Abstract
In this chapter, the current status of postgraduate training in psychiatry will be discussed in a global context. International professional organizations promote standards for psychiatric postgraduate training, including World Psychiatric Association (WPA) and European Psychiatric Association (EPA). The European Union of Medical Specialists (UEMS) has a section of psychiatry, which has provided guidelines for postgraduate training in psychiatry to harmonize the training in Europe. Globally psychiatry and mental health has not been prioritized in many countries, and this has particular implications for the training of psychiatrists in low- and middle-income countries, and postgraduate training programs are often not available in low-income countries. Some countries have collaborated with high-income countries to develop in-country training programs (e.g., Ethiopia and Cambodia). Competency-Based Training frameworks have increasingly been introduced into postgraduate medical training worldwide, and a number of novel procedures have been introduced to assess the residents’ competence. A full postgraduate education in psychiatry should provide an integrated approach including psychotherapy training as well as training in pharmacotherapy, neuroscience, and other relevant disciplines. Considering the increasing international migration, residents also need to develop competencies in providing high quality and effective care to immigrants. Users of mental health services increasingly expect to participate in the postgraduate training of psychiatrists, and there is a need to provide training for the users as educators. The efforts to improve postgraduate training in psychiatry worldwide should be guided by stepped up research focusing on the content of the training, the teaching methods, and the assessment of the residents.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
ABPN: The American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology. https://www.abpn.com
ACGME: Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education. http://www.acgme.org/Specialties/Overview/pfcatid/21
Alem A, Pain C, Araya M, Hodges BD (2010) Co-creating a psychiatric resident program with Ethiopians, for Ethiopians, in Ethiopia: the Toronto Addis Ababa Psychiatry Project (TAAPP). Acad Psychiatry 34(6):424–432
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders: DSM-5, 5th edn. American Psychiatric Publishing, Washington DC
Annamalai A, Rohrbaugh RM, Sernyak MJ (2015) General medicine training in psychiatry residency. Acad Psychiatry 39(4):437–441
Batalden P, Leach D, Swing S, Dreyfus H, Dreyfus S (2002) General competencies and accreditation in graduate medical education. Health Aff (Millwood) 21(5):103–111
Beinecke RH, Minas H, Goldsack S, Peters J (2010) Global mental health leadership training programmes. Int J Leadersh Public Serv 6(suppl):63–72
Benjamin S (2013) Educating psychiatry residents in neuropsychiatry and neuroscience. Int Rev Psychiatry 25(3):265–275
Brittlebank A, Hermans M, Bhugra D, Pinto da Costa M, Rojnic-Kuzman M, Fiorillo A, Kurimay T, Hanon C, Wasserman D, van der Gaag RJ (2016) Training in psychiatry throughout Europe. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 266(2):155–164
Carraccio C, Englander R, Van Melle E, Ten Cate O, Lockyer J, Chan MK, Frank JR, Snell LS (2016) Advancing competency-based medical education: a charter for clinician-educators. Acad Med 91(5):645–649
Chung JY, Insel TR (2014) Mind the gap: neuroscience literacy and the next generation of psychiatrists. Acad Psychiatry 38(2):121–123
Clemens NA, Plakun EM, Lazar SG, Mellman L (2014) Obstacles to early career psychiatrists practicing psychotherapy. Psychodyn Psychiatry 42(3):479–495
Cook DA, Levinson AJ, Garside S, Dupras DM, Erwin PJ, Montori VM (2008) Internet-based learning in the health professions: a meta-analysis. JAMA 300(10):1181–1196
Dornan T (2012) Workplace learning. Perspect Med Educ 1(1):15–23
Farnan JM, Petty LA, Georgitis E, Martin S, Chiu E, Prochaska M, Arora VM (2012) A systematic review: the effect of clinical supervision on patient and residency education outcomes. Acad Med 87(4):428–442
Fiorillo A, Luciano M, Giacco D, Del Vecchio V, Baldass N, De Vriendt N, Theodorides N, Piir P, Courtois AC, Gerber S, Lahera G, Riese F, Bendix M, Guloksuz S, Banu Aslantas E, Oakley C (2011) Training and practice of psychotherapy in Europe: results of a survey. World Psychiatry 10(3):238
Frank JR (ed) (2005) The CanMEDS 2005 physician competency framework. Better standards. Better physicians. Better care. The Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons of Canada, Ottawa
Fricchione GL, Borba CP, Alem A, Shibre T, Carney JR, Henderson DC (2012) Capacity building in global mental health: professional training. Harv Rev Psychiatry 20(1):47–57
Fulton BD, Scheffler RM, Sparkes SP, Auh EY, Vujicic M, Soucat A (2011) Health workforce skill mix and task shifting in low income countries: a review of recent evidence. Hum Resour Health 9:1
Gabbard OG, Kay J (2001) The fate of integrated treatment: whatever happened to the biopsychosocial psychiatrist? Am J Psychiatry 158(12):1956–1963
Hamoda HM, Belfer ML (2010) Challenges in international collaboration in child and adolescent psychiatry. J Child Adolesc Mental Health 22(2):83–89
Happel B, Byrne L, McAllister M, Lampshire D, Roper C, Gaskin CJ, Martin G, Wynaden D, McKenna B, Lakeman R, Platania-Phung C, Hamer H (2014) Consumer involvement in the tertiary-level education of mental health professionals: a systematic review. Int J Ment Health Nurs 23(1):3–16
Hauff E (1996) The Cambodian mental health training programme. Australas Psychiatry 4(4):187–188
Hawkins RE, Welcher CM, Holmboe ES, Kirk LM, Norcini JJ, Simons KB, Skochelak SE (2015) Implementation of competency-based medical education: are we addressing the concerns and challenges? Med Educ 49(11):1086–1102
Heinrich TW, Schwartz AC, Zimbrean PC, Lolak S, Wright MT, Brooks KB, Ernst CL, Gitlin DF (2014) Recommendations for training psychiatry residents in psychosomatic medicine. Psychosomatics 55(5):438–449
Hilty DM, Crawford A, Teshima J, Chan S, Sunderji N, Yellowlees PM, Kramer G, O’neill P, Fore C, Luo J, Li ST (2015) A framework for telepsychiatric training and e-health: competency-based education, evaluation and implications. Int Rev Psychiatry 27(6):569–592
Jurd S, de Beer W, Aimer M, Fletcher S, Halley E, Schnapper C, Orkin M (2015) Introducing a competency based Fellowship programme for psychiatry in Australia and New Zealand. Australas Psychiatry 23(6):699–705
Kakuma R, Minas H, van Ginneken N, Dal Poz MR, Desiraju K, Morris JE, Saxena S, Scheffler RM (2011) Human resources for mental health care: current situation and strategies for action. Lancet 378(9803):1654–1663
Khoo R, McVicar A, Brandon D (2004) Service user involvement in postgraduate mental education. Does it benefit practice? J Ment Health 13(5):481–492
Leung WC (2002) Competency based medical training: review. BMJ 325(7371):693–696
Livingston G, Cooper C (2004) User and carer involvement in mental health training. Adv Psychiatr Treat 10(2):85–92
Lotz-Ramaldi W, Scäfer I, ten Doesschate R, Hohagen F (2008) Specialist training in psychiatry in Europe: results of the UEMS-survey. Eur Psychiatry 23(3):157–168
Louie AK, Coverdale J, Roberts LW (2004) Competency-based training: where will it lead us? Acad Psychiatry 28(3):161–163
MacDonald J, Ellis PM (2012) Supervision in psychiatry: terra incognita? Curr Opin Psychiatry 25(4):322–326
Mayer S, van der Gaag RJ, Dom G, Wassermann D, Gaebel W, Falkai P, Schule C (2014) European Psychiatric Association (EPA) guidance on post-graduate psychiatric training in Europe. Eur Psychiatry 29(2):101–106
Ndetei DM, Khasakhala L, Ongecha-Owuor F, Kuria M, Mutiso V, Syanda J, Kokonya D (2008) Attitudes towards psychiatry: a survey of medical students at the University of Nairobi, Kenya. Acad Psychiatry 32(2):154–159
Reardon CL, Walaszek A (2012) Neurology didactic curricula for psychiatry residents: a review of the literature and a survey of program directors. Acad Psychiatry 36(2):110–113
Ruiz JG, Mintzer MJ, Leipzig RM (2006) The impact of e-learning in medical education. Acad Med 81(3):207–212
Saperson K (2013) Psychiatry residency education in Canada: past, present and future. Acad Psychiatry 37(4):238–242
Ten Cate O (2013) Nuts and bolts of entrustable professional activities. J Grad Med Educ 5(1):157–158
Ten Cate O, Scheele F (2007) Competency-based postgraduate training: can we bridge the gap between theory and clinical practice? Acad Med 82(6):542–547
UEMS: Union Européenne des Médecins Spécialists (2009) European framework for competencies in psychiatry. http://uemspsychiatry.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/2009-Oct-EFCP.pdf. Accessed 17 Oct 2009
UEMS: Union Européenne des Médecins Spéecialists Section for Psychiatry (2013) Charter on training of medical specialists in the EU: requirements for the speciality of psychiatry. http://uemspsychiatry.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/09/Chapter6-11.10.03.pdf. Accessed 11 Oct 2003
UEMS: Union Européenne des Médecins Spéecialists Section for Psychiatry (2016) UEMS training requirements for the speciality of psychiatry: annex on knowledge, skills and professionalism required for the care of refugees and asylum seekers. http://uemspsychiatry.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/2016Oct-Asylum-seekers-competencies-Approved2.pdf. Accessed Oct 2016
Watkins CE Jr (2014) Clinical supervision in the 21st century: revisiting pressing needs and impressing possibilities. Am J Psychother 68(2):251–272
Whitehouse A, Hassell A, Bullock A, Wood L, Wall D (2007) 360 degree assessment (multisource feedback) of UK trainee doctors: field testing of team assessment of behaviours (TAB). Med Teach 29(2–3):171–176
World Health Organization (2005) Atlas: psychiatric education and training across the world. WHO, Geneva
World Health Organization (2013) Mental health action plan 2013–2020. WHO, Geneva
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2019 Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.
About this entry
Cite this entry
Hauff, E. (2019). The Actual Status of Postgraduate Training. In: Hermans, M., Chay-Hoon, T., Pi, E. (eds) Education about Mental Health and Illness. Mental Health and Illness Worldwide. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2350-7_3
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2350-7_3
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Singapore
Print ISBN: 978-981-10-2349-1
Online ISBN: 978-981-10-2350-7
eBook Packages: Behavioral Science and PsychologyReference Module Humanities and Social SciencesReference Module Business, Economics and Social Sciences