Abstract
Proliferated population growth and the symbiotic relationship with its problems have immersed in itself in the cities with the syndromes of disaster. Class-1 cities and the complexities in the process therein provide an understanding of how mechanisms, functions, and processes create vulnerabilities. Disaster preparedness and community resilience stand crucial from the standpoint of reducing disaster risks. India has been traditionally vulnerable to natural disasters. About 60% of the landmass is prone to earthquakes of various intensities subsequent to the risks and vulnerabilities. The paper adopts to capture the crucial argument of why majority of Class-I cities especially their built environment is vulnerable to an elevated risk of earthquakes and also posing threats to a large number of population.
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Appendices
Annexure-I
Earthquake zone-wise distribution of class-I towns in India
Earthquake zones | Name of the class-I towns | Household | Density of household | Population | Density of population |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
V | Bhuj (M + OG) | 33,402 | 839.46 | 148,834 | 3740 |
V | Darbhanga (M Corp.) | 56,492 | 2945.36 | 296,039 | 15,435 |
V | Guwahati (M Corp. + OG) | 230,769 | 1053.45 | 962,334 | 4393 |
V | Imphal (MCI + OG) (major part) | 42,820 | 1548.64 | 193,459 | 6997 |
V | Jorhat (MB + OG) | 30,119 | 562.97 | 126,736 | 2369 |
V | Srinagar (M Corp. + OG) | 187,201 | 671.93 | 1,206,419 | 4237 |
IV | Ambala (M Cl) | 42,027 | 1231.0 | 195,153 | 5716 |
IV | Amritsar (M Corp. + OG) (Part) | 239,078 | 1757.9 | 1,183,549 | 8326 |
IV | Bahraich (NPP) | 30,460 | 2290.2 | 186,223 | 14,001 |
IV | Bulandshahr (NPP + OG) | 41,505 | 1121.8 | 230,024 | 6216 |
IV | Chandigarh (M Corp. + OG) | 220,520 | 2086.7 | 970,602 | 9184 |
IV | Darjiling (M) | 21,782 | 2931.6 | 118,805 | 15,990 |
IV | Dehradun (M Corp. + OG) | 125,271 | 1749.1 | 574,840 | 8354 |
IV | Delhi Agglomeration | 2,761,755 | 4124.6 | 13,400,582 | 20,013 |
IV | Gangtok (M Corp.) | 23,773 | 1238.2 | 100,286 | 5223 |
IV | Gorakhpur (M Corp.) | 112,237 | 795.9 | 673,446 | 4775 |
IV | Ludhiana (M Corp.) | 344,333 | 2160.6 | 1,618,879 | 10,158 |
IV | Moradabad (M Corp.) | 161,329 | 2151.1 | 887,871 | 11,838 |
IV | Patna (M Corp. + OG) | 294,631 | 2735.9 | 1,684,297 | 15,640 |
IV | Pilibhit (NPP) | 24,341 | 2441.4 | 127,988 | 12,837 |
IV | Roorkee (MB) | 22,806 | 2812.1 | 118,200 | 14,575 |
IV | Shimla (M Corp.) | 46,306 | 1310.3 | 169,578 | 4798 |
III | Agra (M Corp.) | 267,945 | 2222.3 | 1,585,704 | 13,151 |
III | Ahmadabad (M Corp.) | 1,179,823 | 2516.0 | 5,577,940 | 11,895 |
III | Asansol (M Corp.) | 113,739 | 908.2 | 563,917 | 4503 |
III | Bareilly (M Corp. + OG) | 166,447 | 1563.9 | 904,797 | 8501 |
III | Bathinda (M Corp.) | 60,301 | 880.3 | 285,788 | 4172 |
III | Belgaum (M Corp. + OG) | 111,874 | 1123.1 | 490,045 | 4920 |
III | Bhubaneswar (M + OG) | 260,000 | 1925.9 | 900,000 | 6667 |
III | Bijapur (CMC) | 65,543 | 663.9 | 327,427 | 3316 |
III | Bikaner (M Corp.) | 115,380 | 744.2 | 644,406 | 4157 |
III | Bokaro steel city (CT) | 82,473 | 506.2 | 414,820 | 2546 |
III | Chennai (M Corp.) | 1,154,982 | 6599.9 | 4,646,732 | 26,553 |
III | Coimbatore (M Corp.) | 282,839 | 2678.4 | 1,050,721 | 9950 |
III | Cuddalore (M) | 42,174 | 1523.1 | 173,636 | 6271 |
III | Cuttack (M + OG) | 125,000 | 837.8 | 600,000 | 4021 |
III | Durgapur (M Corp.) | 130,944 | 849.2 | 566,517 | 3674 |
III | Gaya (M Corp. + OG) | 72,978 | 1454.6 | 474,093 | 9450 |
III | Jabalpur (M Corp. + OG) | 225,340 | 1477.3 | 1,081,677 | 7092 |
III | Kanchipuram (M) | 41,807 | 3567.2 | 164,384 | 14,026 |
III | Kanpur (CB) | 20,553 | 1209.0 | 108,534 | 6384 |
III | Kolkata (M Corp.) | 1,024,928 | 5540.2 | 4,496,694 | 24,306 |
III | Lucknow (M Corp.) | 538,149 | 1542.9 | 2,817,105 | 8076 |
III | Mangalore (M Corp. + OG) | 115,036 | 757.5 | 499,487 | 3289 |
III | Mumbai | 2,105,604 | 3491.8 | 9,356,962 | 15,517 |
III | Nashik (M Corp.) | 336,333 | 1297.9 | 1,486,053 | 5735 |
III | Navi Mumbai (M Corp.) | 273,626 | 2517.7 | 1,120,547 | 10,311 |
III | Nellore (M Corp. + OG) | 130,192 | 1335.0 | 547,621 | 5615 |
III | Osmanabad (M CL) | 21,866 | 232.4 | 111,825 | 1189 |
III | Patiala (M Corp. + OG) | 93,805 | 1340.1 | 446,246 | 5803 |
III | Pune (M Corp.) | 742,602 | 2686.7 | 3,124,458 | 11,304 |
III | Rajkot (M Corp. + OG) | 286,838 | 1821.8 | 1,323,363 | 8405 |
III | Salem (M Corp.) | 215,747 | 2362.0 | 829,267 | 9079 |
III | Solapur (M Corp.) | 188,503 | 1055.6 | 951,558 | 5329 |
III | Surat (M Corp.) | 975,797 | 2905.7 | 4,467,797 | 13,304 |
III | Thane (M Corp.) | 435,341 | 3395.0 | 1,841,488 | 14,361 |
III | Thiruvananthapuram | 191,446 | 1272.7 | 762,535 | 5069 |
III | Tiruvannamalai (M) | 33,514 | 2457.0 | 145,278 | 10,651 |
III | Vadodara (M Corp. + OG) | 393,887 | 1457.7 | 1,752,371 | 6485 |
III | Varanasi (M Corp.) | 190,835 | 2324.4 | 1,198,491 | 14,597 |
III | Vellore (M. Corp) | 42,598 | 3656.5 | 185,803 | 15,949 |
III | Vijayawada (M. Corp.) | 305,621 | 1688.1 | 1,143,232 | 6315 |
Annexure-II
State-wise total number of cities prone to earthquake
State | Total no. of class-I towns | Total | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Very high risk zone | High risk zone | Moderate risk zone | Low risk zone | ||
A & N Islands | – | – | – | – | – |
Andhra Pradesh | – | – | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Arunachal Pradesh | – | – | – | – | – |
Assam | 2 | – | – | – | 2 |
Bihar | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 4 |
Chandigarh | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
Chhattisgarh | – | – | 2 | 2 | |
D & N Haveli | – | – | – | – | – |
Daman and Diu | – | – | – | – | – |
Delhi | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
Goa | – | – | – | – | – |
Gujarat | 1 | – | 4 | – | 5 |
Haryana | – | 1 | – | – | 1 |
Himachal Pradesh | – | 1 | – | – | – |
Jammu and Kashmir | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
Jharkhand | – | – | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Karnataka | – | – | 3 | 3 | 6 |
Kerala | – | – | 1 | – | 1 |
Lakshadweep | – | – | – | – | – |
Madhya Pradesh | – | – | 1 | 1 | 2 |
Maharashtra | – | – | 7 | 2 | 9 |
Manipur | 1 | – | – | – | 1 |
Meghalaya | – | – | – | – | – |
Mizoram | – | – | – | – | – |
Nagaland | – | – | – | – | – |
Odisha | – | – | 2 | 1 | 3 |
Puducherry | – | – | 1 | 1 | |
Punjab | – | 2 | 2 | 4 | |
Rajasthan | – | – | 1 | 5 | 6 |
Sikkim | – | 1 | – | 1 | |
Tamil Nadu | – | – | 7 | 3 | 10 |
Telangana | – | – | – | – | – |
Tripura | – | – | – | – | – |
Uttar Pradesh | – | 5 | 5 | 2 | 12 |
Uttarakhand | – | 2 | – | – | 2 |
West Bengal | – | 1 | 3 | – | 4 |
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Zutshi, B., Borah, H., Bhakat, P. (2019). Mapping Vulnerable Earthquake Disaster Class-I Cities for Disaster Risk-Reduction and Community Resilience in India. In: Zutshi, B., Ahmad, A., Srungarapati, A.B. (eds) Disaster Risk Reduction. Palgrave Macmillan, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8845-2_5
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