Abstract
The environmental, financial, social, and governance crisis, which countries across the globe are struggling with, warns the world of a resource constrained future where progress can no longer be sustained. This has made it imperative for companies, governments and civil societies to act together to address the common, universal cause of saving the ‘People’ (society), the ‘Planet’ (environment) in the process of making ‘Profits’ (economic development). The concept of corporate sustainability (CS) has come from environmental concerns, the concept of corporate social responsibility (CSR) has emerged from social concerns, and the concept of corporate governance (CG) has originated from agency problems. They all seem to have evolved to embrace the three pillars of corporate responsibility toward environmental balance, social justice and economic prosperity. This broad concept of corporate responsibility has almost become synonymous with ‘corporate sustainability.’ Within the overall broad realms of corporate sustainability, CSR can be narrowly looked upon as the responsibilities of companies toward the society in which they operate and on which they thrive. The concept of CG evolved around the ‘way’ in which business corporations should be managed and governed toward achieving their objectives, with the primary focus being maximisation of shareholders’ interests. In this chapter, an attempt has been made to understand the inter relationships between these concepts and their implications. The interrelationships are discussed through factors such as institutional investors, risk management, information asymmetry, board of directors, regulations, media, ethics and financial performance. A brief empirical analysis has also been conducted in the Indian corporate context to check whether CG has any impact on CS.
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Notes
- 1.
Social Responsibilities of Business Corporations, 1971.
- 2.
Value of the managers in the labour market goes up if their firms perform well.
- 3.
Poor performing firms being taken over and the managers being fired post takeover—Morck et al. (1988).
- 4.
In the foreword to ‘Global Corporate Governance Forum’ World Bank 2003.
- 5.
In 2012, sustainable and responsible investing accounted for around $3.74 trillion out of $33.3 trillion in the US investment market place (http://ussif.org/resources/sriguide/srifacts.cfm).
- 6.
Recent studies have found that companies which are more mature in terms of their risk management earn higher profits than their peers (Ernst and Young 2012).
- 7.
- 8.
Ocean Tomo, LLC, “Ocean Tomo’s Annual Study of Intangible Asset Market Value—2010,” 4 April 2011, http://ww1.prweb.com/prfiles/2011/04/04/8269063/OT%20IAMV%202010%20Release%20FINAL%204-4-11.pdf.
- 9.
Like Bank of Credit and Commerce International (June 1991), Maxwell Group bankruptcy (1992), Enron, Worldcom, Parmalat (2002).
- 10.
According to the Companies (Disclosure of Particulars in the Report of Board of Directors) Rules, 1988 (effective from 1st April 1989), every company is required to disclose, as part of its Director’s Report, efforts made by the company toward conservation of energy, technology absorption and its foreign exchange earnings and outgo. SEBI’s Clause 49 of listing agreement provides an exhaustive list of matters that a listed company must place before its Board and the same includes ESG issues like pollution problems, significant labor problems, product liabilities etc. In June 2008, GOI released ‘National action plan on climate change’, which intended to promote clean technology and outlined eight national missions to be worked through 2017.
- 11.
The document indicated six core elements to be covered in the CSR Policy of a company and suggested that companies disseminate their CSR activities through websites, annual reports and other media. The six core elements were: Care for stakeholders, ethical functioning, respect for human rights, environment and workers’ rights and welfare, activities for social and inclusive development.
- 12.
It is being developed by International Integrated Reporting Council (IIRC). It intends to include non-financial disclosures like those related to sustainability; risks etc. into corporate reporting framework.
- 13.
Central public sector enterprises (CPSE) are mandatorily required to set aside a part of their profit for CSR activity.
- 14.
Appearance in ‘S&P ESG India index’ was used to measure CSP.
- 15.
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Ghosh, A. (2017). Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility. In: Sarkar, R., Shaw, A. (eds) Essays on Sustainability and Management. India Studies in Business and Economics. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3123-6_8
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