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Novel Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mediators in Sepsis

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Advanced Trauma and Surgery

Abstract

Sepsis is a global problem with substantial morbidity, mortality, and health care expenditures in the U.S. and worldwide. Although we have improved understanding of the pathophysiology related to sepsis, rapid progress of research in this growing field requires a more nuanced approach to matching pathophysiology to therapeutic options against sepsis in a timely manner. Identification of novel pathophysiological events and the development of drugs by targeting novel inflammatory and immunomodulatory molecules have opened up different channels for attacking sepsis. Our current chapter encompasses a comprehensive, though by no means complete, summary of novel inflammatory and immunomodulatory mediators in sepsis via screening of current literature resources.

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Abbreviations

ICU:

Intensive care unit

CARS:

Compensatory anti-inflammatory response syndrome

HLA:

Human leukocyte antigen

TNF:

Tumor necrosis factor

LPS:

Lipopolysaccharide

IL:

Interleukin

MD2-TLR4:

Myeloid differentiation factor 2-toll-like receptor 4

TGF:

Transforming growth factor

SCID:

Severe combined immunodeficiency

BCL-2:

B cell lymphoma-2

Bim:

Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death

Puma:

P53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis

IFN:

Interferon

LFA:

Lymphocyte function associated antigen

VLA:

Very late antigen

NK:

Natural killer

PD-L1:

Programmed cell death receptor ligand-1

CTLA:

Cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated protein

Th:

T helper

CLP:

Cecal ligation and puncture

MFG-E8:

Milk fat globule-EGF-factor VIII

DCs:

Dendritic cells

IL-22BP:

IL-22 binding protein

NFκB:

Nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells

MAPK:

Mitogen-activated protein kinases

VCAM:

Vascular endothelial cell adhesion molecule

AP-1:

Activator protein-1

IL-1RAcP:

IL-1 receptor accessory protein

IL-1Rrp2:

IL-1 receptor related protein-2

GM-CSF:

Granulocyte-macrophage-colony-stimulating factor

sTREM-1:

Soluble triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells-1

I/R:

Ischemia reperfusion

OPN:

Osteopontin

BSP-I:

Bone sialoprotein-I

ETA-1:

Early T lymphocyte activation-1

SPP-1:

Secreted phosphoprotein-1

ECM:

Extracellular matrix

ALI:

Acute lung injury

PD-1:

Programmed death-1

APCs:

Antigen presenting cells

BTLA:

B and T lymphocyte attenuator

GRAIL:

Gene related to anergy in lymphocytes

DAMP:

Damage-associated molecular patterns

HMGB1:

High mobility group box 1

RAGE:

Receptor for advanced glycation end-products

CIRP:

Cold-inducible RNA-binding protein

S1P:

Sphingosine-1-phosphate

LXs:

Lipoxins

ICAM-1:

Intercellular adhesion molecule-1

PBEF:

Pre-B cell colony-enhancing factor

GHSR:

Growth hormone secretagogue receptor

AM:

Adrenomedullin

AMBP-1:

AM binding protein-1

ET-1:

Endothelin-1

PS:

Phosphatidylserine

MPO:

Myeloperoxidase

MSP68:

MFG-E8-derived short peptides 68

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Institutes of Health (NIH) grants R01 GM053008 and R01 GM057468 (PW). The funders had no role in the preparation of the manuscript.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Surgery, Hofstra Northwell School of Medicine, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA

    Cindy Cen & Ping Wang

  2. Center for Immunology and Inflammation, The Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, 350 Community Drive, Manhasset, NY, 11030, USA

    Monowar Aziz & Ping Wang

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  1. Cindy Cen
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  2. Monowar Aziz
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  3. Ping Wang
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Correspondence to Ping Wang .

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  1. Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine of PLA, The first Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital, Beijing, Beijing, China

    Xiaobing Fu

  2. Key Laboratory of Wound Repair and Regenerative Medicine of PLA, Daping Hospital, Chongqing, Chong Qing, China

    Liangming Liu

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Cen, C., Aziz, M., Wang, P. (2017). Novel Inflammatory and Immunomodulatory Mediators in Sepsis. In: Fu, X., Liu, L. (eds) Advanced Trauma and Surgery. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2425-2_14

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