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Legal Measures and Strategies Against Violence at Football Events in Germany

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Legal Responses to Football Hooliganism in Europe

Part of the book series: ASSER International Sports Law Series ((ASSER))

Abstract

This chapter investigates the policing of football supporters in Germany and the legal measures and strategies designed to reduce the problem of football crowd disorder and violence. It argues that football supporters have been made the subject of a number of experimental techniques for the control of groups within German society, which are considered to be problematic. The author analyses a number of such techniques and critiques: some of these are based upon their impact on the civil and human rights of football supporters.

Marco Noli is a lawyer at Noli, Seidler, Fischer and van Bracht in Munich, Germany, where he specialises in criminal law. He is also a member of the Fan Lawyers community.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    M. Gabriel, Problemgruppe Ultras? www.dvjj.de/sites/default/files/medien/imce/documente/veranstaltungen/dokumentationen/Gabriel_Pr%C3%A4sentation.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2015.

  2. 2.

    S. Langner, Solidarität, Zusammenhalt und Engagement. Die Ultrabewegung in Deutschland: Eine explorative Interviewstudie zu einer neuen Fankultur. http://www.faszination-fankurve.de/sites/diplomarbeiten/downloads/download.php?name=arbeit?.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2015 (link no longer active).

  3. 3.

    See Gabler 2011 and Ruf 2014.

  4. 4.

    See http://www.dfb.de/bundesliga/statistik/zuschauerzahlen/. Accessed 29 January 2016.

  5. 5.

    Ibid.

  6. 6.

    For an analysis of average attendances, see www.weltfussball.de/zuschauer/eng-premier-league-2011-2012/1/.

  7. 7.

    DFL 12 December 2012, DFL Security Paper. www.cdn.static.bundesliga.de/media/native/autosync/antragspaket_1_sicheres_stadion_-_antraege_001_-_016_-_final.pdf. Accessed 13 January 2015 (link no longer active).

  8. 8.

    Sprengstoffgesetz, 10 September 2002 (BGBl. I S. 3518).

  9. 9.

    See for example the data collected by the campaign ‘ich fuehl mich sicher’ on www.ich-fuehl-mich-sicher.de/hintergrund.html and de-de.facebook.com/ichfuehlmichsicher.

  10. 10.

    DFB, 1 January 2014, Stadionverbotsrichtlinien des DFB. http://www.dfb.de/fileadmin/_dfbdam/24339-Richtlinien_zur_einheitlichen_Behandlung_von_Stadionverboten.pdf. Accessed 29 January 2016.

  11. 11.

    LZPD (2011/12) ZIS-Bericht 2011/2012. www.polizei-nrw.de/media/Dokumente/Behoerden/LZPD/130912_ZIS_Jahresbericht_11_12.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  12. 12.

    The data can be found on www.polizei-nrw.de/artikel__68.html.

  13. 13.

    LZPD (2012/13) ZIS-Bericht 2012/13. www.polizei-nrw.de/media/Dokumente/12-13_Jahresbericht_ZIS.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  14. 14.

    This categorisation can be found on http://dip21.bundestag.de/dip21/btd/17/080/1708051.pdf. This overly simplistic categorisation of fans was abandoned by police in the UK in the early 2000s.

  15. 15.

    Above n. 11.

  16. 16.

    DFL (27 September 2012) Information und Diskussion über weitere Schritte zur Umsetzung der Ergebnisse der Sicherheitskonferenz in Berlin und der Innenministerkonferenz (Sicheres Stadionerlebnis), S. 5. www.faz.net/Dynamic/download/Kommission_Sicherheit_Mitgliederversammlung_27_09_2012.pdf. Accessed 14 January 2015.

  17. 17.

    LZPD (2010/11) ZIS-Bericht 2010/11. www.polizei-nrw.de/media/Dokumente/10-11Jahresbericht-oeffentlich.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  18. 18.

    Ibid.

  19. 19.

    Piraten Fraktion (2 July 2013) Realistische Erfassung von Sicherheitsproblemen—Reform der Datenerfassung und—auswertung der Zentralen Informationsstelle Sporteinsätze (ZIS). www.piratenfraktion-nrw.de/wp-content/uploads/2014/01/16-3438.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  20. 20.

    Zeit.de (22 August 2013) Schalke kritisiert Polizeieinsatz gegen seine Fans. www.zeit.de/sport/2013-08/schalke-saloniki-polizei-einsatz. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  21. 21.

    Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fananwaelte (23 August 2012) Stellungnahme der Arbeitsgemeinschaft Fananwälte zum deutschen ‘Sicherheitsgipfel’ im Juli 2012. www.fanseurope.org/de/news-2/news-2/604-statement-fanlawyers-security-summit-germany-ger.html. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  22. 22.

    P. Linke, 18 Juli 2012, Strenges Durchgreifen bei Pyrotechnik. www.fr-online.de/sport/fussball-sicherheitsgipfel-strenges-durchgreifen-bei-pyrotechnik,1472784,16644638.html. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  23. 23.

    A. Bock, 25 May 2012, Ultras: Die Taliban der Fussbalfans! http://www.11freunde.de/artikel/best-2012-ein-abend-mit-sandra-maischberger. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  24. 24.

    Sueddeutsche.de (25 May 2012) Range fordert elektronische Fußfesseln für Fußballrowdys. www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/gewalt-im-fussball-elektronische-fussfesseln-fuer-fussball-rowdys-gefordert-1.1366479. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  25. 25.

    For example right-wing CDU politician Danny Eichelbaum, Mitteldeutsche Zeitung, www.mz-web.de (27.05.2012).

  26. 26.

    Arbeitsgruppe Nationales Konzept Sport und Sicherheit (December 1992) Ergebnisbericht. http://www.kos-fanprojekte.info/pdf/nkss-1292.PDF. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  27. 27.

    Nationaler Ausschuss Sport und Sicherheit, Nationales Konzept Sport und Sicherheit. www.kos-fanprojekte.de/fileadmin/user_upload/material/soziale-arbeit/Richtlinien-und-Regeln/nkss_konzept2012.pdf. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  28. 28.

    See for example www.kos-fanprojekte.de/index.php?id=fanarbeit-in-deutschland.

  29. 29.

    See www.polizei-nrw.de/artikel__4596.html.

  30. 30.

    This opinion and other relevant information regarding this campaign can be found on the website: www.pyrotechnik-legalisieren.de/blog/start.html.

  31. 31.

    R. Ulrich, 8 December 2011, Bewusst Getauescht. www.11freunde.de/artikel/streit-um-dfb-gutachten-zur-pyrotechnik. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  32. 32.

    J. Uthoff, 15 September 2011, Bengalos auf Eis. www.taz.de/!78182/. Accessed 15 January 2015.

  33. 33.

    BGH, 30.10.2009—V ZR 253/08.

  34. 34.

    ECHR, Engel and Others v. the Netherlands, App. Nos. 5100/71; 5101/71; 5102/71; 5354/72; 5370/72, Judgment of 8 June 1976.

  35. 35.

    Auskunftsverweigerungsrecht des Beschuldigten, §§ 136, 163a StPO.

  36. 36.

    Which follows from the rule of law principle Article 20 (3) Basic Law (‘Grundgesetz’) and the right to a fair trial on the basis of Article 6 ECHR.

  37. 37.

    n. 10, § 7.

  38. 38.

    Rechts- und Verfahrensordnung (RuVO) des DFB.

  39. 39.

    UEFA-Rechtspflegeordnung (RPO).

  40. 40.

    Orth 2009.

  41. 41.

    CAS 2007/A/1217—Feyenoord Rotterdam v. UEFA.

  42. 42.

    Supra n. 40.

  43. 43.

    OLG Rostock (Urteil v. 28.04.2006, Az. 3 U 106/05).

  44. 44.

    LG Karlsruhe (Urteil v. 29.05.2012, Az.: 8 O 78/12).

  45. 45.

    Judgment of the Vienna District Court of 25.01.2011, Az.:34 R 163/10p.

  46. 46.

    This duty exists in accordance with § 254 BGB.

  47. 47.

    ECHR, Ostendorf v. Germany, Application No. 15598/08, Judgment of 7 March 2013.

References

  • Gabler J (2011) Die Ultras: Fußballfans und Fußballkulturen in Deutschland. Papyrossa, Köln

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  • Orth JF (2009) Gefährdungshaftung für Anhänger? SpuRt 2009:10–13

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  • Ruf C (2014) Kurven-Rebellen: Die Ultras—Einblicke in eine widersprüchliche Szene. Die Werkstatt, Göttingen

    Google Scholar 

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Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Noli, Seidler, Fischer and van Bracht, Munich, Germany

    Marco Noli

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  1. Marco Noli
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Correspondence to Marco Noli .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Sport Sciences, University of Paris 11, Orsay, France

    Anastassia Tsoukala

  2. Law School, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom

    Geoff Pearson

  3. Faculty of Law, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands

    Peter T.M. Coenen

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Noli, M. (2016). Legal Measures and Strategies Against Violence at Football Events in Germany. In: Tsoukala, A., Pearson, G., Coenen, P. (eds) Legal Responses to Football Hooliganism in Europe. ASSER International Sports Law Series. T.M.C. Asser Press, The Hague. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-108-1_4

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-108-1_4

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