Abstract
When learners read a text they turn to an array of cognitive procedures to process information, mainly retrieving and storing new input which is often associated and connected with previous knowledge. To be able to process this information, they need to deploy and make use of a number of reading strategies to make sense of what they read. This chapter aims to investigate the extent to which the so-called redundancy effect influences the L2 reading comprehension skills of two groups of young learners with different proficiency levels in a middle school in Argentina. Both groups completed a reading comprehension task. The first group was exposed to a single mode of instruction—reading—while the other was presented with a twofold format which combined reading with listening. Results showed that the group which worked with the single mode of instruction obtained better scores than the other group. Based on these findings, the extent to which language proficiency compensates for or reduces the redundancy effect is analysed. Finally, some pedagogical implications for the teaching of L2 reading comprehension are discussed.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Anderson, N. J. (1991). Individual differences in strategy use in second language reading and testing. Modern Language Journal, 75, 460–472.
Anderson, N., & Pearson, D. (1984). A schema-theoretic view of basic processes in reading comprehension. In D. Pearson, R. Barr, & M. Kamil (Eds.), Handbook of reading research. London, Mahwah, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers.
Baker, D. (2010). PET result. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barnett, M. A. (1988). Reading through context: How real and perceived strategy use affects L2 comprehension. Modern Language Journal, 72, 150–160.
Block, E. (1986). The comprehension strategies of second language readers. TESOL Quarterly, 20, 463–494.
Block, E. (1992). See how they read: Comprehension monitoring of L1 and L2 readers. TESOL Quarterly, 26(2), 319–341.
Brantmeier, C. (2000). The relationship between readers’ gender, passage content, comprehension and strategy use in reading Spanish as a second language (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Indiana University at Bloomington, IN.
Brantmeier, C. (2002). Second language reading strategy research at the secondary and university levels: Variations, disparities and generalizability. The Reading Matrix, 2(3), 1–14.
Brown, H. D. (1994). Principles of language learning and teaching. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
Carrell, P. L. (1989). Metacognitive awareness and second language reading. Modern Language Journal, 73, 121–133.
Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (1991). Cognitive load theory and the format of instruction. Cognition and Instruction, 8, 293–332.
Cooper, G. (1998). Research into cognitive load theory and instructional design at UNSW. School of Education Studies: The University of New South Wales, Sydney.
Craig, S. D., Gholson, B., & Driscoll, D. M. (2002). Animated pedagogical agents in multimedia educational environments: Effects of agent properties, picture features, and redundancy. Journal of Educational Psychology, 94, 428–434.
Diao, Y., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2007). The effect of written text on comprehension of spoken English as a foreign language. American Journal of Psychology, 120(3), 237–261.
Fayer, J. M., & Krasinski, E. (1987). Native and nonnative judgments of intelligibility and irritation. Language Learning, 37, 313–326.
Gao, Y. (2012). Effects of speaker variability on learning spoken English for EFL learners. A thesis in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.
Graves, M. F., Juel, C., & Graves, B. B. (1998). Teaching reading in the 21st century: Order processing. Des Moines: Allyn and Bacon.
Hosenfeld, C. (1977). A preliminary investigation of the reading strategies of successful and unsuccessful second language learners. System, 5, 11–123.
Johnson, P. (1981). Effects on reading comprehension of language complexity and cultural background of a text. TESOL Quarterly, 15, 169–181.
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2000). Incorporating learner experience into the design of multimedia instruction. Journal of Educational Psychology, 92, 126–136.
Kalyuga, S., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2004). When redundant on-screen text in multi-media technical instruction can interfere with learning. Human Factors, 46, 567–581.
Kintsch, W. (1988). The role of knowledge in discourse comprehension: A construction-integrated model. Psychological Review, 95, 163–182.
Kintsch, W. (1998). Comprehension: A paradigm for cognition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Lee, J. F., & Ballman, T. L. (1987). Learners’ ability to recall and rate important ideas of an expository text. In B. Van Patten, T. R. Dvorack, & J. F. Lee (Eds.), Foreing language learning: A research perspective (pp. 108–117). Rowley, MA: Newbury House.
Lightbown, P. (2000). Classroom SLA research and second language acquisition. Applied Linguistics, 21, 431–462.
Lightbown, P. M., Spada, N., & White, L. (Eds.). (1993). The role of instruction in second language acquisition. [Thematic issue] Studies in second language acquisition, 15(2).
Liontas, J. I. (1999). Developing a pragmatic methodology of idiomaticity: The comprehension and interpretation of SL vivid phrasal idioms during reading (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ.
Luchini, P. (2015). Simultaneous reading and listening is less effective than reading alone: A study based on cognitive load theory. In E. Piechurska-Kuciel & M. Szyszka (Eds.), The ecosystem of the foreign language learner: Selected issues (pp. 71–81). New York, Dordrecht, London: Springer Cham Heidelberg.
Luchini, P., & Ferreiro, G. (2014). La interface entre la TeorĂa de la Carga Cognitiva y habilidades de lectura comprensiva en L2: Un estudio experimental mixto. DILL (Didáctica Lengua y Literatura), 26, 241–262.
Luchini, P., Ferreiro, G., & González, M. P. (2016). Effects generated by cognitive load theory: An experiment with young learners’ reading comprehension skills. COPAL (Concordia Working Papers in Applied Linguistics) 6: 46–61 (Concordia University, Montreal, Canada). http://doe.concordia.ca/copal/volumes/.
Machado, C., & Luchini, P. (2013). Effects generated by cognitive load theory: Does language proficiency reduce the redundancy effect? V Jornadas de Actualización de la Enseñanza de Inglés: Facultad de Humanidades, Universidad Nacional de San Juan, Argentina.
Mayer, R. E., Heiser, J., & Lonn, S. (2001). Cognitive constraints on multimedia learning: When presenting more material results in less understanding. Journal of Educational Psychology, 93, 187–198.
McNamara, D. S., & Magliano, J. (2009). Towards a comprehensive model of comprehension. In B. H. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 297–384). New York: Academic Press.
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.
Moss, J., Schunn, C., Schneider, W., McNamara, D., & VanLehn, K. (2011). The neural correlates of strategic reading comprehension: Cognitive control and discourse comprehension. NeuroImage, 58, 675–686.
Munro, M. J., & Derwing, T. M. (1999). Foreign accent, comprehensibility and intelligibility in the speech of second language learners. Language Learning, 49(1), 285–310.
Pritchard, R. (1990). The effects of cultural schemata on reading processing strategies. Reading Research Quarterly, 25, 273–295.
Raymond, T. M. (1993). The effects of structure strategy training on the recall of expository prose for university students reading French as a second language. Modern Language Journal, 77, 445–458.
Sarig, G. (1987). High-level reading in the first and in the foreign language: Some comparative process data. In J. Devine, P. L. Carrell, & D. E. Eskey (Eds.), Research in reading in English as a second language (pp. 105–120). Washington: TESOL.
Schueller, J. (1999). The effects of two types of strategic training on foreign language reading comprehension: An analysis by gender and proficiency (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). The University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.
Sweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design. Learning and Instruction, 4, 295–312.
Sweller, J. (1999). Instructional design in technical areas. Camberwell, Victoria: Australian Council for Educational Research.
Sweller, J. (2003). Evolution of human cognitive architecture. In B. Ross (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 215–266). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Sweller, J. (2004). Instructional design consequences of an analogy between evolution by natural selection and human cognitive architecture. Instructional Science, 32, 9–31.
Sweller, J. (2005). The redundancy principle. In R. E. Mayer (Ed.), Cambridge handbook of multimedia learning (pp. 159–167). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive load theory. New York: Springer.
Sweller, J., & Chandler, P. (1994). Why some material is difficult to learn. Cognition and Instruction, 12, 185–233.
Trofimovich, P., & Isaacs, T. (2012). Disentangling accent from comprehensibility. Bilingualism: Language and Cognition, 15(4), 905–916.
Tuero, S., & GĂłmez Laich, M. P. (2012a). Análisis de los efectos de presentaciones en modalidades mĂşltiples en cogniciĂłn. In XIII Congreso de LingĂĽĂstica Sociedad Argentina de LingĂĽĂstica, IFDC-San Luis. March 27–30, 2012 Potrero de los Funes, San Luis, Argentina.
Tuero, S., & GĂłmez Laich, M. P. (2012b). Sobrecarga cognitiva: RelaciĂłn entre presentaciones mĂşltiples en el proceso de lectura. In Adolfo M. GarcĂa (Ed.), Aproximaciones teĂłricas y empĂricas a la lingĂĽĂstica cognitiva (pp. 335–345). Editorial MartĂn: Mar del Plata.
Varonis, E. M., & Gass, S. M. (1982). The comprehensibility of nonnative speech. Studies in Second Language Acquisition, 4, 114–136.
Yali, D., Chandler, P., & Sweller, J. (2007). The effect of written text on comprehension of spoken English as a foreign language. American Journal of Psychology, 120(2), 237–261.
Young, D. J., & Oxford, R. (1997). A gender-related analysis of strategies used to process input in the native language and a foreign language. Applied Language Learning, 8, 43–73.
Zwaan, R. A. (1999). Situation models: The mental leap into imagined worlds. Current Directions. Psychological Science, 8, 15–18.
Zwaan, R. A., Langston, M. C., & Graesser, A. C. (1995). The construction of situation models in narrative comprehension: An event-indexing model. Pyschological Science, 6, 292–297.
Zwaan, R. A., & Radvansky, G. A. (1998). Situation models in language comprehension and memory. Psychological Bulletin (USA), 123, 162–185.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2018 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Machado, C., Luchini, P.L. (2018). Cognitive Load Theory, Redundancy Effect and Language Learning. In: Ponniah, R., Venkatesan, S. (eds) The Idea and Practice of Reading. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8572-7_11
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-8572-7_11
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-8571-0
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-8572-7
eBook Packages: Social SciencesSocial Sciences (R0)