Skip to main content

Cognitive Load Theory, Redundancy Effect and Language Learning

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
The Idea and Practice of Reading

Abstract

When learners read a text they turn to an array of cognitive procedures to process information, mainly retrieving and storing new input which is often associated and connected with previous knowledge. To be able to process this information, they need to deploy and make use of a number of reading strategies to make sense of what they read. This chapter aims to investigate the extent to which the so-called redundancy effect influences the L2 reading comprehension skills of two groups of young learners with different proficiency levels in a middle school in Argentina. Both groups completed a reading comprehension task. The first group was exposed to a single mode of instruction—reading—while the other was presented with a twofold format which combined reading with listening. Results showed that the group which worked with the single mode of instruction obtained better scores than the other group. Based on these findings, the extent to which language proficiency compensates for or reduces the redundancy effect is analysed. Finally, some pedagogical implications for the teaching of L2 reading comprehension are discussed.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

eBook
USD 16.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 89.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 119.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Anderson, N. J. (1991). Individual differences in strategy use in second language reading and testing. Modern Language Journal, 75, 460–472.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, N., & Pearson, D. (1984). A schema-theoretic view of basic processes in reading comprehension. In D. Pearson, R. Barr, & M. Kamil (Eds.), Handbook of reading research. London, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.

    Google Scholar 

  • Baker, D. (2010). PET result. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Barnett, M. A. (1988). Reading through context: How real and perceived strategy use affects L2 comprehension. Modern Language Journal, 72, 150–160.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, E. (1986). The comprehension strategies of second language readers. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 463–494.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Block, E. (1992). See how they read: Comprehension monitoring of L1 and L2 readers. TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 319–341.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brantmeier, C. (2000). The relationship between readers’ gender, passage content, comprehension and strategy use in reading Spanish as a second language (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University at Bloomington, IN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brantmeier, C. (2002). Second language reading strategy research at the secondary and university levels: Variations, disparities and generalizability. The Reading Matrix, 2(3), 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carrell, P. L. (1989). Metacognitive awareness and second language reading. Modern Language Journal, 73, 121–133.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991). Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 8, 293–332.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cooper, G. (1998). Research into cognitive load theory and instructional design at UNSW. School of Education Studies: The University of New South Wales, Sydney.

    Google Scholar 

  • Craig, S. D., Gholson, B., & Driscoll, D. M. (2002). Animated pedagogical agents in multimedia educational environments: Effects of agent properties, picture features, and redundancy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 428–434.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Diao, Y., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2007). The effect of written text on comprehension of spoken English as a foreign language. American Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 237–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fayer, J. M., & Krasinski, E. (1987). Native and nonnative judgments of intelligibility and irritation. Language Learning, 37, 313–326.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gao, Y. (2012). Effects of speaker variability on learning spoken English for EFL learners. A thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Graves, M. F., Juel, C., & Graves, B. B. (1998). Teaching reading in the 21st century: Order processing. Des Moines: Allyn and Bacon.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hosenfeld, C. (1977). A preliminary investigation of the reading strategies of successful and unsuccessful second language learners. System, 5, 11–123.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, P. (1981). Effects on reading comprehension of language complexity and cultural background of a text. TESOL Quarterly, 15, 169–181.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2000). Incorporating learner experience into the design of multimedia instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 126–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2004). When redundant on-screen text in multi-media technical instruction can interfere with learning. Human Factors, 46, 567–581.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integrated model. Psychological Review, 95, 163–182.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, J. F., & Ballman, T. L. (1987). Learners’ ability to recall and rate important ideas of an expository text. In B. Van Patten, T. R. Dvorack, & J. F. Lee (Eds.), Foreing language learning: A research perspective (pp. 108–117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lightbown, P. (2000). Classroom SLA research and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 21, 431–462.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lightbown, P. M., Spada, N., & White, L. (Eds.). (1993). The role of instruction in second language acquisition. [Thematic issue] Studies in second language acquisition, 15(2).

    Google Scholar 

  • Liontas, J. I. (1999). Developing a pragmatic methodology of idiomaticity: The comprehension and interpretation of SL vivid phrasal idioms during reading (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luchini, P. (2015). Simultaneous reading and listening is less effective than reading alone: A study based on cognitive load theory. In E. Piechurska-Kuciel & M. Szyszka (Eds.), The ecosystem of the foreign language learner: Selected issues (pp. 71–81). New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer Cham Heidelberg.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luchini, P., & Ferreiro, G. (2014). La interface entre la TeorĂ­a de la Carga Cognitiva y habilidades de lectura comprensiva en L2: Un estudio experimental mixto. DILL (Didáctica Lengua y Literatura), 26, 241–262.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luchini, P., Ferreiro, G., & González, M. P. (2016). Effects generated by cognitive load theory: An experiment with young learners’ reading comprehension skills. COPAL (Concordia Working Papers in Applied Linguistics) 6: 46–61 (Concordia University, Montreal, Canada). http://doe.concordia.ca/copal/volumes/.

  • Machado, C., & Luchini, P. (2013). Effects generated by cognitive load theory: Does language proficiency reduce the redundancy effect? V Jornadas de ActualizaciĂłn de la Enseñanza de InglĂ©s: Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Argentina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mayer, R. E., Heiser, J., & Lonn, S. (2001). Cognitive constraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 187–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McNamara, D. S., & Magliano, J. (2009). Towards a comprehensive model of comprehension. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 297–384). New York: Academic Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, J., Schunn, C., Schneider, W., McNamara, D., & VanLehn, K. (2011). The neural correlates of strategic reading comprehension: Cognitive control and discourse comprehension. NeuroImage, 58, 675–686.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1999). Foreign accent, comprehensibility and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, 49(1), 285–310.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pritchard, R. (1990). The effects of cultural schemata on reading processing strategies. Reading Research Quarterly, 25, 273–295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Raymond, T. M. (1993). The effects of structure strategy training on the recall of expository prose for university students reading French as a second language. Modern Language Journal, 77, 445–458.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sarig, G. (1987). High-level reading in the first and in the foreign language: Some comparative process data. In J. Devine, P. L. Carrell, & D. E. Eskey (Eds.), Research in reading in English as a second language (pp. 105–120). Washington: TESOL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Schueller, J. (1999). The effects of two types of strategic training on foreign language reading comprehension: An analysis by gender and proficiency (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4, 295–312.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (1999). Instructional design in technical areas. Camberwell, Victoria: Australian Council for Educational Research.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (2003). Evolution of human cognitive architecture. In B. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 215–266). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (2004). Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture. Instructional Science, 32, 9–31.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J. (2005). The redundancy principle. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 159–167). New York: Cambridge University Press.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. New York: Springer.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994). Why some material is difficult to learn. Cognition and Instruction, 12, 185–233.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trofimovich, P., & Isaacs, T. (2012). Disentangling accent from comprehensibility. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(4), 905–916.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tuero, S., & GĂłmez Laich, M. P. (2012a). Análisis de los efectos de presentaciones en modalidades mĂşltiples en cogniciĂłn. In XIII Congreso de LingĂĽĂ­stica Sociedad Argentina de LingĂĽĂ­stica, IFDC-San Luis. March 27–30, 2012 Potrero de los Funes, San Luis, Argentina.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuero, S., & GĂłmez Laich, M. P. (2012b). Sobrecarga cognitiva: RelaciĂłn entre presentaciones mĂşltiples en el proceso de lectura. In Adolfo M. GarcĂ­a (Ed.), Aproximaciones teĂłricas y empĂ­ricas a la lingĂĽĂ­stica cognitiva (pp. 335–345). Editorial MartĂ­n: Mar del Plata.

    Google Scholar 

  • Varonis, E. M., & Gass, S. M. (1982). The comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 4, 114–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yali, D., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2007). The effect of written text on comprehension of spoken English as a foreign language. American Journal of Psychology, 120(2), 237–261.

    Google Scholar 

  • Young, D. J., & Oxford, R. (1997). A gender-related analysis of strategies used to process input in the native language and a foreign language. Applied Language Learning, 8, 43–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan, R. A. (1999). Situation models: The mental leap into imagined worlds. Current Directions. Psychological Science, 8, 15–18.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Pyschological Science, 6, 292–297.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin (USA), 123, 162–185.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Carlos Machado .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

About this chapter

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this chapter

Machado, C., Luchini, P.L. (2018). Cognitive Load Theory, Redundancy Effect and Language Learning. In: Ponniah, R., Venkatesan, S. (eds) The Idea and Practice of Reading. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8572-7_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8572-7_11

  • Published:

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore

  • Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8571-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8572-7

  • eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)

Publish with us

Policies and ethics