Abstract
This report investigated the effectiveness of different management regimes in the marine protected areas (MPAs) in the Philippines. It assessed how MPAs are performing – from an environmental, economic, and social perspectives – and determined what constitutes the key features of a successful management scheme. It determined that the type of institution in charge of an MPA makes little difference to its effectiveness. Instead, good leadership, adequate manpower and source of funding, and provision of sustainable livelihoods are the keys for effective management. The report also suggested a number of ways in which community involvement in MPA management can be strengthened and highlighted the need for community requirements to be taken fully into account in any MPA action plan.
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Notes
- 1.
An MPA, as described by the World Conservation Union (Resolution 17.38 (1988) and reaffirmed in Resolution 19.46 (1994) of the IUCN General Assembly), “is any area of intertidal or subtidal terrain, together with its overlying water, and associated flora, fauna, historical and cultural features, which has been reserved by law to protect part or all of the enclosed environment.”
- 2.
Sustainable use zones are designated areas where fisherfolk can fish using sustainable fishing methods, such as hook and line. Fisherfolk who use the area require fishing permits.
- 3.
IPAF is a trust fund set up under the provisions of the 1992 NIPAS Act (Sec. 16), to receive donations, endowments, and revenues generated within protected areas and disburse the same to finance projects of the National Integrated Protected Area System. IPAF could lead to a growing portion of the costs of protected area management, being covered by income.
- 4.
Update: The study was conducted a decade ago; however, all areas remain protected (2013). With the popularity of and increased access to the Internet, more information is now retrievable, such as the number of visitors and tourism income for ARMNP and TRMNP. Data recording has become more efficient, and monitoring of various indicators has improved. Fees, such as user fees, have increased through the years; TRMNP fees, for one, have increased 20 %. This development verifies the effectiveness of MPAs as a conservation tool, while providing social and economic benefits, not just to its nearby communities but to the entire nation as well. A protected area (PA) database was also developed to monitor various types of data. It was launched in 2010 by UNEP, WCMC, IUCN, and WCPA. The database shows that in the Philippines only 2.47 % (1.9 % less than the global average) of marine areas are protected (16,753 km2 out of 678,751 km2), which highlights that despite successful cases, institutional will to extend the coverage of protected areas in the country remains weak.
- 5.
Detailed assessment for each of the indicators can be found on the full report on www.eepsea.net/pub/pb/132403.pdf
References
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Javier, E.P. (2016). Do Institutions Affect the Performance of Marine Protected Areas? Evidences from the Philippines. In: Olewiler, N., Francisco, H., Ferrer, A. (eds) Marine and Coastal Ecosystem Valuation, Institutions, and Policy in Southeast Asia. Springer, Singapore. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0141-3_13
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0141-3_13
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