Abstract
Global warming currently is one of the major challenges facing the whole world. Mitigation and adaptation to the climate change has become a core issue on the global governance agenda. China and the European Union are two key players engaged in global climate governance, on which their interactions have a great influence. China and the EU depend on each other in the development of a low-carbon economy, while, at the same time, they cooperate and compete in the construction of rules and regulations concerning climate change, and have gone through three stages in the UN climate change agreement negotiations. China and the EU should keep on cooperating in global climate change governance, which would be helpful for both parties in solving their own problems and improving their international status.
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Notes
- 1.
Addressing climate change and transforming to low-carbon economies results in many new industries and the development of a new global market. However, currently, low-carbon industries and trade are not explicitly classified in a unified way in the world; the classification method proposed by the Government of the UK is adopted here. LCEGS sectors are composed of three primary sectors including the environment, renewable energy and low carbon, and 24 secondary sectors, specifically including (1) the environment: air pollution, soil pollution, environmental consulting, environmental monitoring, marine pollution control, noise and vibration control, recycling, waste management, water supply and wastewater treatment, (2) renewable energy: biomass energy, geothermal energy, hydro energy, photovoltaic energy, tidal energy, wind energy, renewable energy consulting, (3) low carbon: alternative fuel vehicles, alternative fuel, building technology, carbon capture and storage, carbon finance, nuclear energy, energy management, alternative energy. Classification of LCEGS sectors is still evolving and they are expanding along with the emergence of new industrial activities.
- 2.
“Low Carbon Environmental Goods & Services Report for 2010/11,” Commissioned by the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills, U.K., May 2012.
- 3.
Global Clean Energy Technology Manufacturing Development Report, Issue 3, http://www.rolandberger.com.cn/news/local/2012-06-08-clean_economy.html.
- 4.
Clean Economy, Living Planet, The Race to the Top of Global Clean Energy Technology Manufacturing 2012, Roland Berger Strategy Consultants, 06/2012, http://www.rolandberger.com. Ranking of absolute values is obtained according to the sales values of the clean energy technology manufacturing industry chain in countries or territories. The industry chain includes manufacturing input such as material silicon and special machinery, intermediate products such as solar batteries and final products such as wind turbines, heat pumps and biofuel. The ranking of relative values is obtained according to the proportion of the clean energy technology manufacturing industry in the national economy. In this report, “clean energy” technology includes most of the renewable energy and energy-saving technology products, but excludes hydroelectric technology products mainly due to the many side effects of hydroelectric generation on ecological and social aspects.
- 5.
Global Clean Energy Technology Manufacturing Development Report, Issue 3, http://www.rolandberger.com.cn/news/local/2012-06-08-clean_economy.html.
- 6.
European Enterprises Opposed Suppression of Chinese Photovoltaic Products, http://world.people.com.cn/n/2013/0221/c57507-20553134.html, accessed on March 8, 2013.
- 7.
European Enterprises Opposed Suppression of Chinese Photovoltaic Products, http://world.people.com.cn/n/2013/0221/c57507-20553134.html, accessed on March 8, 2013.
- 8.
http://news.xinhuanet.com/world/2012-02/29/c_111586595.htm, accessed on February 18, 2013.
- 9.
EU China CDM Facilitation Project, Technology Transfer in CDM Projects in China.
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- 11.
- 12.
- 13.
- 14.
- 15.
- 16.
“China-Europe Energy and Climate Safety Interdependence” Research Group: China-Europe Energy and Climate Safety Interdependence, World Economics and Politics, 2008, Issue 8.
- 17.
Data from China CDM Online, http://cdm.ccchina.gov.cn/.
- 18.
http://europe.chinadaily.com.cn/business/2012-02/09/content_14566960.htm, accessed on November 23, 2012.
- 19.
China’ Principled Stand on the Global Environmental Issue, adopted by the Environmental Protection Commission of the State Council on July 6, 1990, http://www.ep898.com/view1.asp?id=1073, accessed on February 27, 2013.
- 20.
- 21.
Shuangwu and Lanlan (2010).
- 22.
China’s Principled Stand on the Global Environmental Issue, adopted by the Environmental Protection Commission of the State Council on July 6, 1990, http://www.ep898.com/view1.asp?id=1073, accessed on February 27, 2013.
- 23.
China’s Principled Stand on the Global Environmental Issue, adopted by the Environmental Protection Commission of the State Council on July 6, 1990, http://www.ep898.com/view1.asp?id=1073, accessed on February 27, 2013.
- 24.
Umbrella countries refer to national interest groups developed as a result of similar stands on global warming issues. They include the USA, Japan, Canada, Australia, New Zealand, etc. since on the map, these countries are distributed in the shape of an “umbrella”.
- 25.
Yan (2012, pp. 158–159).
- 26.
Yan (2012, p. 168).
- 27.
Pew Center on Global Climate Change Summary of COP13, http://www.c2es.org/docUploads/Pew%20Center_COP%2013%20Summary.pdf, accessed on March 8, 2013.
- 28.
The China-EU multi-tier cooperation mechanism covers the following contents: first, the leaders dialogue mechanism under the framework of the China-EU Summit. The climate issue entered the dialogue agenda as from the 5th China-EU Leaders’ Meeting in 2002. Second, the China-EU bilateral consultation mechanism. The Climate Change Ministerial Dialogue, the China-EU Environmental Policy Ministerial Dialogue, the China-EU Energy Cooperation Meeting, the China-EU High-level Energy Meeting were regularly held as from 2005. Third, the China-EU Project Cooperation. China-EU projects gradually extended from original cooperation in technical fields to experience exchange and capacity building. Fourth, cooperation between China and EU member states.
- 29.
Joint Declaration of the 10th China-EU Leaders’ Meeting, http://news.ifeng.com/mainland/200712/1204_17_319972.shtml, accessed on March 8, 2013.
- 30.
The China-EU Joint Declaration of Climate Change Dialogue and Cooperation, http://www.gov.cn/gzdt/2010-04/29/content_1595630.htm, accessed on March 8, 2013.
- 31.
Hongyuan (2012).
- 32.
Lin and Ying (2013).
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Cong, F. (2017). China-EU Relations in the Context of Global Climate Governance. In: Zhou, H. (eds) China-EU Relations. Research Series on the Chinese Dream and China’s Development Path. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-1145-0_9
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