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The Promise, Practice and Challenges of Non-Kinetic Instruments of Power

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Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2017

Part of the book series: NL ARMS ((NLARMS))

Abstract

‘The realm of strategy’, to quote Lawrence Freedman, ‘is one of bargaining and persuasion as well as threats and pressure, psychological as well as physical effects, and words as well as deeds. This is why strategy is the central political art. It is about getting more out of a situation than the starting balance of power would suggest. It is the art of creating power.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Freedman 2013, p. xii.

  2. 2.

    In addition to Chap. 6 in this volume by Francesco Giumelli, see for a recent excellent overview Biersteker et al. 2016.

  3. 3.

    Zarate 2013.

  4. 4.

    US Army 2013, p. 1-1.

  5. 5.

    Osinga 2006.

  6. 6.

    Campen 1992.

  7. 7.

    Arquilla and Ronfeldt 1993, 1997.

  8. 8.

    Gray 1997.

  9. 9.

    Gray 1997, pp. 38–40.

  10. 10.

    Ignatieff 2000.

  11. 11.

    Nye 2011, p. 19.

  12. 12.

    McMaster 2009, pp. xi–xii.

  13. 13.

    North Atlantic Treaty Organisation 2009.

  14. 14.

    Armistead 2004, p. 13. Similarly see Arquilla and Ronfeldt 1997; Castells 2000; Toffler 1995; Mann 2012.

  15. 15.

    Diamond 2016; Polyakova et al. 2016; Giles 2016; Munich Security Conference Report 2017; Meister and Puglierin 2015; Naja 2015, p. 2; Ambrosio 2016; Harding 2014; NATO Parliamentary Assembly 2015; Foster and Holehouse 2016.

  16. 16.

    Betz 2008.

  17. 17.

    Brooking and Singer 2016.

  18. 18.

    McCauley 2015.

  19. 19.

    Freedman 2006.

  20. 20.

    Phares 2007; Juergensmeyer 2003, pp. 148–163.

  21. 21.

    Among the abundance of studies on this, see for instance Farwell 2014; Ingram 2015.

  22. 22.

    Galula 2005, pp. 14–15.

  23. 23.

    Galula 2005, pp. 14–15.

  24. 24.

    Kurth Cronin 2006.

  25. 25.

    Kaufman 2006; Jackson and Dexter 2014.

  26. 26.

    Friis 2015.

  27. 27.

    Klausen 2015.

  28. 28.

    Kirshner 1997; Brooks 2002.

  29. 29.

    Byman and Waxman 1999, 2000; Posen 2000.

  30. 30.

    For an argument to at least make the effort, see Long and Wilner 2014.

  31. 31.

    Wilner 2011, 2013; Adamsky 2017; Rid 2012.

  32. 32.

    For an extensive reconstruction of these activities, see Osnos et al. 2017.

  33. 33.

    See for instance National Cyber Security Centre 2016.

  34. 34.

    Rid 2011; Libicki 2009.

  35. 35.

    Lamb and Munsing 2011; Gomez 2011.

  36. 36.

    See Paris and Sisk 2009.

  37. 37.

    See de Coning and Friis 2011.

  38. 38.

    Ringsmose and Børgesen 2011; Dimitriu 2011.

  39. 39.

    This draws from an excellent wide-ranging overview of models and theories by Darnton 2008, pp. 5–9; as well as Larson et al. 2009, pp. 11–17.

  40. 40.

    Payne 2011, p. 402.

  41. 41.

    This is a brief summary of a series of Expectancy Value related models that add the impact of the social environment to economic models of behaviour. See Darnton 2008, pp. 11–26.

  42. 42.

    Payne 2011, pp. 404–405.

  43. 43.

    Levy 1997. See also his treatment of decision making theories in Levy and Thompson 2010, Chapters 3–7.

  44. 44.

    See Levy and Thompson 2010, pp. 133–150. See also Jervis et al. 1985.

  45. 45.

    Larson et al. 2009, p. xix. See also Tatham and Giles 2015.

  46. 46.

    Farwell and Arakelian 2016, p. 74.

  47. 47.

    US Army 2013.

  48. 48.

    See also Helmus et al. 2007.

  49. 49.

    Braddock and Horgan 2016, p. 400.

  50. 50.

    Jackson 2016.

  51. 51.

    Larson et al. 2009, p. xx.

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  1. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy, Breda, The Netherlands

    Frans P. B. Osinga

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    Paul A.L. Ducheine

  2. Faculty of Military Sciences, Netherlands Defence Academy, Breda, The Netherlands

    Frans P.B. Osinga

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Osinga, F.P.B. (2017). The Promise, Practice and Challenges of Non-Kinetic Instruments of Power. In: Ducheine, P., Osinga, F. (eds) Netherlands Annual Review of Military Studies 2017. NL ARMS. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-189-0_1

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