. Sci. 38, 109–125 (2001). https://doi.org/10.1016/s0925-7535(00)00062-x
Boer, L.C.: Behaviour by Motorists on Evacuation of a Tunnel. Rapport TNO Human Factors (2002)
Boer, L.C., van Zanten, D.V.: Behavior on tunnel fire. In: Pedestrian and Evacuation Dynamics 2005, pp. 91–98. Springer, Heidelberg (2007)
Egger, M.: Recommended behaviour for road tunnel users. In: Beard, A., Carvel, R. (eds.) The Handbook of Tunnel fire Safety, pp. 399–420. Thomas Telford Publishing, London (2012)
Nilsson, D., Johansson, A.: Social influence during the initial phase of a fire evacuation – analysis of evacuation experiments in a cinema theatre. Fire Saf. J. 44, 71–79 (2009)
Nilsson, D., Johansson, M., Frantzich, H.: Evacuation experiment in a road tunnel: a study of human behavior and technical installations. Fire Saf. J. 44, 458–468 (2009)
Fridolf, K., Nilsson, D., Frantzich, H.: Fire evacuation in underground transportation systems: a review of accidents and empirical research. Fire Technol. 49(2), 451–475 (2013)
Kinateder, M., Pauli, P., Müller, M., et al.: Human behaviour in severe tunnel accidents: Effects of information and behavioural training. Transp. Res. Part F Traffic Psychol. Behav. 17, 20–32 (2013)
Ribeiro, J., Almeida, J.E., Rossetti, R.J., Coelho, A., Coelho, A.L.: Using serious games to train evacuation behavior. In: 2012 7th Iberian Conference on Information Systems and Technologies (CISTI), pp. 1–6. IEEE (2012)
Yan, Z., Guo, Q., Zhu, H.: Full-scale experiments on fire characteristics of road tunnel at high altitude. Tunn. Undergr. Sp. Technol. 66, 134–146 (2017)
Shields, T.J., Boyce, K.E.: A study of evacuation from large retail stores. Fire Saf. J. 35(1), 25–49 (2000)
Kuligowski, E.D., Peacock, R.D., Hoskins, B.L.: A review of building evacuation models. NIST Technical Note 1680 (2nd edn.). National Institute of Standards and Technology (2010)
Valasek, L., Glasa, J.: Simulation of the course of evacuation in tunnel fire conditions by FDS+Evac. In: Proceedings of the 2013 International Conference of Applied Mathematics and Computational Methods in Engineering, pp. 288–295 (2013)
Ronchi, E., Colonna, P., Capote, J., Alvear, D., Berloco, N., Cuesta, A.: The evaluation of different evacuation models for assessing road tunnel safety analysis. Tunn. Undergr. Space Technol. 30, 74–84 (2012)
Ronchi, E., Nilsson, D.: Fire evacuation in high-rise buildings: a review of human behavior and modelling research. Fire Sci. Rev. 2, 7 (2013)
Kohl, B., Botschek, K., Hörhan, R.: Austrian risk analysis for road tunnels: development of a new method for the risk assessment of road tunnels. In: 3rd International Conference ‘‘Tunnel Safety and Ventilation” 2006, Graz, pp. 204–211 (2006)
Kohl, B., Forster, C.: Risk analysis as decision making tool for tunnel design and operation. In: 6th International Conference ‘Tunnel Safety and Ventilation’ 2012, Graz, pp. 17–25 (2012)
Alonso, V., Abreu, A., Cuesta, A., Alvear, D.: An evacuation model for risk analysis in Spanish road tunnels. Procedia Soc. Behav. Sci. 162, 208–217 (2014)
Kudikyala, U.K., Vaughn, R.B.: Software requirement understanding using Pathfinder network: discovering and evaluating mental models. J. Syst. Softw. 74, 101–108 (2005)
Thompson, P.A., Marchant, E.W.: Testing and application of the computer model ‘SIMULEX’. Fire Saf. J. 24, 149–166 (1995)
Gwynne, S., Galea, E.R., Lawrence, P.J., Filippidis, L.: Modelling occupant interaction with fire conditions using the building EXODUS evacuation model. Fire Saf. J. 36, 327–357 (2001)
Galea, E., Lawrence, P., Blake, S., Gwynne, S., Westeng, H.: A preliminary investigation of the evacuation of the WTC North Tower using computer simulation. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Human Behavior in Fire, pp. 167–180. Interscience Communications Ltd. (2004)
Blake, S., Galea, E., Westeng, H., Dixon, A.: An analysis of human behavior during the WTC disaster of 11 September 2001 based on published survivor accounts. In: Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Human Behavior in Fire, pp. 181–192 (2004)
Pelechano, N., Malkawi, A.: Evacuation simulation models: challenges in modeling high rise building evacuation with cellular automata approaches. Autom. Constr. 17, 377–385 (2008)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this paper
Cite this paper
Dong, J., Yan, Z., Zhang, Y., Zhu, H. (2018). Research Methods in Tunnel Fire Distinguishing from Buildings in Evacuation. In: Zhang, D., Huang, X. (eds) Proceedings of GeoShanghai 2018 International Conference: Tunnelling and Underground Construction. GSIC 2018. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0017-2_67
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-0017-2_67
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-13-0016-5
Online ISBN: 978-981-13-0017-2
eBook Packages: Earth and Environmental ScienceEarth and Environmental Science (R0)