Abstract
Agroforestry systems in northern Spain are, for the most part, high nature value (HNV) systems in biodiverse landscape mosaics. These systems, frequently linked to livestock grazing, have evolved drastically over the past 50 years, primarily due to various socio-economic drivers affecting the landscape structure and the biodiversity it holds. The main types of agroforestry systems in Asturias with an in-depth study of two representative examples, one from a lowland coastal area and the other from the interior mountains, have been revieved. The drivers responsible for changes in the systems and the landscape over time, the role of livestock grazing in landscape conservation and the environmental implications, have been summarized. The coastal areas evolved because of their inability to adapt to new productive models. Numerous small farmers with mixed production systems (meat, milk and various crops) feared conversion to dairy during the industrialization era in the 1960s driven by demand for milk from the cities. This specialization forced an increase in grassland areas at the expense of woodlands and croplands in favourable areas. After the entry in the EU in the 1980s, the territories could not respond to the new productive models. More than 60% of the households disappeared and the surviving farms were mainly converted to meat production. A parallel human emigration to the cities left the countryside inhabited by an ageing population. These changes were correlated with the reversion of abandoned fields into shrublands and woodlands. In the mountains, the biggest changes in traditional systems started after the entry in the EU. Thousands of small ruminants associated with transhumance plus local herds disappeared, and cattle and horse herds became dominant. The number of households dropped and emigration caused a population crash in the villages, now inhabited by a few elderly people. At the landscape level, certain patches of vegetation, especially broom scrublands, proliferated by colonizing grasslands and heathlands, while holly woodlands became gradually denser and more closed. In both areas, the socio-economics have profound implications on the landscape. Its progressive simplification can lead to decreases in local biodiversity and increases in environmental risks, such as wildfires and the spread of plant and animal diseases. The current density and population structure are insufficient to maintain the landscape and ecosystem services. Regional and national governments face the challenge of coordinating laws, politics and socio-economic support to these valuable systems with multidisciplinary and landscape-scale strategies.
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Notes
- 1.
According to Olivero et al. (2011), the HNV areas cover 6.991 km2 in Asturias (66% of the surface). Regarding the land uses, 18% are agrarian, 73% forestry and 9% a combination of these. According to this report, Asturias is the province with the greatest surface of HNV areas in Spain. It indicates that croplands for forage share the territory with pastures for livestock and orchards, although a relevant part of the properties is occupied by woodlands, brownfields and wastelands. The high nature value of the province depends on the diversity of land uses in the mosaics.
- 2.
- 3.
Relationship between the number of males and females. The equilibrium corresponds to 100; higher numbers indicate more males over females.
- 4.
Ratio of the population aged 65 years and under 15, with reference threshold 0.5; higher values indicate an ageing population.
- 5.
Ratio of the population of working age (15–64 years) and population not of working age with threshold 0.5. Higher values indicate dependence.
- 6.
The replacement index relates the younger working population (15–39 years) with the older (40–64 years). It detects if the positions of the adults will be occupied when they become inactive. The situation is favourable when the index is higher than 1.
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Díaz, J.A.G. et al. (2017). Agroforestry Systems in Northern Spain: The Role of Land Management and Socio-economy in the Dynamics of Landscapes. In: Dagar, J., Tewari, V. (eds) Agroforestry. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7650-3_7
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